2013年华中科技大学考博英语真题

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华中科技大学2013年真题

Part I Cloze (0.5x20=10%)

Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word(s) for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? 1 an event takes place, newspapers are on the street 2 the details. 3 anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to gather the news. Newspapers have one basic 4 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to 5 it. Radio, telegraph, television, and 6 inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication. 7 , this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 8 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are 9 and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to 10 out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, today’s newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious 11 . Newspapers influence readers，economic choices 12 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 13 . Newspapers are sold at a price that 14 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 15 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 16 in selling advertising depends newspaper’s value to advertisers. This 17 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends 18 on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment 19 in a newspaper’s pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information 20 the community, city, county, state, nation and world — and even outer space.

1. A. Just when B. While C. Soon after D. Before

2. A. to give B. giving C. given D. being given

3. A. Wherever B. Whatever c. However D. Whichever

4. A. reason B. cause c. problem D. purpose

5. A. make B. publish c. know D. write

6. A. another B. other c. one another D. the other

7. A. However B. And c. Therefore D. So

8. A. value B. ratio c. rate D. speed

9. A. spread B. passed c. printed D. completed

10 • A. provoke B. jump c. step D. branch

11 .A. matters B. affairs c. tilings D. events

12 .A. on B. through c. with D. of

13 .A. forms B. existence c. contents D. purpose

14. A. tries to cover B. manages to cover C. fails to cover D. succeeds in covering

15. A. source B. origin C. course D. finance

16. A. way B. means C. chance D. success

17. A. measures B. measured C. is measured D. was measured

18. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something

19. A. offering B. offered C. which offered D. to be offered

20. A. by B. with C. at D. about

Part II Reading Comprehension (20 x2 =40%)

Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

Passage One

For years scholars have contrasted slavery in the United States and in Brazil, stimulated by the fact that racial patterns assumed such different aspects in the two countries after emancipation. Brazil never developed a system of rigid segregation of the sort that replaced slavery in the United States, and its racial system was fluid (a situation that is fluid is likely to change) because its definition of race was based as much on characteristics such as economic status as on skin color. Until recently, the most persuasive explanation for these differences was that Portuguese institutions especially the Roman Catholic church and Roman civil law, promoted recognition of the slave’s humanity. The English colonists, on the other hand, constructed their system of slavery out of whole cloth (whole cloth: pure fabrication usually used in the phrase out of whole cloth). There were simply no precedents in English common law, and separation of church and state barred Protestant clergy from the role that priests assumed in Brazil. But the assumption that institutions alone could so powerfully affect the history of two raw and malleable frontier (a new field for exploitative or developmental activity) countries seems, on reexamination, untenable. Recent studies focus instead on a particular set of contrasting economic circumstances and demographic profiles at significant periods in the histories of the two countries.

Persons of mixed race quickly appeared in both countries. In the United States they were considered to be Black, a social definition that was feasible because they were in the minority. In Brazil, it was not feasible. Though intermarriage was illegal in both countries, the laws were unenforceable in Brazil since Whites formed a small minority in an overwhelmingly Black population. Manumission for persons of mixed race was also easier in Brazil, particularly in the nineteenth century when in the United States it was hedged about with difficulties. Furthermore，a shortage of skilled workers in Brazil provided persons of mixed race with the opportunity to learn crafts and trades，even before general emancipation， whereas in the United States entry into these occupations was blocked by Whites sufficiently numerous to fill the posts. The consequence was the development in Brazil of a large class of persons of mixed race, proficient in skilled trades and crafts, who stood waiting as a community for freed slaves to join. There should be no illusion that Brazilian society after emancipation was color-blind. Rather, the large population of persons of mixed race produced a racial system that included a third status, a bridge between the Black caste and the White, which could be traversed by means of economic or intellectual achievement, marriage, or racial heritage. The strict and sharp line between the races so characteristic of the United States in the years immediately after emancipation was simply absent. With the possible exception of New Orleans, no special “place” developed in the United States for persons of mixed race. Sad to say，every pressure of society worked to prevent their attaining anything approximating the economic and social position available to their counterparts in Brazil.

21. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with .

A. contrasting the systems of slavery that were established in Brazil and in the United States

B. criticizing the arguments of those scholars who considered religion and law to be the determinants of the systems of slavery in Brazil and in the United States

C. describing the factors currently thought to be responsible for the differences in the racial patterns that evolved in Brazil and in the United States

D. advocating further study of the differences between the racial systems that developed in Brazil and in the United States

22. According to the passage，early scholars explained the differences between the racial systems that developed in the United States and in Brazil as the result of which of the following factors?

A. Institutional. B. Demographic. C. Economic. D. Geographical.

23. In the context in which it is found, the phrase “constructed their system of slavery out of whole cloth” (Paragraph 1, Line 8) implies that the system of slavery established by the English settlers was .

A. based on fabrications and lies

B. tailored to the settlers’ particular circumstances

C. intended to serve the needs of a frontier economy

D. developed without direct influence from the settlers，religion or legal system

24. The author implies that the explanation proposed by early scholars for the differences between the systems of slavery in the United States and in Brazils .

A. stimulating to historians and legal scholars B. more powerful than more recent explanations

C. persuasive in spite of minor deficiencies D. questionable in light of current scholarly work

25. The author mentions intermarriage, manumission, and the shortage of skilled workers in Brazil primarily in order to establish which of the following?

A. The environment in which Brazil’s racial system developed.

B. The influence of different legal and economic conditions in Brazil and the United States on the life-style of persons of mixed race.

C. The origins of Brazil’s large class of free skilled persons of mixed race.

D. The differences between treatment of slaves in Brazil and in the United States.

Passage Two

Medievalists usually distinguish medieval public law from private law: the former was concerned with government and military affairs and the latter with the family, social status, and land transactions. Examination on medieval women’s lives shows this distinction to be overly simplistic. Although medieval women were legally excluded from roles that categorized as public, such as soldier, justice, jury member, or professional administrative official, women’s control of land——usually considered a private or domestic phenomenon—had important political implications in the feudal system of thirteenth- century England. Since land equaled wealth and wealth equaled power, certain women exercised influence by controlling land. Unlike unmarried women who were legally subject to their guardians or married women who had no legal identity separate from their husbands, women who were widows had autonomy with respect to acquiring or disposing of certain property, suing in court, incurring liability for their own debts, and making wills.

Although feudal lands were normally transferred through primogeniture (the eldest son inheriting all) , when no sons survived, the surviving daughters inherited equal shares under what was known as partible inheritance. In addition to controlling any such land inherited from her parents and any bridal dowry一property a woman brought to the marriage from her own family—a widow was entitled to use of one-third of her late husband’s lands. Called “dower” in England, this grant had greater legal importance under common law than did the bridal dowry； no marriage was legal unless the groom endowed the bride with this property at the wedding ceremony. In 1215 Magna Carta (The charter of English political and civil liberties granted by King John at Runnymede in June 1215 ) guaranteed a widow’s right to claim her dower without paying a fine； this document also strengthened widow’s ability to control land by prohibiting forced remarriage. After 1272 women could also benefit from jointure: the groom could agree to hold part or all of his lands jointly with the bride, so that if one spouse died, the other received these lands.

Since many widows had inheritances as well as dowers, widows were frequently the financial heads of the family； even though legal theory assumed the maintenance of the principle of primogeniture, the amount of land the widow controlled could exceed that of her son or of other male heirs. Anyone who held feudal land exercised authority over the people attached to the land—knights, rental tenants, and peasants—and had to hire estate administrators, oversee accounts, receive rents, protect tenants from outside encroachment, punish tenants for not paying rents, appoint priests to local parishes, and act as guardians of tenants，children and executors of their wills. Many married women fulfilled these duties as deputies for husbands away at court or at war, but widows could act on their own behalf. Widow’s legal independence is suggested by their frequent appearance in thirteenth-century English legal records.

