The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” period from birth to three may scar a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.
Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, we saw earlier that among the Ngoni the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.
Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, caretakers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial.
Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children’s development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.
But Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.
1.The phrase “predispose to” (Para. 1, line 2) most probably means ______.
2.According to Bowlby’s analysis, it is quite possible that ______.
3.It is implied but not stated in the second paragraph that ______.
4.The writer concludes that ______.
问题1选项
A.lead to
B.dispose to
C.get into
D.tend to suffer
问题2选项
A.children’s personalities will be changed to some extent through separation from their parents
B.early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children
C.children will be exposed to many negative effects from early day care later on
D.some long-term effects can hardly be reduced from children’s development
问题3选项
A.traditional societies separate the child from the parent at an early age
B.children in modern societies cause more troubles than those in traditional societies
C.a child did not live together with his parents among the Ngoni
D.children in some societies did not have emotional problems when separated from the parents
问题4选项
A.it is difficult to make clear what is the right age for nursery school
B.it is not settled now whether early care is reasonable for children
C.it is not beneficial for children to be sent to nursery school
D.it is reasonable to subject a child above three to nursery school
第1题:
【选项释义】
The phrase “predispose to” (Para. 1, line 2) most probably means ______. 短语“predispose to”(第1段,第2行)最有可能的意思是______。
A. lead to A. 导致
B. dispose to B. 处置
C. get into C. 进入
D. tend to suffer D. 容易遭受
【考查点】词意推测题。
【解题思路】根据题干定位到原文第一段第一句“英国精神分析学家约翰·鲍尔比认为,在从出生到三岁这段敏感的‘依恋’时期与父母分离,可能会给孩子的性格造成创伤(may scar a child’s personality),并在以后的生活中()情感问题。”,可知也容易让孩子以后出现感情问题,故D选项“容易遭受”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“导致”太过绝对,前面用的是may,所以predispose to也不会是一个绝对的词,属于曲解原文;
B选项“处置”,C选项“进入”两个选项文中无法体现,属于无中生有。
第2题:
【选项释义】
According to Bowlby’s analysis, it is quite possible that ______. 根据鲍尔比的分析,很有可能______。
A. children’s personalities will be changed to some extent through separation from their parents. A. 孩子的性格会在一定程度上通过与父母分离而改变。
B. early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children. B. 早期日托可以延缓儿童精神疾病的发生。
C. children will be exposed to many negative effects from early day care later on. C. 儿童日后将受到早期日托的许多负面影响。
D. some long-term effects can hardly be reduced from children’s development. D. 一些长期影响很难从儿童的发展中减少。
【考查点】细节事实题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息,可将信息点定位至原文第五段的第一句和第二句“但是,鲍尔比的分析提出了一种可能性,即早期日托有延迟效应(delayed effects)。这种治疗可能会在15年或20年后导致更多的精神疾病或犯罪(more mental illness or crime),这种可能性只能通过统计数据来探索。”可知日托班可能有延迟效应,等孩子长大后消极影响才显现出来,故C选项“儿童日后将受到早期日托的许多负面影响。”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“孩子的性格会在一定程度上通过与父母分离而改变。”,文中只说到在从出生到三岁这段敏感的“依恋”时期与父母分离,可能会给孩子的性格造成创伤,并没有说性格会改变,属于曲解原文;
B选项“早期日托可以延缓儿童精神疾病的发生。”文中说到可能会在15年或20年后导致更多的精神疾病或犯罪,而不是延缓,属于反向干扰;
D选项“一些长期影响很难从儿童的发展中减少。”文中无法体现,属于无中生有。
第3题:
【选项释义】
It is implied but not stated in the second paragraph that ______. 第二段暗示但没有说明______。
A. traditional societies separate the child from the parent at an early age. A. 传统社会在孩子很小的时候就把他们与父母分开。
B. Children in modern societies cause more troubles than those in traditional societies. B. 现代社会的孩子比传统社会的孩子造成更多的麻烦。
C. A child did not live together with his parents among the Ngoni. C. 在恩戈尼人中,孩子没有和父母住在一起。
D. Children in some societies did not have emotional problems when separated from the parents. D. 在一些社会中,与父母分开的孩子不会有情感问题。
【考查点】细节事实题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息,定位到第二段第一句“人类学家指出,在现代社会中发现的孩子与父母之间绝缘的爱,在传统社会中通常不存在。”及“例如,我们早些时候看到,在Ngoni族中,孩子的父亲和母亲并不是独自抚养他们的孩子——远非如此。”可推知“传统社会在早年将小孩和父母分开”是第二段中暗示但却没有阐明的,因此A选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
C选项“在恩戈尼人中,孩子没有和父母住在一起。”在文中第二段第二句已经陈述不是暗示,属于无中生有;
B选项和D选项文中无法体现,属于无中生有。
第4题:
【选项释义】
The writer concludes that ______. 作者总结道:______。
A. it is difficult to make clear what is the right age for nursery school A. 很难弄清楚什么年龄适合上幼儿园
B. it is not settled now whether early care is reasonable for children B. 现在还不确定托儿所对儿童是否合理
C. it is not beneficial for children to be sent to nursery school C. 把孩子送到幼儿园是没有好处的
D. it is reasonable to subject a child above three to nursery school D. 让三岁以上的孩子上幼儿园是合理的
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干可将信息点定位到原文最后一段的倒数第二句“在三岁或三岁半的时候,几乎所有的孩子都发现过渡到托儿所很容易,这无疑是为什么越来越多的父母在这个时候把孩子送到托儿所的原因。”可知作者认为三岁以上的孩子上幼儿园是合理的,故D选项“让三岁以上的孩子上幼儿园是合理的”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“很难弄清楚什么年龄适合上幼儿园。”,从文中可以看出作者认为让三岁以上的孩子上幼儿园是合理的,属于反向干扰;
B选项“现在还不确定托儿所对儿童是否合理。”,由文章最后一段最后一句“因此,尽管经验和现有证据都表明托儿所对儿童是合理的,但问题还很不明确。”可知这里是说,证据已经证明托儿所是合理的了,只是三岁以下的小孩可能会不愿意离开父母,所以问题有些复杂,但不会影响到托儿所的合理性,属于曲解原文;
C选项“把孩子送到幼儿园是没有好处的。”文中说到将三岁以上的孩子上幼儿园是合理的,并不是说把孩子送到幼儿园都是没有好处的,属于曲解原文。