Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Neward. “But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
1.Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward（ ）.
2.What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?（ ）
3.Which of the following can best raise students’ creativity according to Rober Eisenberger?（ ）
4.It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe（ ）.
5.The phrase “token economies” (Line 1, Para 5) probably refers to（ ）.
问题1选项
A.the choice between spiritual encouragement
B.the amount of monetary rewards for student’s creativity
C.the study of relationship between actions and their consequences
D.the effects of external rewards on students performance
问题2选项
A.They have no doubts about them.
B.They have doubts about them.
C.They approve of them.
D.They avoid talking about them.
问题3选项
A.Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.
B.Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.
C.Giving them rewards they really deserve.
D.Giving them rewards they anticipate.
问题4选项
A.rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students
B.punishment is more effective than rewarding
C.failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
D.discouraging the student’s anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency
问题5选项
A.ways to develop economy
B.systems of rewarding students
C.approaches to solving problems
D.method s of improving performance
第1题:D
第2题:B
第3题:C
第4题:A
第5题:B
第1题:
细节事实题。根据文章第一句话Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, aflect motivation and creativity可知，心理学家对于外部奖励（不论是精神鼓励还是物质奖励）如何影响动机和创造力持对立观点。因此，心理学家因“外部奖励对学生行为的影响持不同态度”而分成两派。本题正确答案为D选项。
第2题:
推理判断题。文章第一段介绍了Behaviorists和Cognitive researchers的两种不同观点。而由文章第二段第一句话The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators.可知，后者的观点，也就是Cognitive researchers获得了很多的支持，尤其是在教育工作者中。他们认为奖赏会摧毁创造力。因此，大多数教育工作者对给予学生的外部奖励持否定态度。正确答案为B选项。
第3题:
推理判断题。在文章第三段中，the University of Delaware的Robert Eisenberger表述了自己对于奖励机制的观点。他认为如果孩子们知道是为得到奖励而学习，并能专注完成相对有挑战性的任务，他们就会表现出最大的创造性。但如果对表现不好的孩子也给予奖励，或者让他们对奖励有过分的期待，那么就很容易扼杀他们的创造力。因此，只有奖励该得奖励的孩子，才能发挥其创造性，正确答案为C选项。
第4题:
推理判断题。题干：大学正试图严格评分标准是因为他们认为什么？由文章第四段As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.可知，重点大学加强分级标准是因为the latter point，也就是第三段中提及的it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards这一观点，因此A选项符合题意。
第5题:
考查词汇题。分析token economies后的定语从句in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity.可知，在这种机制下，学生能解决富有挑战性的任务并且获得奖励，这将有希望提高学生的努力度和创造性。因此，本题正确答案为B选项“奖励学生的机制”。
