Without regular supplies of some hormones our capacity to behave would be seriously impaired, and without others we would soon die. Tiny amounts of some hormones can modify our moods and our actions, our inclination to eat or drink, our aggressiveness or submissiveness, and our reproductive and parental behavior. And hormones do more than influence adult behavior, early in life they help to determine the development of bodily form and may even determine an individual’s behavioral capacities. Later in life the changing outputs of some endocrine glands and the body’s changing sensitivity to some hormones are essential aspects of the phenomena of aging.
Communication within the body and the consequent integration of behavior were considered the exclusive province of the nervous system up to the beginning of the present century. The emergence of endocrinology as a separate discipline can probably be traced to the experiments of Bayliss and Starling on the hormone secretin. This substance is secreted from cells in the intestinal walls when food enters the stomach. It travels through the bloodstream and stimulates the pancreas to liberate pancreatic juice, which aids in digestion. By showing that special cells secrete chemical agents that are conveyed by the bloodstream and regulate distant target organs or tissues, Bayliss and Starling demonstrated that chemical integration can occur without participation of the nervous system.
The term “hormone” was first used with reference to secretin, Starling derived the term from the Greek hormone, meaning “to excite or set in motion”. The term “endocrine” was introduced shortly thereafter. “Endocrine” is used to refer to glands that secrete products into the bloodstream. The term “endocrine” contrasts with “exocrine”, which is applied to glands that secrete their products through ducts to the site of action. Examples of exocrine glands are the tear glands, the sweat glands, and the pancreas, which secretes pancreatic juice through a duct into the intestine Exocrine glands are also called duct glands, while endocrine glands are called ductless glands.
1. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?
2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an effect of hormones?
3. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?
4. It can be inferred from the passage that, before the Bayliss and Starling’s experiments, most people believed that chemical integration occurred only ____.
5. According to the passage, another term for exocrine glands is ____.
问题1选项
A.To explain the specific functions of various hormones.
B.To provide general information about hormones.
C.To explain how the term “hormone” evolved.
D.To report on experiments in endocrinology.
问题2选项
A.Modification of behavior.
B.Sensitivity to hunger and thirst.
C.Aggressive feelings.
D.Maintenance of blood pressure.
问题3选项
A.The human body requires large amounts of most hormones.
B.Synthetic hormones can replace a person’s natural supply of hormones if necessary.
C.The quantity of hormones produced and their effects on the body are related to a person’s age.
D.The short child of tall parents very likely had a hormone deficiency early in life.
问题4选项
A.during sleep
B.in the endocrine glands
C.under control of the nervous system
D.during strenuous exercise
问题5选项
A.duct glands
B.endocrine glands
C.ductless glands
D.intestinal glands
第1题:B
第2题:D
第3题:C
第4题:C
第5题:A
第1题:
【选项释义】
What is the author’s main purpose in the passage? 作者写这篇文章中的主要目的是什么？
A. To explain the specific functions of various hormones. A. 解释各种激素的具体功能。
B. To provide general information about hormones. B. 提供有关激素的一般信息。
C. To explain how the term “hormone” evolved. C. 解释“激素”一词是如何演变而来的。
D. To report on experiments in endocrinology. D. 报告内分泌学实验。
【考查点】主旨大意题
