The center task of an empirical science such as economics is to provide general understanding of events in the real world, and ultimately all of its theories and techniques must be instrumental to that task. That is very different from saying, however, that it must be responsive to the contemporaneous conditions and problems of the society in which it is situated.
If the problems of economic life changed frequently and radically, and lacked a large measure of continuity in their essential nature, there could not be a science of economics. An essential element of a science is the cumulative growth of knowledge, and that cumulative character could not arise if each generation of economists faced fundamentally new problems calling for entirely new methods of analysis. The change of problems and methods would also undermine the training of economists; if the young studied under the old, the young could be confident that they were learning things that were rapidly becoming outdated. A science requires for its very existence a set of fundamental and durable problems.
In economics the most fundamental of these central problems is the theory of value. The theory of value must explain how the comparative values of different goods and services are established. Until that problem is solved, it is not possible to analyze for scientific purposes what will be produced and in what quantities, how the resources will be employed in producing the menu of outputs, and how the resources will be valued. Without a theory of value the economist can have neither theory of international trade nor possibly a theory of money. This central problem of value does not change in its essential content if one seeks to explain values in agricultural or industrial societies, indeed, if the problem of value were so chameleonlike as to alter its nature whenever the economic or political system altered, each epoch in economic life would require its own theory, and short epoch would get short-lived theories.
1.The main idea of the passage is that( ).
2.Which is a correct statement of theories and techniques?( )
3.If every generation of economists had basically different problems,( ).
4.The passage supports which of the following statements about the theory of value?( )
5.The word “chameleonlike” in the last sentence is closest in meaning to( ).
问题1选项
A.all sciences should have proper tools if they are to complete the central task
B.the empirical science must be responsive to the problems of the real world
C.economics as an empirical science must have its fundamental problems for study
D.economists must give priority to agreement of the theory of value
问题2选项
A.Theories and techniques of a science must contribute to our knowledge of the real world.
B.Theories and techniques offer us tools when we endeavor to respond to current problems.
C.Theories and techniques must constantly change radically in order to catch up with the time.
D.Theories and techniques must have their values in solving fundamental problems of sciences.
问题3选项
A.economic knowledge would be dramatically enriched
B.the science of economics would transform its nature
C.the training of economists would be much more important
D.it would be hard to develop the science of economics
问题4选项
A.The theory of value is very complicated because it involves many fundamental problems.
B.The theory of value is crucial to the scientific analysis of economic activities.
C.Business executives must learn the theory of value if they hope to succeed in managing production.
D.The theory of value only applies to industrial societies when capitalism makes its appearance.
问题5选项
A.colorful
B.obscure
C.changeable
D.flexible
第1题:D
第2题:A
第3题:D
第4题:B
第5题:C
第1题:
主旨大意题。本文主要探讨了经济学的意义以及经济学的研究基础和根本问题,说明了经济学的研究基础和发展关键在于一个固定的基本问题的研究,而最根本的核心问题是“the theory of value”,所以,D选项是正确答案。
第2题:
细节事实题。由文章开头The center task of an empirical science such as economics is to provide general understanding of events in the real world, and ultimately all of its theories and techniques must be instrumental to that task.可知,经验科学的核心任务就是能够解释现实中的社会问题,促进人们对于事情原理的理解,并且最终所有的理论和方法都应该适用于这个核心任务。因此,A选项符合题意。
第3题:
细节事实题。由文章第二段If the problems of economic life changed frequently and radically, and lacked a large measure of continuity their essential nature, there could not be a science of economics.可知,如果一个学科研究的核心基础命题一直在变化,那么将不利于学科的纵深发展和深入解决问题。因此,D选项正确。
第4题:
推理判断题。根据文章第三段中Until that problem is solved, it is not possible to analyze for scientific purposes what will be produced and in what quantities, how the resources will be employed in producing the menu of outputs, and how the resources will be valued.可知,如果不能很好地诠释和定义价值理论,那么这些问题都难以解决,由此可见价值理论的重要性。因此,B选项正确。
第5题:
词汇题。chameleon意思为变色龙,善变的人,加后缀like变为形容词,A选项colorful adj.多彩的,B选项obscure adj.模糊的,不清楚的,C选项changeable adj.易变的,可改变的,D选项flexible adj.灵活的,易弯曲的。根据词义可知C选项最为接近。因此,C选项正确。