No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead.
There have been and may again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed, where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if she is equally unable to refute the reasons of the opposite side, if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should hear the arguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them, who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.
1. According to the author, it is always advisable to( ).
32. According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect to find( ).
3. According to the author, which of the following statements is true?
4. According to the author, the person who -holds orthodox beliefs without examination maybe described in all of the following ways EXCEPT as( ).
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?
问题1选项
A.be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which one disagrees
B.adopt the point of view to which one feels the most inclination
C.have opinions which cannot be refuted
D.suspend heterodox speculation in favor of doctrinaire approaches
问题2选项
A.acceptance of truth
B.controversy over principles
C.inordinate enthusiasm
D.a dread of heterodox speculation
问题3选项
A.Most educated people study both sides of a question.
B.The majority of those who argue eloquently truly know only one side of an issue.
C.In debatable issues, we should rely on the opinions of the experts for guidance.
D.Heterodox speculation will lead to many unnecessary errors of thinking.
问题4选项
A.enslaved by tradition
B.less than folly rational
C.having a closed mind
D.determined on controversy
问题5选项
A.A truly great thinker makes no mistakes.
B.The refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one’s own teachers.
C.Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of unorthodox reflection
D.excessive controversy prevents clear thinking.
第1题:A
第2题:B
第3题:B
第4题:D
第5题:D
1.判断推理题。由第三段“That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them, who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. 这不是公正对待这些论点的方法,也不是让它们与她自己的思想真正接触的方法。她必须能够听到那些真正相信这些论点的人的声音,那些真诚地为这些论点辩护的人的声音,那些竭尽全力为这些论点辩护的人的声音。她必须以最似是而非、最具说服力的形式来认识这些问题:她必须感受到对问题的真实看法所必须面对和处理的困难的全部力量;否则,她将永远无法真正掌握真理的那一部分,从而克服并消除那个困难。据此可知作者认为如果一个人只知道自己的观点而不关心对立观点,不倾听对立观点的声音,那么就很难获得真理。”作者用了三个must表明正确的做法是什么,从中我们了解到正确做法就是要熟悉那些你不赞成的观点。故A项正确。
2.判断推理题。由第二段“There have been and may again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery…Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed, where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. 在精神奴役的普遍氛围中,曾经有,而且可能会再次出现伟大的个人思想家。但是,在那种气氛中,从来没有,也永远不会有一个思想活跃的民族。在那里有一种不成文的惯例,即原则是不容置疑的,对那些可以占据人类的最伟大的问题的讨论被认为是封闭的,我们就不能指望发现使某些历史时期如此非凡的普遍的大规模精神活动。”文艺复兴是属于思想活动的顶峰,必然会讨论原则问题。所以B项正确。
3.细节事实题。由第三段最后部分“Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. 百分之九十九的所谓受过教育的人处于这种状态;甚至那些能够流利地为自己的观点辩护的人。他们的结论可能是正确的,但也可能他们所知道的一切都是错误的。他们从未把自己置于与他们想法不同的人的心理位置上,也从未考虑过这些人可能会说些什么;所以结果是他们不知道他们自己所信奉的教条的真正的意义。”由此可知A项与之相反,B项与之相符,故B项正确。CD两项文中没有提及。
4.判断推理题。题干问那些持有未经检验的正统信仰的人没有以下哪项特征。A项:为传统所奴役;B项: 不怎么理智;C项:头脑闭塞;D项:对辩论是坚决的。一般来说,持有未经检验的正统信仰的人不会独立思考,更不会怀疑他所信仰的东西。故ABC三项都是这种人的特点。
5.判断推理题。A项“ 一个真正的思想家不犯错误”;B项“对公认观点的驳斥最好由自己的老师来提供。”C项“智力成就的时期是非正统思考的时期”; D项“ 过度的辩论会制止清晰的思考。”由第二段可知历史上思想活动的顶峰时期如文艺复兴时期,各大学派互相辩论,使思想摩擦出火花,使文艺复兴成为文化运动的顶峰。故C项“智力成就的时期是非正统思考的时期”正确。