2011年华中科技大学考博英语真题

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Part I Cloze (0.5x20=10%)

Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word( s) for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

Tourism develops culture. It broadens the thinking of the traveler and leads to culture 1 between the hosts and guests from far-off places. This can benefit the locals, since tourists bring culture 2 them. Tourism may help to preserve indigenous customs, 3 traditional shows, parades, celebrations and festivals are put on for tourists. The musicals, plays and serious drama of London theatres and other kinds of nightlife are 4 supported by tourists. Such events might disappear without the stimulus of tourism to 5 them.

On the other hand, tourism often contributes to the disappearance of local traditions and folklore. Churches, temples and similar places of worship are 6 as tourist attractions. This can be 7 the expense of their original function: how many believers want to worship in the middle of a flow of atheist invaders? Who would want to pray 8 curious onlookers shuffle to and fro with guide books, rather than prayer books, in their hands?

Tourism may bring other indirect cultural consequences in its 9 . Tensions which already exist between ancient and more modem ways may be deepened by tourists’ ignorance of 10 customs and beliefs. Tourists, if not actually richer, often seem more well-off than natives. The former may therefore feel superior, 11 the latter embarrassed about their lifestyles. The result maybe an inferior feeling which 12 helps the sense of identity which is so important to regional culture. The poverty of a locality can look even worse when 13 with the comfortable hotel environment inhabited by tourists. Prosperous retired or elderly tourists from Britain, where the average life expectancy is 75 years, may well 14 resentment in Sierra Leone, where the local population can expect to live to no more than 41 years. The relative prosperity of tourists may 15 crime. In Gambia, unemployed young people offer to act as “professional friends” 一 guides, companions or sexual partners in return for money. When the tourism season is over, they can no longer get wages that way so they 16 to

petty stealing from the local populace. All this affects the local social life and culture 17 . Cultural erosion can also take place at more 18 levels. Greek villagers traditionally 19

themselves on their hospitality. They would 20 travelers for free, feeding them and listening to their stories. To take money would have been a disgrace. That has changed now. Tourists exist to be exploited. Perhaps this is hardly surprising if the earnings from one room rented to a tourist can exceed a teacher’s monthly salary.

1. A. conflict B. contact C. concern D. constraint

2. A. with B. to C. over D. by

3. A. like that B. if when C. as if D. as when

4. A. largely B. extremely C. positively D. totally

5. A. entertain B. retain C. maintain D. pertain

6. A. considered B. taken C. treated D. made

7. A. for B. at C. in D. to

8. A. how B. that C. while D. when

9. A. sake B. wake C. sense D. cost

10. A. regional B. native C. territorial D. local

11. A. making B. allowing C. ignoring D. leaving

12. A. hardly B. seldom C. usually D. sometimes

13. A. compared B. contrasted C. related D. associated

14. A. generate B. produce C. make D. leave

15. A. increase B. enhance C. encourage D. ascend

16. A. go B. turn C. alter D. change

17. A. hostilely B. reciprocally C. conversely D. adversely

18. A. minor B. small C. subtle D. micro

19. A. prided B. famed C. sang D. claimed

20. A. put on B. put up C. put down D. put off

Part II Reading Comprehension (2x20=40%)

Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are some questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

Passage One

Globalization is a phenomenon that has been affecting countries and societies for several decades, but the outline of the global system has only emerged with some clarity recently. The rise of global markets and the increase in speed and volume of international transactions has brought about a degree of interdependence and co-operation in economic matters among states that has not so far been matched by a corresponding increase in respect for and protection of human rights and democracy. Indeed, many democracies are still fragile, and have not made the transition from viewing democratic practices as instrumental to having a widely shared principled commitment to the democratic and constitutional framework.

The rise of global economic networks has led to a rise in the influence of global actors such as multi-national corporations, global economic bodies such as the WTO, the World Bank, the IMF and regional economic organizations. These constitute a new form of global governance whose directives and imperatives states find increasingly difficult to ignore. The established international political organizations have not come close to replicating this effectiveness. Predictions that the phenomenon of globalization will result in a lowering of human rights standards as the mobility of capital seeks out the markets least constrained by labor and human rights standards to maximize the highest returns need not be the case. The role of human rights organizations in this context must be to ensure that globalization drives standards up not down, and to present the case that freedom of expression and access to official information are key to sustainable human and economic development and the prevention of corruption, which in turn support the conditions necessary for sustainable economic growth.

