The use of animals to better understand human anatomy and human disease is a centuries-old practice. Animal research has provided valuable information about many physiological processes that are relevant to humans and has been fundamental in the development of many drugs, including vaccines, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Animals and humans are similar in many ways. Animal behavior can be as complex as human behavior, and the cellular structures, proteins, and genes of humans and animals are so similar that the prospect of using animal tissues to replace diseased human tissues is under intense investigation for patients who would otherwise never receive a potentially life-saving transplant.
However, the way in which animals and humans react to their environments, both physiologically and behaviorally, can be drastically different, and the conditions under which laboratory animals are kept can influence and alter experimental results. The husbandry and treatment of laboratory animals has been and continues to be a major topic of ethical debate. Concern over the care and management of animals used in scientific research was initially raised in the 19th century in Great Britain, where the Cruelty to Animals Act was adopted in 1876. A significant step forward―for both supporters and opponents of animal research-occurred in 1959, when British zoologist William Russell and British microbiologist Rex Burch published The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. This work introduced the goals of replacement, reduction, and refinement: replacement of animal testing with other techniques, reduction of the number of animals tested, and refinement of animal tests to reduce suffering. These concepts became the foundation for the development of scientific alternatives to animal testing, and they continue to guide the treatment of animals in modern scientific research.
Alternatives to animal testing are primarily based on biochemical assays, on experiments in cells that are carried out in vitro(" within the glass"), and on computational models and algorithms(演算法).These techniques are typically far more sophisticated and specific than traditional approaches to testing in whole animals, and many in vitro tests are capable of producing information about the biological effects of a test compound that are as accurate—and in some cases more accurate than—information collected from studies in whole animals.
Traditional toxicity tests performed on animals are becoming outmoded. These tests result in the deaths of many animals and often produce data that are irrelevant to humans. Recognition of the inadequacy of animal toxicity testing has resulted in the development of better techniques that are able to produce comparable toxicity values of chemicals that are applicable to humans.
While animal testing is not always the most efficient way to test the toxicity of a chemical or the efficacy of a pharmaceutical compound, it is sometimes the only way to obtain information about how a substance behaves in a whole organism, especially in the case of pharmaceutical compounds. Studies of pharmacokinetic effects (effects of the body on a drug) and pharmacodynamic effects (effects of a drug on the body) often require testing in animals to determine the most effective way to administer a drug； the drug’ s distribution, metabolism, and excretion； or any side effects in the body. These studies are dependent on a circulating system, which are extraordinarily difficult to perform outside animal bodies, since in vitro studies often cannot form a complete picture of a drug1 s action.
Supporters and opponents of animal testing sometimes have the same goals； however, an extraordinary amount of energy is wasted both on poorly executed animal testing and on poorly conceived efforts to stop animal testing. Because of the enormous effort required to change decades of research and product development that has crucially depended on animal testing, the unification of organizations that bring together supporters of animal welfare and supporters of science is required. This unification is taking place, and interest in and support for these organizations is growing.
1. Why are animal researches so important in medical experimentations?
2. From the second paragraph, what topic is raised for discussion?
3. Which of the following is NOT the reason that the opponents of the animal research base their view?
4. Why is animal testing irreplaceable in some cases?
5. What message does the author try to convey about the scientific experimentation in animals?
问题1选项
A.Animals can be used as drugs to cure human diseases.
B.Animals are very similar to human beings in many aspects.
C.Animals can take place some human tissues with problems.
D.Animal researches are important in physiological process and drug development.
问题2选项
A.The atmosphere for civil discourse.
B.The role of scientific animal research.
C.The opposition of scientific animal research.
D.The alternative way for animal research.
问题3选项
A.The physiologic and behavioral differences between animals and humans.
B.Treatments of animals are disputable.
C.The overuse of mice in cancer experimentation.
D.The conditions under which laboratory animals are kept can influence and alter experimental results.
问题4选项
A.Drugs must be tested on animal before used on humans.
B.Animal testing is more efficient to producing results.
C.Drug testing depends on circular system of animals.
D.Animals are more cost-efficient.
问题5选项
A.Ethical opposition is the major reason to replace the animal experimentation.
B.It plays an irreplaceable part in biomedical science.
C.Scientists have found alternatives to free animals from the sufferings.
D.Supporters and opponents of animal testing are always at odds with each other.
