In an effort to support restoration programmes, specialists are developing supplies of seeds and seedlings, maintaining gene banks and sequencing the genomes of indigenous trees and other crops. Their work deals with one of the problems that could block major restoration efforts in different parts of the world.
“Where’s the planting material going to come from? That’s one big bottleneck,” says genetic-resources specialist Ramni Jamnadass.
Asia is arguably the region most neglected by global efforts to increase diversity in restoration and to study native species. Christopher Kettle, Bioversity International’s director for forest genetic resources and restoration in Rome, says that the need for infrastructure—things such as mechanisms for collecting and storing seeds, and nurseries to raise seedlings—might be most desperate here because many trees are “masting” species, which don’t produce seeds every year. People need to be ready. “Otherwise, you miss the boat, you lose all the seed and you’ve got to wait another seven years,” says Kettle.
“This is a really, really critical issue for restoration in Southeast Asia, because many of the most important timber species and tree species—the ones that will lock up the most carbon—they’re all masting species.”
John Stanturf, a leading forest restoration expert with the US Forest Service, argues that successful forest restoration isn’t just about planting the right trees. “We often focus too much on the technical side of seed supply and seedling quality, but we ignore that restoration only works if we also account for human factors—local communities’ needs, land-use rights, and their willingness to participate,” he says. “Restoration projects that fail to engage stakeholders from the start will struggle to survive long-term, no matter how good the planting material is.”
Pedro Brancalion, a restoration ecologist specializing in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, echoes this focus on people-centered restoration. “Many restoration plans are designed based on ecological ideals, but they don’t align with the real needs of local farmers and communities who live on the land,” he notes. “For example, some projects prioritize carbon sequestration trees over species that provide non-timber forest products, which are the main income source for locals. This mismatch makes it hard to get long-term community support.”
With so much research left to do, leaders in the field have been doing some soul-searching, and acknowledging that restoration can be motivated by—and designed to meet—different needs. “When you talk about conservation or restoration, the first question has to be restoration by whom, for whom?” says Daniel H. Janzen, a biologist at the University of Pennsylvania.
1.Rami Jamnadass
2.Christopher Kettle
3.John Stanturf
4.Pedro Brancalion
5.Daniel H. Janzen
问题1选项
A.People must pay attention to the fact that some kinds of trees do not produce seeds annually.
B.Soil is an important element to be taken into account in forest restoration.
C.The purpose of restoration efforts may be different from the real needs of the people involved.
D.Human factors, as well as trees planted, should be emphasized in forest restoration.
E.The supply of seeds is a tough problem that has to be dealt with.
F.When it comes to restoration, we have to stay with an awareness of whose interests to serve.
G.Some creatures in the forest that multiply rapidly can become a great threat to forest restoration.
问题2选项
A.People must pay attention to the fact that some kinds of trees do not produce seeds annually.
B.Soil is an important element to be taken into account in forest restoration.
C.The purpose of restoration efforts may be different from the real needs of the people involved.
D.Human factors, as well as trees planted, should be emphasized in forest restoration.
E.The supply of seeds is a tough problem that has to be dealt with.
F.When it comes to restoration, we have to stay with an awareness of whose interests to serve.
G.Some creatures in the forest that multiply rapidly can become a great threat to forest restoration.
问题3选项
A.People must pay attention to the fact that some kinds of trees do not produce seeds annually.
B.Soil is an important element to be taken into account in forest restoration.
C.The purpose of restoration efforts may be different from the real needs of the people involved.
D.Human factors, as well as trees planted, should be emphasized in forest restoration.
E.The supply of seeds is a tough problem that has to be dealt with.
F.When it comes to restoration, we have to stay with an awareness of whose interests to serve.
G.Some creatures in the forest that multiply rapidly can become a great threat to forest restoration.
问题4选项
A.People must pay attention to the fact that some kinds of trees do not produce seeds annually.
B.Soil is an important element to be taken into account in forest restoration.
C.The purpose of restoration efforts may be different from the real needs of the people involved.
D.Human factors, as well as trees planted, should be emphasized in forest restoration.
E.The supply of seeds is a tough problem that has to be dealt with.
F.When it comes to restoration, we have to stay with an awareness of whose interests to serve.
G.Some creatures in the forest that multiply rapidly can become a great threat to forest restoration.