With the demand for global trade to go hand in hand with global responsibility international financial institutions are coming under increasing pressure to regulate the global economy not simply to facilitate economic growth, but to promote compliance with human development, including international human rights norms. Multinational corporations have also been forced to recognize a degree of corporate social responsibility in the areas in which they operate and in the communities on which they have an impact. Transparency in the operations of such companies is becoming increasingly important to their gaining access to capital. They are more and more accountable to shareholders, who, in turn are increasingly diffuse and numerous. The pursuit of “shareholder value” means that there is score to ensure that the investor — citizen has a say in the way that companies conduct themselves. The task for those promoting free expression is to harness new technologies to challenge censorship, and to harness the power and influence of new global actors to ensure that they not only take the arguments for free expression on board, but become vocal advocates for such rights.

21. All of the following is not true according to the first paragraph except .

A. globalization has been developing systematically for several decades

B. protection of human rights hasn’t increased enough to be correspondent with the present situation

C. democracy has been fully developed in the world

D. many countries has constructed a democratic and constitutional framework

22. The underlined word “which” in the third paragraph refers to •

A. human rights organizations

B. the prevention of corruption

C. sustainable human and economic development and the prevention of corruption

D. freedom of expression and access to official information

23. Multinational corporations have not to .

A. recognize its social responsibility

B. be responsible to their shareholders

C. be transparent in operation

D. be responsible in other communities in the same area

24. Which of the following expressions about the global actors is not true?

A. They are becoming more and more influential.

B. Sometimes they can influence the decision of a country.

C. They are not so effective as the international political organization.

D. WTO and IMF are included.

25. What is not the purpose of writing this passage?

A. To point out the negative effects of globalization.

B. To bridle the power and influence of global actors.

C. To call the global actors awareness of human rights.

D. To harness new technologies to challenge examination.

Passage Two

Patients tend to feel indignant and insulted if the physician tells them he can find no organic cause for the pain. They tend to interpret the term “ psychogenic ” to mean that they are complaining of nonexistent symptoms. They need to be educated about the fact that many forms of pain have no underlying physical cause but are the result, as mentioned earlier, of tension, stress or hostile factors in the general environment. Sometimes a pain may be a manifestation of “ conversion hysteria”. Obviously, it is folly for an individual to ignore symptoms that could be a warning of a potentially serious illness. Some people are so terrified of getting news from a doctor that they allow their malaise to worsen, sometimes past the point of no return. Total neglect is not the answer to hypochondria. The only answer has to be increased education about the way the human body works； so that more people will be able to steer an intelligent course between promiscuous pill-popping and irresponsible disregard of genuine symptoms.

Of all forms of pain, none is important for the individual to understand than the “threshold” variety. Almost everyone has a telltale ache that is triggered whenever tension or fatigue reaches a certain point. It can take the form of a migraine-type headache or a squeezing pain deep in the abdomen or cramps or a pain in the lower back or even in the joints. The individual who has learned how to make the correlation between such threshold pains and their cause doesn’t panic when they occur； he or she does something about relieving the stress and tension. Then, if the pain persists despite the absence of apparent cause, the individual will telephone the doctor.

26. Which of the following is TRUE?

A. A pain can only be caused by physical harm.

B. Some people are complaining of a pain which does not exist.

C. A pain can be caused by psychogenic factors.

D. Educated people do not complain of nonexistent pain.

27. Some people suffering from a pain do not go to hospital because .

A. they are horrified to get the bad news

B. they think no medicine is effective

C. they think the pain will disappear as soon as you forget it

D. they are too busy

28. According to the passage, the proper way towards a pain is .

A. taking different medicines B. visiting famous physicians

C. paying no attention to it D. none of the above

29. As soon as a person gets “threshold pains”，he should •

A. telephone the doctor immediately

B. first relieve the stress and tension which cause the pains

C. wait to let the pains reach a certain point

D. take pain-killer

Passage Three

Feminist critics have long debated the extent to which gender plays a role in the creation and interpretation of texts. Androgynist poetics, rooted in mid-Victorian women’s writing, contends that the creative mind is sexless, but from the 1970s on, many feminist critics rejected the idea of the genderless, mind, finding that the imagination cannot evade conscious or unconscious structures of gender which is part of culture-determination where separating imagination from the self is impossible. The Female Aesthetic, expressing a unique female consciousness in literature, spoke of the “female vernacular, the Mother Tongue, a powerful but neglected women’s culture”. Virginia Woolf discusses how a woman writer seeks within herself “ the pools, the depths, the dark places where the largest fish slumber”，inevitably colliding against her own sexuality to confront “something about the body, about the passions”. Accessible to men and women alike, but representing female sexual morphology, this method sought a way of writing which literally embodied the female, thereby fighting the subordinating, linear style of classification or distinction.

