Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or ethnic minority groups being studied.
In conducting research on culture and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and wit to the People in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an emic fashion, their concern is only that the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved.
How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the emic approach, there searchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regard for whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethic minority groups. In a subsequent study there searchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class, White families, but also lower-income White families, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying in ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle-class White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups.
1.According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to（ ）.
2.What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach?
3.Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently more （ ）.
4.The etic approach is concerned with （ ）.
5.Which of the following is true of the ethnic minority families in the U.S. according to the passage?
问题1选项
A.be overcautious in constructing meaningful measures
B.view them from their own cultural perspective
C.guard against interference from their own culture
D.accept readily what is alien to their own culture
问题2选项
A.They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues.
B.The former is biased while the latter is objective.
C.The former concentrates on the study of culture while the latter on family issues.
D.They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys.
问题3选项
A.culturally interactive
B.culture-oriented
C.culturally biased
D.culture-specific
问题4选项
A.the general characteristics of minority families
B.culture-related concepts of individual ethnic groups
C.features shared by various cultures or ethnic groups
D.the economic conditions of different types of families
问题5选项
A.Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable.
B.Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehend.
C.They don’t interact with each other so much as White families.
D.They have closer family ties than White families.
第1题:B
第2题:A
第3题:D
第4题:C
第5题:D
第1题:
【选项释义】
According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to ____. 根据第一段，不熟悉目标文化的研究者倾向于____。
A. be overcautious in constructing meaningful measures A. 在构建有意义的措施时往往过于谨慎
B. view them from their own cultural perspective B. 从自己的文化角度来看待目标文化
C. guard against interference from their own culture C. 对自己文化的干扰产生戒心
D. accept readily what is alien to their own culture D. 欣然接受自己文化所不熟悉的东西
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】第一段第一句讲“不熟悉他们所研究的文化和种族的研究人员必须采取额外的预防措施，以摆脱他们从自己的文化带来的任何偏见。”由此可知，研究人员很容易带着文化偏见（从自己的文化角度）去研究其他文化，故B选项符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“在构建有意义的措施时往往过于谨慎”、C选项“对自己文化的干扰产生戒心”和D选项 “欣然接受自己文化所不熟悉的东西”均无法从文中推断出来，属于无中生有。
第2题:
【选项释义】
What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach? 关于主位法和客位法，作者说了什么？
A. They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues. A. 在民族问题的研究上，它们有不同的研究重点。
B. The former is biased while the latter is objective. B. 前者是有偏见的，后者是客观的。
C. The former concentrates on the study of culture while the latter on family issues. C. 前者侧重于文化研究，后者侧重于家庭问题。
D. They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys. D. 它们在进行调查时都严重依赖于问卷调查。
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】第二段第二至三句讲“主位研究法的目的是，用对于所描述的文化群体或种群的人民来说具有意义和价值的方式来描述某个文化群体或种群的行为，而不用顾及其他文化群体或种群。客位研究法的目的则是通过描述某些行为，从而做出可以普遍适用于不同文化的推论”。也就是说，这两种方法的区别在于侧重点不同，因此，A选项“他们对民族问题的研究重点不同”正确。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“前者是有偏见的，后者是客观的”无法从原文中推断出来，属于无中生有；
C选项“前者侧重于文化研究，后者侧重于家庭问题”从原文内容可知，文化研究和家庭问题的研究都可以采用这两种研究方法，属于曲解原文；
D选项根据第二段后半部分内容可知，作者以设计一套调查问卷为例来说明主位法和客位法的不同，并不能得出“它们在进行调查时都严重依赖于问卷调查”的结论，属于曲解原文。
第3题:
【选项释义】
Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently more ____. 与客位法相比，主位法显然更具有____。
A. culturally interactive A. 文化互动性
B. culture-oriented B. 文化导向性
C. culturally biased C. 文化偏见性
D. culture-specific D. 文化特异性
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】由上题分析可知，“主位法（the emic approach）”是描述某个具体文化群体或种群的行为，而不用顾及其他文化群体或种群，因此D选项“文化特异性”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“文化互动性”由上题分析可知，这是“客位法”的特征，属于张冠李戴；
B选项“文化导向性”和C选项“文化偏见性”文中均没有提及，属于无中生有。
第4题:
【选项释义】
The etic approach is concerned with ____. 客位研究方法关注于____。
A. the general characteristics of minority families A. 少数族裔家庭的一般性特点
B. culture-related concepts of individual ethnic groups B. 各个民族群体的与文化相关的理念
C. features shared by various cultures or ethnic groups C. 不同文化和族裔共同的特点
D. the economic conditions of different types of families D. 不同类型家庭的经济状况
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】由27题分析可知，“客位法”描述的是对各种文化都能起作用的具有普遍意义的行为，所以研究的是共性，因此C选项“不同文化或民族的共同特征”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A选项定位到最后一段第三句“在随后的研究中，研究者可能决定采用客位法，不仅研究中产阶级、白人家庭，还研究低收入的白人家庭、美国黑人家庭、西班牙裔美国家庭和美国亚裔家庭”，所以该选项“专注于少数族裔家庭”是片面的，属于以偏概全；
B选项定位到第二段第一句“在对文化和少数民族问题的研究中，研究者区分了主位方法和客位方法”，也就是说这两种方法都会研究文化和少数民族问题，属于曲解原文；
D选项文中只提到客位研究方法会研究不同种族的家庭，并没有提及其“经济状况”，属于无中生有。
第5题:
【选项释义】
Which of the following is true of the ethnic minority families in the U.S. according to the passage? 根据文章所说，以下关于美国的少数民族族裔家庭的哪一种说法是正确的？
A. Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable. A. 他们的文化模式通常更加具有适应性。
B. Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehend. B. 他们的文化理念很难为人所理解。
C. They don’t interact with each other so much as White families. C. 他们不像白人家庭那样喜欢与别人互动。
D. They have closer family ties than White families. D. 他们的家庭纽带比白人家庭要紧密。
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】最后一段倒数第二句讲“通过对少数民族家庭的研究，研究人员可能会发现，与美国白人家庭相比，少数民族家庭的大家庭更是一个支持系统。”由此可推知，比起白人家庭，少数民族家庭成员间的联系应更为紧密。因此D选项“他们的家庭关系比白人家庭更紧密”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“他们的文化模式通常更加具有适应性”、B选项“他们的文化理念很难为人所理解”和C选项“他们不像白人家庭那样喜欢与别人互动”均无法从原文中推断出来，属于无中生有。
