Petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil and lubricating oils, come from one source—crude oil found below the earth’s surface as well as under large bodies of water, from a few hundred feet below the earth’s surface to as deep as 25,000 feet into the earth’s interior. Sometimes crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth, but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Pressure at the source of pumping forces crude oil to the surface.
Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products are always measured in 42-gallon barrels.
Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin, thick, transparent or opaque, but their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found, but those are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joining of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.
The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors. These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene and distillate oil. The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residue fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products, some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline.
1.Which of the following is NOT true?
2.Many thousands of hydrocarbon compounds are possible because （ ）.
3.Which of the following is true?
4.How is crude oil brought to the surface?
5.Which of the following is NOT listed as a light oil?
问题1选项
A.Crude oil is found below land and water.
B.Crude oil is always found a few hundred feet below the surface.
C.Pumping and pressure force crude oil to the surface.
D.A variety of petroleum products is obtained from crude oil.
问题2选项
A.the petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance
B.complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure
C.the two atoms in the molecule assume many positions
D.the pressure needed to force it to the surface causes molecular transformation
问题3选项
A.The various petroleum products are produced by filtration.
B.Heating and condensation produce the various products.
C.Chemical separation is used to produce the various products.
D.Mechanical means such as the centrifuge are used to produce the various products.
问题4选项
A.Expansion of the hydrocarbons.
B.Pressure and pumping.
C.Vacuum created in the drilling pipe.
D.Expansion and contraction of the earth’s surface.
问题5选项
A.Distillate oil.
B.Gasoline.
C.Lubrication oil.
D.Kerosene.
第1题:B
第2题:C
第3题:B
第4题:B
第5题:C
第1题:
细节事实题。A. 原油在陆地和水下被发现，B：原油经常被发现于地球表面下几百英尺，第一段指出：crude oil found below the earth’s surface as well as under large bodies of water, from a few hundred feet below the earth’s surface to as deep as 25,000 feet into the earth’s interior（被发现于地球表面和广泛水域下的原油，从地球表面下几百英尺到深入地球内部2.5万英尺），因此A项符合原意，B项过于绝对。由第一段中“Pressure at the source of pumping forces crude oil to the surface.泵源压力迫使原油渗出表面。”知C项是对原文的同义转述。D：各种石油产品从原油中被获取，由最后一段“The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors（各种石油产品从原油中通过加热和冷凝蒸汽而从原油中被精炼出来）”可知D项正确。
第2题:
细节事实题。第三段指出：The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joining of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule（碳和氢的结合构成了数千计的化合物，而这种构成的可能是因为这两种原子在烷烃分子中的不同位置和结合方式），由此可知C项“这两种原子可以在分子中处于多种位置”正确。
第3题:
细节事实题。最后一段指出：The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors（各种石油产品从原油中通过加热和冷凝蒸汽而从原油中被精炼出来），由此可知B项“加热和冷凝产生了各种产品”正确。
第4题:
细节事实题。第一段指出：Pressure at the source of pumping forces crude oil to the surface（泵源压力迫使原油渗出表面），故选B项“压力和泵送”。
第5题:
判断推理题。由关键词light oil定位至第四段：These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene and distillate oil（这些产品就被称之为轻油，例如汽油、煤油和馏出油）。故选C。