It must be admitted that there are problems with the Female Aesthetic that feminist critics themselves recognized. For instance, they avoided defining exactly what constituted their writing style, as any definition would then categorize it and safely subsume it as a genre under the linear patriarchal structure — its very restlessness and ambiguity defied identification as part of its identity. Some feminists and women writers could feel excluded by the surreality of the Female Aesthetic and its stress on the biological forms of female experience, which also bear close resemblance to essentialism. Men may try their hand at writing woman’s bodies, but according to the feminist critique, only a woman whose very biology gave her an edge could read these texts successfully 一 a position which, worst of all, risked marginalization of women’s literature and theory. Later, Gynocritics attempted to resolve some of these problems, by agreeing that women’s literature lay as the central concern for feminist criticism but rejecting the concept of an essential female identity and style, while simultaneously seeking to revise Freudian structures by emphasizing a Pre-

Oedipal phase wherein the daughter’s bond to her mother inscribes the key factor in gender identity. Matriarchal values dissolve intergenerational conflicts and build upon a female tradition of literature rather than the struggle of Oedipus and Lais at the crossroads. Lastly and most promising in its achievement of a delicate balance are developments of an over-arching gender theory, which considers gender, both male and female, as a social construction built on biological differences. Gender theory proposes to explore ideological inscription and the literary effects of the sex/gender system, opening up the literary theory stage and bringing in questions of masculinity into feminist theory. Taking gender as

a fundamental analytic category brings feminist criticism from the margin to the center, though it risks depoliticizing the study of women.

30. Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the passage?

A. A Historical Overview of Feminist Literary Criticism

B. Establishing New Feminist Concepts of Gender

C. The Precarious Feminist Compromise in Politics and Art

D. A New Theory of Literary Criticism

31. The author specifically mentions all of the following issues that have been considered in the evolution of feminist literary criticism EXCEPT .

A. the place of women in the literary canon

B. the question of culture in determining gender

C. the role of Freud in theorizing gender identity

D. the effect of biological differences on textual style

32. The author refers to “the largest fish” (Paragraph 2) primarily in order to •

A. suggest a refuge from the long history of sexist literary criticism

B. offer a sense of political purpose that can only be awakened through literature

C. articulate the possibility for escape from the confines of gendered identity

D. reference a unique feminist identity that must be extracted somehow from the body

33. According to the passage, the greatest risk posed by the feminist theories, like the Female Aesthetic, which posit the existence of an “ essential ” or non-constructed gender is in

A. creating a dead-end for feminist literary criticism by attacking the notion of an androgynist poetics

B. reinforcing sexist notions that women cannot emulate the literary style of men

C. pushing feminist writing out of the mainstream by arguing that men are unable to fully comprehend women’s writing

D. relying too heavily on the theories of Freud, under which identity is the product of biology

34. It can be inferred that the author would define the “delicate balance” mentioned in the last paragraph as the equilibrium between •

A. establishing ties between generations of women writers and fighting patriarchal influence

B. assigning the proper weight to the concept of gender as socially constructed and biologically inherited

C. actively fighting and passively documenting the literary effects of the sex/gender system

D. avoiding marginalization on the political fringes and de-politicization in the political mainstream

35. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most likely describe the evolution of feminist literary theory as .

A. a gradual movement from the idea of genderless writing to a writing that originates in the woman’s body

B. a shift between adversarial criticism to more tolerant varieties of criticism

C. a regular fluctuation between the idea of genderless and gendered writing that gradually settles on a compromise

D. a more or less constant pursuit of the goal of establishing a unique niche for women’s literature

Passage Four

To facilitate entry into fine art thinking and avoid being misled in fundamental ways, archaeologists must understand the principles that define and govern each art category, whether utilitarian, fine or decorative. The traditional intent of a craft like ceramics is to serve a utilitarian function and its ability to act in this capacity is essentially dependent upon the skill of properly shaping a vessel to correspond to its task, so neither its exact manner of construction (by hand or wheel, coil or slab) nor the significance of imagery glazed on its surface changes its primary role “to contain”，though it may add to its value. While ceramicists must think and construct art according to certain patterns of utilitarian form, following a prototypal model that relates to the artwork’s purpose, fine art has no such requirement. Fine artists often work in mixed or new media, evidenced by the example of vases created during the Greek Archaic period, which were an anomaly to the paradigm of earlier vases because the later ones not only served “to contain”，but also to communicate ideas. An examination of this apparent inconsistency reveals both the Greek’s high regard for aesthetics and the explanation that fine artists usually created the paintings on the vases made by potters. Though Greek vase painting differs greatly from the work of modem artist Pablo Picasso, he too painted on ceramic objects made by others.