【解题思路】文章开头提到了激素对行为和能力的影响，然后讨论了激素在生命早期和晚期的不同作用，以及它们如何与衰老现象相关。接着，文章介绍了内分泌学作为一门独 立学科的出现，以及激素和内分泌腺的概念。由此可知，文章的主要目的是提供关于激素的一般信息，B选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“解释各种激素的具体功能”虽然文章提到了激素可以改变情绪、食欲、攻击性、顺从性以及生殖和亲性行为，但它并没有详细解释各种特定激素的具体功能。文章的重点不是在特定的激素上，而是在激素的一般作用和概念上，属于曲解原文；
C选项“解释‘激素’一词是如何演变而来的”文章确实提到了“hormone”这个词的起源，但这一部分只是文章内容的一小部分，而不是整个文章的主要目的，属于以偏概全；
D选项“报告内分泌学实验”文章提到了贝利斯和斯特林的实验，这些实验对内分泌学的发展起到了重要作用。然而，文章并没有详细报告这些实验的细节，而是用这些实验来说明激素和内分泌腺的概念，以及它们与神经系统的关系，属于曲解原文。
第2题:
【选项释义】
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an effect of hormones? 以下哪项不是激素的作用？
A. Modification of behavior. A. 改变行为。
B. Sensitivity to hunger and thirst. B. 对饥渴的敏感性。
C. Aggressive feelings. C. 攻击性情绪。
D. Maintenance of blood pressure. D. 维持血压。
【考查点】细节事实题
【解题思路】文章第一段提到激素可以改变我们的情绪和行为（modify our moods and our actions），故排除A选项；文章提到激素可以影响我们的饮食倾向（our inclination to eat or drink），与“Sensitivity to hunger and thirst”对应，故排除B选项；文章还提到激素可以影响我们的攻击性或顺从性（our aggressiveness or submissiveness），与“Aggressive feelings”对应，故排除C选项。只有D选项“维持血压”文章没有提及，故D选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
根据以上分析可知，A、B、C选项均属于激素的作用，属于答非所问。
第3题:
【选项释义】
The passage supports which of the following conclusions? 这篇文章支持以下哪种结论？
A. The human body requires large amounts of most hormones. A. 人体需要大量的激素。
B. Synthetic hormones can replace a person’s natural supply of hormones if necessary. B. 合成激素可以在必要时替代人体的天然激素供应。
C. The quantity of hormones produced and their effects on the body are related to a person’s age. C. 荷尔蒙的分泌量及其对人体的影响与人的年龄有关。
D. The short child of tall parents very likely had a hormone deficiency early in life. D. 高个子父母的矮个子孩子很可能早年就缺乏荷尔蒙。
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】文章第一段的最后两句中提到：“And hormones do more than influence adult behavior, early in life they help to determine the development of bodily form and may even determine an individual’s behavioral capacities. Later in life the changing outputs of some endocrine glands and the body’s changing sensitivity to some hormones are essential aspects of the phenomena of aging.（荷尔蒙不仅影响成年人的行为，在生命早期，它们还有助于决定身体形态的发展，甚至可能决定一个人的行为能力。在生命的后期，一些内分泌腺体的输出变化和身体对某些激素的敏感性变化是衰老现象的基本方面。）”，这说明激素的产量和对身体的影响与人的年龄有关，故C选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“人体需要大量的激素”文章中提到的是“Tiny amounts of some hormones can modify…”，这意味着身体只需要极小的激素量就能产生显著效果，因此这个选项与文章内容不符，属于曲解原文；
B选项“合成激素可以在必要时替代人体的天然激素供应”文章没有提及合成激素是否可以替代人体内的自然激素供应，属于无中生有；
D选项“高个子父母的矮个子孩子很可能早年就缺乏荷尔蒙”文章没有提及身材矮小的孩子与其父母的身高关系，也没有提及这与激素缺乏有关，属于无中生有。
第4题:
【选项释义】
It can be inferred from the passage that, before the Bayliss and Starling’s experiments, most people believed that chemical integration occurred only ____. 从这篇文章中可以推断出，在贝利斯（Bayliss）和斯特林（Starling）的实验之前，大多数人认为化学合成只发生在____。
A. during sleep A. 睡眠时
B. in the endocrine glands B. 在内分泌腺中
C. under control of the nervous system C. 在神经系统的控制下
D. during strenuous exercise D. 剧烈运动时
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】文章第二段提到“Communication within the body and the consequent integration of behavior were considered the exclusive province of the nervous system up to the beginning of the present century.”这句话表明，在Bayliss和Starling的实验之前，人们认为身体内的通信和行为整合是神经系统独有的领域。Bayliss和Starling通过对激素的实验，展示了化学整合可以在没有神经系统参与的情况下发生，从而证明了这一观点是错误的。因此，可以推断出在他们进行实验之前，大多数人认为化学合成只发生在神经系统的控制之下，C选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“睡眠时”文章中没有提到化学整合与睡眠有直接关系，属于无中生有；
B选项“在内分泌腺中”文章提到内分泌学作为一门独 立的学科的出现，但并没有说在Bayliss和Starling的实验之前，人们认为化学整合只在内分泌腺中发生，属于无中生有；
D选项“剧烈运动时”文章中没有提到化学整合与剧烈运动有任何关系，属于无中生有。
第5题:
【选项释义】
According to the passage, another term for exocrine glands is ____. 根据这篇文章，外分泌腺的另一个术语是____。
A. duct glands A. 导管腺
B. endocrine glands B. 内分泌腺
C. ductless glands C. 无导管腺
D. intestinal glands D. 肠腺
【考查点】细节事实题
【解题思路】文章最后一段提到“Exocrine glands are also called duct glands, while endocrine glands are called ductless glands.（外分泌腺也称为导管腺，而内分泌腺称为无管腺。）”，由此可知，A选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“内分泌腺”是与外分泌腺相对的概念，指的是那些将分泌物分泌到血液中的腺体，不是外分泌腺的另一个术语，属于答非所问；
C选项“无导管腺”是内分泌腺的另一个术语（endocrine glands are called ductless glands），属于张冠李戴；
D选项“肠腺”在文章中并未提及作为外分泌腺的另一种说法，属于答非所问。
