The common experience of having a name or word on the tip of the tongue seems related to specific perceptual attributes. In particular, people who report the tip-of-the-tongue feeling tend to identify the word's first letter and number of syllables with an accuracy that far exceeds mere guessing. There is evidence that the mind may encode data about when information was learned and about how often it has been experienced. Some memories seem to embrace spatial information; e.g., one remembers a particular news item to be on the lower right-hand side of the front page of a newspaper. Research indicates that the rate of forgetting varies for different attributes. For example, memories in which auditory attributes seem dominant tend to be more rapidly forgotten than those with minimal acoustic characteristics.
If a designated (target) memory consists of a collection of attributes, its recall or retrieval should be enhanced by any cue that indicates one of the attributes. For example, on failing to recall the term horse (included in a list they have just seen), people may be asked if an associated term (say, barn or zebra) helps them recall the word. While some additional recall has been observed with this kind of help, failures are common even with ostensibly relevant cues. Though it is possible that the cues frequently are appropriate, nevertheless, if words were not learned (encoded or stored) with accompanying attributes, cuing of any kinds should be ineffective.
1.With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?
2.It can be concluded from the passage that all encoded words are ( ).
3.What does the passage mainly discuss?
4.Which of the following does the author mention as a cause for forgetting?
5.Which is not mentioned as a tendency among people who encounter tip-of-the-tongue experience?
问题1选项
A.Words that are only heard are easily forgotten
B.The brain always remembers the moment words are first learned
C.Auditory cues are more helpful than spatial cues
D.Uncommon words are normally remembered with visual cues
问题2选项
A.remembered without help
B.learned without cues
C.stored with attributes
D.forgotten if not used
问题3选项
A.How a person remembers words
B.The origin of the expression ‘"tip-of-the-tongue”
C.How a person uses new words
D.How cues are used to pronounce words
问题4选项
A.The need for more precise spatial information
B.The creation of ostensibly relevant cues
C.The learning of words without corresponding attributes
D.The use of inappropriate auditory cues
问题5选项
A.Knowing the number of syllables in a word
B.Remembering where words were seen
C.Knowing the first letter of the word
D.Recognizing the word when heard
第1题:B
第2题:C
第3题:A
第4题:C
第5题:D
1.判断推理题。A:听到的言语信息很容易被忘记,第一段指出: For example, memories in which auditory attributes seem dominant tend to be more rapidly forgotten than those with minimal acoustic characteristics (相比听觉属性占最少优势的那些记忆,听觉属性占优势的记忆倾向于更快速地被忘记),故A项与原文不符。B:人的大脑一直记忆单词被首先知晓的瞬间,第一段指出: There is evidence that the mind may encode data about when information was learned and about how often it has been experienced (有证据表 明人的大脑可能编码有关信息何时被知晓和多久一次被经历的数据),故B正确。C:听觉线索比空间线索更有帮助,D: 不常见的单词一般通过视觉线索被记忆,文章并未提及。
2.判断推理题。第一段指出: The common experience of having a name or word on the tip of the tongue seems related to specific perceptual attributes (差点想起一个名字或言词的常见经历似乎和特定的感知属性相关), Research indicates that the rate of forgetting varies for different attributes (研究表明,遗忘的频率根据属性的不同而变化),由此可知C项“被带着属性地储存”正确。
3.主旨大意题。文章主要讨论了“人怎样记忆言词”。
4.细节事实题。第二段指出: if words were not learned (encoded or stored) with accompanying attributes, cuing of any kinds should be ineffective (如果言词没有在带着伴随的属性情况下被知晓(被编码或储存),那么任何种类的线索提示应该是无效的),由此可知C“没有对应属性的学习言词”正确。
5.细节事实题。A:知晓言词的音节数,C:知晓言词的第一个字母,第一段指出: In particular, people who report the tip-of-the-tongue feeling tend to identify the word's first letter and number of syllables with an accuracy that far exceeds mere guessing (特别地,说自己有差点想起感觉的人倾向于以远超单纯猜测的准确性去辨认出言词的第一个字母和其音节数),因此A,B在文中被提及。B:记忆言词在哪里被看见,第一段指出: Some memories seem to embrace spatial information; e.g., one remembers a particular news item to be on the lower right-hand side of the front page of a newspaper (—些记忆貌似包含空间信息,如一个人记得一个特定的新闻内容位于报纸头版右手边较低位置),由此可知B项被提及。故选D“识别听见的言词”。