A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting in Criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity（父亲的身份）where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.
DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to prove guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.
The controversy in 1998 stemmed from a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass, and Daniel L. Hartl of Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Mo. Lewontin and Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current method can not properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns.
In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K. Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the Federal Bureau of investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, the National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation（鉴定合格）for DNA testing laboratories.
1. Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects（ ）.
2. DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when（ ）.
3. To geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl, the current method（ ）.
4. The attitude of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shows that（ ）.
5. National Academy of Sciences holds the stand that（ ）.
问题1选项
A.would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigations
B.would have to submit evidence for their innocence
C.could easily escape conviction of guilt
D.could be convicted of guilt as well
问题2选项
A.the methods used for blood- cell calculation are not accurate
B.two different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same DNA fingerprinting pattern
C.a match is by chance left with fingerprints that happen to belong to two different individuals
D.two different individuals leave two DNA samples.
问题3选项
A.is not so convincing as to exclude the likelihood that two DNA samples can never come from two individuals
B.is arguable because two individuals of the same ethnic group are likely to have the same DNA pattern
C.is not based on adequate scientific theory of genetics
D.is theoretically contradictory to what they have been studying
问题4选项
A.enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihood of two DNA samples coming from two individual members
B.enough data of DNA samples should he collected to confirm that only DNA samples from the same person can match
C.enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine the likelihood of two different DNA samples coming from the same person
D.additional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected Io determine that two DNA sample are unlikely to come from the same person
问题5选项
A.DNA testing should be systematized
B.Only authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testing
C.The academy only is authorized to work our standards for testing
D.The academy has the right to accredit laboratories for DNA testing
第1题:C
第2题:C
第3题:A
第4题:B
第5题:B
1.判断推理题。题干意为:在DNA指纹识别使用之前，嫌疑犯…。第二段指出:DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to prove guilt, not just establish innocence (指纹和其他 DNA 分析技术已经彻底改变了刑事调查，给调查人员提供了强大的新工具，以证明有罪，而不仅仅是确立无罪)。后面还指出: When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime (在刑事调查时，嫌疑犯的DNA指纹图案与从犯罪现场发现的毛发或血液等材料中获得的DNA指纹图案进行比较)。由此可以推测，如果没有DNA指纹识别技术,嫌疑犯不会那么容易定罪。因此选C项“可能轻易逃脱罪责”。
2.细节事实题。题干意为:在什么时候，DNA指纹识别可能不可靠？第三段指出: In particular, they argued that the current method can not properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group (他们特别指出，目前的方法尚不能完全确定，两个 可能吻合的DNA样本是出自一个人，而不是出自同族成员中的两个人)。因此可知,当 “偶然匹配的蒽碰巧属于两个不同的人”的时候,DNA指纹可能不可靠。
3.判断推理题。题干意为: 对于Levvontin和Hard这样的遗传学者而言，目前的方法如何？第三段指出:Levvontin and Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone (Lewontin和Hartl对偶然发生的两个 DNA抬纹吻合的可能性的计算方法提出质疑)。In particular, they argued that the current method can not properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group (他们特别指出,目前的方法尚不能完全确定两个可能吻合的DNA样本是出自一个人， 而不是出自同族成员中的两个人。即他们认为目前的方法不能确定吻合的DNA 不是来自同族的两个人) 。因此，A项“排除两个DNA样本决不会来自两个人的可能性，目前的方法还不能那么令人信服”符合两人观点的表述。
4.判断推理题。题干意为:联邦调查局的态度表明…最后一段指出: enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate (足够的数据可以利用，以表明目前正在使用的方法是合适的)。In January 1998, however, the Federal Bureau of investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions (然而，1998年一月，联邦调査局和做DNA实验的实验室宣布，他们会从各种各样的种族那里收集额外的DNA样本，以求解决一些问题)。所以，联邦调查局的行为是想证明是否有足够的数据可以表明目前正在使用的方法是正确的，即想证明上句中所支持的观点——DNA的吻合准确性。因此选B项“应该收集足够的DNA样本数据以证 明只有同一人的DNA样本才能吻合”。
5.判断推理题。题干意为:国家科学院持什么观点？根据题干关键词National Academy of Sciences 定位至最后一句话: And, in April, the National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories (四月，对于 DNA 捡测实验室，国家科学院要求对其有严格的鉴定合格的标准和制度), 也就是通过严格审核标准，DNA监测实验室才符合要求。因此选B项“只有权威认可/审定的实验室可 以进行DNA测试”。