Moreover, the scope of their sway (a: a controlling influence b: sovereign power: DOMINION c: the ability to exercise influence or authority: DOMINANCE ； synonyms see POWER. ) is indicated by the fact that some controlled not merely single estates, but multiple counties.

26. Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

A. The traditional view of medieval women as legally excluded from many public offices fails to consider thirteenth-century women in England who were exempted from such restrictions.

B. The economic independence of women in thirteenth-century England was primarily determined not by their marital status, but by their status as heirs to their parents’ estates.

C. The laws and customs of the feudal system in thirteenth-century England enabled some women to exercise a certain amount of power despite their legal exclusion from most public roles.

D. During the thirteenth century in England, widows gained greater autonomy and legal rights to their property than they had had in previous centuries.

27. Which one of the following most accurately expresses the meaning of the world “sway” as it is used in Line 33 of the passage?

A. Vacillation. B. Dominion. C. Predisposition. D. Inclination.

28. Which one of the following most accurately describes the function of the second paragraph of the passage?

A. Providing examples of specific historical events as support for the conclusion drawn in the third paragraph.

B. Narrating a sequence of events whose outcomes discussed in the third paragraph.

C. Explaining how circumstances described in the first paragraph could have occurred.

D. Describing the effects of an event mentioned in the first paragraph.

29. According to information in the passage, a widow in early thirteenth-century England could control more land than did her eldest son if .

A. the widow had been granted the customary amount of dower land and the eldest son inherited the rest of the land

B. the widow had three daughters in addition to her eldest son

C. the principle of primogeniture had been applied in transferring the lands owned by the widow’s late husband

D. the combined amount of land the widow had acquired from her own family and from dower was greater than the amount inherited by her son

30. The primary purpose of the passage is to .

A. explain a legal controversy of the past in light of modem theory

B. evaluate the economic and legal status of a particular historical group

C. resolve a scholarly debate about legal history

D. trace the historical origins of a modem economic situation

Passage Three

Painter Frida Kahlo (1910—1954) often used harrowing images derived from her Mexican heritage to express suffering caused by a disabling accident and a stormy marriage. Suggesting much personal and emotional content, her works—many of them self-portraits—have been exhaustively psychoanalyzed, while their political content has been less studied. Yet Kahlo was an ardent political activist who in her art sought not only to explore her own roots, but also to champion Mexico’s struggle for an independent political and cultural identity.

Kahlo was influenced by Marxism, which appealed to many intellectuals in the 1920s and 1930s, and by Mexican nationalism. Interest in Mexico’s culture and history had revived in the nineteenth century, and by the early 1900s, Mexican indigenista tendencies ranged from a violently anti-Spanish idealization of Aztec Mexico to an emphasis on contemporary Mexican Indians as the key to authentic Mexican culture. Mexican nationalism, reacting against contemporary United States political intervention in labor disputes as well as against past domination by Spain, identified the Aztecs as the last independent rulers of an indigenous political unit. Kahlo5 s form of Mexicanidad, a romantic nationalism that focused upon traditional art uniting all indigenistas, revered the Aztecs as a powerful pre-Columbian society that had united a large area of the Middle Americas and that was thought to have been based on communal labor, the Marxist ideal. In her paintings, Kahlo repeatedly employed Aztec symbols, such as skeletons or bleeding hearts that were traditionally related to the emanation of life from death and light from darkness. These images of destruction coupled with creation speak not only to Kahlo’s personal battle for life, but also to the Mexican struggle to emerge as a nation—by implication, to emerge with the political and cultural strength admired in the Aztec civilization. Self-portrait on the Border between Mexico and the United States (1932) , for example, shows Kahlo wearing a bone necklace, holding a Mexican flag, and standing between a highly industrialized United States and an agricultural, preindustrial Mexico. On the United States side are mechanistic and modem images such as smokestacks, light bulbs, and robots. In contrast, the organic and ancient symbols on the Mexican side—a blood-drenched Sun, lush vegetation, an Aztec sculpture, a pre-Columbian temple, and a skull alluding to those that lined the walls of Aztec temples—emphasize the interrelation of life, death, the earth, and the cosmos.