第1题:D
第2题:D
第3题:C
第4题:C
第5题:B
第1题:
【选项释义】
Why are animal researches so important in medical experimentations? 为什么动物研究在医学实验中如此重要？
A. Animals can be used as drugs to cure human diseases. A. 动物可以作为药物来治疗人类的疾病。
B. Animals are very similar to human beings in many aspects. B. 动物在许多方面与人类非常相似。
C. Animals can take place some human tissues with problems. C. 动物身上可以发生一些人体组织的问题。
D. Animal researches are important in physiological process and drug development. D. 动物研究在生理过程和药物开发中具有重要意义。
【答案】D
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段第二句“动物研究为许多与人类有关的生理学研究过程提供了有价值的信息，并在许多药物的开发中起到了根本性的作用……”。综合理解，由此句可知D选项“动物研究在生理过程和药物开发中具有重要意义”符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“动物可以作为药物来治疗人类的疾病。”，第一段第二句中“为许多药物的开发提供了基础，包括疫苗、麻醉药和抗生素。”，但此句中说的是动物研究可以为药物开发提供基础，而不是直接作为药物治疗人类疾病，属于无中生有；
B选项“动物在许多方面与人类非常相似。”，文中提到动物与人非常相似，是一个客观事实，但这并不是动物研究在医学实验中重要的原因，这里属于偷换概念；
C选项“动物身上可以发生一些人体组织的问题。”，文中没有提到，属于无中生有。
第2题:
【选项释义】
From the second paragraph, what topic is raised for discussion? 从第二段开始，讨论的主题是什么？
A. The atmosphere for civil discourse. A. 民间言论的气氛。
B. The role of scientific animal research. B. 科学研究动物的作用。
C. The opposition of scientific animal research. C. 反对科学动物研究。
D. The alternative way for animal research. D. 动物研究的另一种方式。
【答案】D
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第二段最后一句“这些概念成为发展动物试验科学替代品的基础，并继续指导现代科学研究中对动物的治疗”。综合理解，此句为本段核心句，由此可知，本段所提出来的话题是“动物研究的替代方法”，之后的段落都是在讲怎样替代的，因此选D. “动物研究的另一种方式。”
【干扰项排除】
A选项“民间言论的气氛。”，文中没有提到，属于无中生有；
B选项“科学研究动物的作用。”，文中没有体现，属于无中生有；
C选项“反对科学动物研究。”，第二段只提到有部分人反对动物研究，而且下文中主要讲的是替代动物实验的其他方法，该选项属于以偏概全。
第3题:
【选项释义】
Which of the following is NOT the reason that the opponents of the animal research base their view? 以下哪项不是反对动物研究的人所持观点的理由？
A. The physiologic and behavioral differences between animals and humans. A. 动物和人类在生理和行为上的差异。
B. Treatments of animals are disputable. B. 对动物的治疗是有争议的。
C. The overuse of mice in cancer experimentation. C. 在癌症实验中过度使用老鼠。
D. The conditions under which laboratory animals are kept can influence and alter experimental results. D. 实验动物的饲养条件会影响和改变实验结果。
【答案】C
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第二段一、二句“然而，动物和人类对环境的反应方式，无论是在生理上还是在行为上，都可能是截然不同的，而实验室动物饲养的条件可能会影响和改变实验结果。实验动物的饲养和治疗一直是并将继续是伦理辩论的一个主要话题”。第二步，综合理解，这些都是动物研究反对者反对的原因，所以A选项“动物和人类在生理和行为上的差异”、B选项“对动物的治疗是有争议的”、D选项“实验动物的饲养条件会影响和改变实验结果”都符合原文。C选项“在癌症实验中过度使用老鼠”在原文中没有提及，选C。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、D选项都在文中提到了，属于反向干扰。
第4题:
【选项释义】
Why is animal testing irreplaceable in some cases? 为什么动物实验在某些情况下是不可替代的？
A. Drugs must be tested on animal before used on humans. A. 药物在用于人体之前必须在动物身上进行试验。