Contrasting ancient fine art forms such as paintings and stone or metal sculptures with contemporary fine art forms such as computer art, video imagery, and holograms, it is possible to see that as the culture’s technology transforms，its changes are visible in the structural forms of fine art. At the same time，changes in fine art indicate its mandate to both reflect and create new perceptions of the culture, but form alone is insufficient to classify objects into art categories. Frequently, art that serves a decorative function is confused with both utilitarian and fine art because of its similar appearance, but the function of decorative art is the form itself, it is not compelled to fulfill either a utilitarian task or address concepts that exemplify its historic period. Communication would appear redundant if fine artists, like utilitarian and decorative artists, were to produce unlimited numbers of the same object. Once an idea is assimilated into the culture there is no longer a need to discuss it unless artists are more clearly defining or redefining it. Therefore, archaeologists should be aware that an artifact produced in any way by formula is not fine art. The fine artist’s process is continuous from the moment of conception until a piece is complete, and thus everything is thought of in terms of context, so that, as a general guide, archaeologists should consider no mark within a work unimportant and only

define its meaning in relation to the whole piece.

36. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with .

A. distinguishing mutually exclusive categories

B. clarifying an apparent contradiction

C. supporting new ideas

D. analyzing a problem

37. According to the passage，the “earlier vases” mentioned in the second paragraph constitute which of the following?

A. The product of mixed media art, involving hybrid forms.

B. A case of primarily utilitarian art being put to decorative purposes.

C. Utilitarian art whose makers were solely concerned with functionality.

D. Fine art, whose primary purpose is to convey aesthetic meaning.

38. According to the passage, the form which fine art takes at any given historical moment is often dictated by .

A. the level of continuity in the artist’s thinking process

B. the concepts which exemplify the historical period of its creation

C. the technology available to the artist at the time the art piece is created

D. the level of skill which the artist brings to the art work

39. Which of the following best states the author’s view of the argument that fine art may be distinguished as a category by its physical form?

A. Outright approval. B. Skepticism. C. Neutrality. D. Indignation.

40. Which of the following statements about fine arts production is best supported by the information presented in the passage?

A. The best fine art is in some cases produced by formula, resulting in mass quantities of a single object.

B. Once an artist creates a work, there is usually little benefit in his duplicating it, as it has already conveyed its meaning.

C. In aesthetic terms, fine art is often considered superior to decorative art, whose beauty is limited by functionality.

D. At the present historical moment, high technology like electronics seldom plays a role in arts other than fine arts.

Part HI Translation (30%)

Section A From Chinese into English (15%)

Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from Chinese into English and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.

新的一年才刚刚开始，你就发现很难坚持“告别垃圾食品、远离沙发、戒烟”这些新年决心了吧？我们很难改掉坏习惯是由于生物学的原因——这些坏习惯根植于我们的大脑中。

1. 这并不是让人放弃新年决心的借口。了解不健康的习惯怎样变得根深蒂固可以启发科学家研究出一些让好习惯代替坏习惯的“技巧”。诺拉•沃尔夫博士说：“为什么坏习惯更加顽固？因为它能带来即时的犒赏，而这种即时犒赏的力量很强大。”那么这一点快乐的感觉是怎样转化为一种习惯的呢？这与一种感知快乐的化学物质多巴胺有关。多巴胺使大脑不断期望得到这种犒赏，从而不断加强快乐感与这种行为之间的联系，特别是当它能从周围环境中得到正确的暗示时。

2. —项“为行为变化买单”的运动可能会对这种联系加以利用，在这项运动中，一些公司给雇员提供“即时报酬”或是“保险回扣”，以激励他们形成更好的习惯。不管这项运动结果如

何，研究人员说我们的确可以采取某些行为来对抗坏习惯对大脑的吸引力。

3. 那就是，重复，重复，再重复你的新行为，使之成为每天固定时间的例行活动。下决心锻炼？那就每天早上固定时间锻炼，而不要随意找时间，这样会使大脑最终接受这个新习惯。神

经学家沃尔科夫也是一个热爱跑步的人，他说：“如果你哪天没锻炼，便会感觉很糟糕。”运动本身能提升多巴胺的水平，这样尽管运动结束后你的肌肉感觉酸痛，但是你的大脑还是会感觉良好。

Section B From English into Chinese (15%)

Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from English into Chinese and write yourtranslation on the ANSWER SHEET.

1. Ever since the financial tsunami swept all before it in September 2008，many people have saved furiously. That’s a good thing, but there’s a temptation to lose that discipline once the storm clouds start to break. While the economy remains fragile and many people are still out of work, signs of recovery are becoming more and more apparent. Among your New Year’s resolutions include a savings goal? that is a function of your regular income, even if it’s not a large amount of money. Maintaining the discipline is crucial. The amount of savings can grow over time.

2. Advice on how to save for retirement or your kid’s college is plentiful. Less plentiful is guidance on what kind of rainy-day fund you should have.

3. A rainy-day fund，which your savings plan can feed，should cover about six months of income. It’s a form of personal insurance, valuable in these rapidly changing times.

This fund should be kept in safe and easy-to-tap assets. Laddering certificates of deposit out six months is one way.

Part IV Essay Writing (20%)

Directions: You are required to write about 200 words on the following topic “ The Significance of the Spring Festival Gala”.

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