问题5选项
A.People must pay attention to the fact that some kinds of trees do not produce seeds annually.
B.Soil is an important element to be taken into account in forest restoration.
C.The purpose of restoration efforts may be different from the real needs of the people involved.
D.Human factors, as well as trees planted, should be emphasized in forest restoration.
E.The supply of seeds is a tough problem that has to be dealt with.
F.When it comes to restoration, we have to stay with an awareness of whose interests to serve.
G.Some creatures in the forest that multiply rapidly can become a great threat to forest restoration.
第1题:E
第2题:A
第3题:D
第4题:C
第5题:F
第1题:
【解题思路】根据Ramni Jamnadass可以定位到文章第二段“Where’s the planting material going to come from? That’s one big bottleneck,” says genetic-resources specialist Ramni Jamnadass.（“种植材料从哪里来？这是一个巨大的瓶颈。”遗传资源专家拉姆尼·贾姆纳达斯说。），说明Ramni Jamnadass认为大规模生态修复能否推进，很大程度上受制于是否能获得足够、合适的种子和幼苗，这是当前修复工作的“瓶颈”。因此E选项“种子供应是一个必须加以解决的棘手问题。”正确。
第2题:
【解题思路】根据Christopher Kettle可以定位到文章第三段第二句Christopher Kettle, Bioversity International’s director for forest genetic resources and restoration in Rome, says that the need for infrastructure—things such as mechanisms for collecting and storing seeds, and nurseries to raise seedlings—might be most desperate here because many trees are “masting” species, which don’t produce seeds every year.（位于罗马的国际生物多样性中心森林遗传资源与恢复项目主任克里斯托弗·凯特尔指出，这里对基础设施的需求可能最为迫切——例如种子采集和储存机制，以及培育幼苗的苗圃——因为许多树种属于“结实不定期”的物种，并非每年都会产种子。），说明Christopher Kettle认为许多树种结实周期不规律，种子获取具有时间窗口。因此A选项“人们必须注意到，有些树种并不是每年都会产生种子。”正确。
第3题:
【解题思路】根据John Stanturf可以定位到文章第五段第一、二句John Stanturf, a leading forest restoration expert with the US Forest Service, argues that successful forest restoration isn’t just about planting the right trees. “We often focus too much on the technical side of seed supply and seedling quality, but we ignore that restoration only works if we also account for human factors—local communities’ needs, land-use rights, and their willingness to participate,” he says.（美国森林局首席森林恢复专家约翰·斯坦特夫认为，成功的森林恢复并不仅仅是把树种种对那么简单。“我们往往过于关注种子供应和幼苗质量等技术层面，却忽视了一个事实：只有同时考虑人类因素——地方社区的需求、土地使用权以及他们参与的意愿——恢复工作才能真正奏效，”他说。），说明John Stanturf的修复理念是以人为本，技术与社会因素并重。因此D选项“森林修复中，除了树木本身，人类因素也应受到重视。”正确。
第4题:
【解题思路】根据Pedro Brancalion可以定位到文章第六段第一、二句Pedro Brancalion, a restoration ecologist specializing in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, echoes this focus on people-centered restoration. “Many restoration plans are designed based on ecological ideals, but they don’t align with the real needs of local farmers and communities who live on the land,” he notes.（专注于巴西大西洋森林的恢复生态学家佩德罗·布兰卡利昂也呼应了这种以人为本的恢复理念。“许多恢复方案是基于生态理想设计的，但它们并未与生活在土地上的当地农民和社区的真实需求相契合，”他指出。），说明Pedro Brancalion批评了修复目标与当地民生需求脱节的问题。因此C选项“修复工作的目标可能与相关人群的现实需求并不一致。”正确。
第5题:
【解题思路】根据Daniel H. Janzen可以定位到文章第七段最后一句“When you talk about conservation or restoration, the first question has to be restoration by whom, for whom?” says Daniel H. Janzen, a biologist at the University of Pennsylvania.（宾夕法尼亚大学生物学家丹尼尔·H.詹森说：“当你谈论保护或恢复时，首先必须问的问题是：由谁来恢复？为了谁而恢复？”），说明Daniel H. Janzen强调修复行动背后的利益对象与服务对象意识。因此F选项“强调修复行动背后的利益对象与服务对象意识”正确。