B. Animal testing is more efficient to producing results. B. 动物实验能更有效地产生结果。
C. Drug testing depends on circular system of animals. C. 药物检测依赖于动物的循环系统。
D. Animals are more cost-efficient. D. 动物更有成本效益。
【答案】C
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到倒数第二段最后一句“这些研究依赖于循环系统（circulating system），而循环系统在动物体外很难进行，因为体外研究往往无法形成药物作用的完整图景”。由此句可知C选项“药物检测依赖于动物的循环系统”符合题意。选C。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“药物在用于人体之前必须在动物身上进行试验。”，文中没有提及，属于无中生有；
B选项“动物实验能更有效地产生结果。”，可定位到倒数第二段第一句中“而动物实验并不总是测试化学物质毒性或药物化合物功效的最有效方法”，由此句可知在测试化学物质毒性时动物实验不一定是最有效方法，可知动物实验不一定能更有效地产生结果，属于过度推断；
D选项“动物更有成本效益。”，文中没有提及属于无中生有。
第5题:
【选项释义】
What message does the author try to convey about the scientific experimentation in animals? 关于动物科学实验，作者试图传达什么信息？
A. Ethical opposition is the major reason to replace the animal experimentation. A. 伦理上的反对是取代动物实验的主要原因。
B. It plays an irreplaceable part in biomedical science. B. 它在生物医学中起着不可替代的作用。
C. Scientists have found alternatives to free animals from the sufferings. C. 科学家已经找到了把动物从苦难中解救出来的替代办法。
D. Supporters and opponents of animal testing are always at odds with each other. D. 动物实验的支持者和反对者总是意见不合。
【答案】B
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到最后一段的最后两句“由于改变数十年的研究和产品开发需要付出巨大的努力，而这些研究和产品开发的关键是依赖于动物试验，因此需要统一组织，将支持保护动物和支持科学的人聚集在一起”。由“这些研究和产品开发的关键是依赖于动物试验”可知，B选项“它在生物医学中起着不可替代的作用”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“伦理上的反对是取代动物实验的主要原因。”，文中没有提及，属于无中生有；
C选项“科学家已经找到了把动物从苦难中解救出来的替代办法。”，文中没有提及，属于无中生有；
D选项“动物实验的支持者和反对者总是意见不合。”，与最后一段第一句“动物实验的支持者和反对者有时有着相同的目标”语义相反，属于反向干扰。
【参考译文】
利用动物来更好地了解人体解剖学和人类疾病是一种有着数百年历史的做法。动物研究为许多与人类相关的生理过程提供了宝贵的信息，并为疫苗、麻醉剂和抗生素等许多药物的开发奠定了基础。动物和人类在许多方面都很相似。动物的行为和人类的行为一样复杂，人类和动物的细胞结构、蛋白质和基因也非常相似，因此，人们正在积极研究用动物组织替代患病的人类组织的前景，否则，病人将永远无法接受可能挽救生命的移植手术。
然而，动物和人类对环境的生理和行为反应方式可能大不相同，饲养实验动物的条件也会影响和改变实验结果。实验动物的饲养和待遇一直是并将继续是伦理争论的主要话题。对科学研究中使用的动物的饲养和管理的关注最初是在19世纪的英国，1876年英国通过了《虐待动物法》。1959年，英国动物学家威廉·罗素和英国微生物学家雷克斯·伯奇出版了《人道实验技术原则》一书，动物研究的支持者和反对者都向前迈出了重要一步。这部著作提出了替代、减少和改进的目标：用其他技术替代动物实验，减少实验动物的数量，改进动物实验以减少痛苦。这些概念成为开发动物实验科学替代品的基础，并继续指导着现代科学研究中对动物的处理。
动物实验的替代品主要基于生化测定、体外（“在玻璃内”）细胞实验以及计算模型和演算法。这些技术通常比传统的在整个动物身上进行测试的方法要复杂得多，也具体得多，许多体外试验能够产生与试验化合物的生物效应相关的信息，其准确性不亚于从整只动物研究中收集的信息，在某些情况下甚至更高。
传统的动物毒性试验已经过时。这些试验导致许多动物死亡，产生的数据往往与人类无关。由于认识到动物毒性测试的不足，人们开发出了更好的技术，能够得出适用于人类的化学品可比毒性值。
虽然动物试验并不总是测试化学品毒性或药物复合物疗效的最有效方法，但有时却是获得有关物质在整个生物体内表现的信息的唯一方法，尤其是在药物复合物的情况下。药代动力学效应（机体对药物的影响）和药效学效应（药物对机体的影响）研究通常需要在动物身上进行试验，以确定给药的最有效方法；药物的分布、代谢和排泄；或在体内的任何副作用。这些研究依赖于循环系统，在动物体外进行异常困难，因为体外研究往往无法全面了解药物的作用。
动物试验的支持者和反对者有时目标一致；然而，大量的精力被浪费在执行不力的动物试验上，也被浪费在停止动物试验的拙劣构想上。由于要改变数十年来严重依赖动物实验的研究和产品开发需要付出巨大的努力，因此需要将动物福利的支持者和科学的支持者联合起来。这种联合正在发生，人们对这些组织的兴趣和支持也在不断增加。