Kahlo portrayed Aztec images in the folkloric style of traditional Mexican paintings, thereby heightening the clash between modem materialism and indigenous tradition； similarly, she favored planned economic development, but not at the expense of cultural identity. Her use of familiar symbols in a readily accessible style also served her goal of being popularly understood； in turn, Kahlo is viewed by some Mexicans as a mythic figure representative of nationalism itself.

31. Which one of the following best expresses the main point of the passage?

A. The doctrines of Marxist ideology and Mexican nationalism heavily influenced Mexican painters of Kahlo’s generation.

B. Kahlo’s paintings contain numerous references to the Aztecs as an indigenous Mexican people predating European influence.

C. An important element of Kahlo’s work is conveyed by symbols that reflect her advocacy of indigenous Mexican culture and Mexican political autonomy.

D. The use of Aztec images and symbols in Kahlo’s art can be traced to the late nineteenth-century revival of interest in Mexican history and culture.

32. Wth vdiich one of the following statements concerning psychoanalytic and political interpretations of Kahlo9s work would the author be most likely to agree?

A. The psychoanalytic interpretations of Kahlo’s work tend to challenge the political interpretations.

B. Political and psychoanalytic interpretations are netplementary approaches to Kahlo’s work.

C. Recent political interpretations of Kahlo’s work are causing psychoanalytic critics to revise their own interpretations.

D. Unlike the political interpretations, the psychoanalytic interpretations make use of biographical facts of Kahlo’s life.

33. Which one of the following stances toward the United States does the passage mention as characterizing Mexican nationalists in the early twentieth century?

A. Opposition to United States involvement in internal Mexican affairs.

B. Desire to decrease emigration of the Mexican labor force to the United States.

C. Desire to improve Mexico’s economic competitiveness with the United States.

D. Reluctance to imitate the United States model of rapid industrialization.

34. In the context of the passage, which one of the following phrases could best be substituted for the word “ romantic ”( Paragraph 2，Line 7) without substantially changing the author’s meaning?

A. Dreamy and escapist. B. Nostalgic and idealistic.

C. Fanciful and imaginative. D. Transcendental and impractical.

35. The passage implies that Kahlo’s attitude toward the economic development of Mexico was

A. enthusiastic B. condemnatory C. cautious D. noncommittal

Passage Four

There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicones, and Plexiglas were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and

laboratory teams. Despite these finding, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources ； that only the giant corporation or conglomerate, with its prodigious assets, can afford the kind of expenditures that produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will either improve our standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing resources.

Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the process, is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation — a risky and expensive budget item — might meet resistance from management and stockholders concerned about cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to equate the monopolistic producer with bountiful

expenditures on research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Moreover, in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress. By contrast, small firms undeterred by large investments in plant and capital equipment often aggressively pursue new techniques and new products, investing in innovation in order to expand their market shares. The conglomerates are not, however, completely except from strong competitive pressures. There are instances in which they too must compete with another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.

36. The primary purpose of the passage is to •

A. advocate an increase in government support of organized industrial research

B. point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry

C. describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation

D. show that America’s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness

37. According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century .

A. were produced largely as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development

B. came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopolistic industries

C. were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams

D. have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates

38. Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph of the passage?

A. Expenditures for various aspects of research are listed.

B. Reasons for supporting monopolistic power are given and then questioned.

C. Arguments are presented for minimizing competitive bidding for research.

D. Resources necessary for research are defined.

39. With which of the following statements would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?

A. Monopolistic power creates an environment supportive of innovation.

B. Governmental expenditure for military research will do much to protect our dwindling resources.

C. Industrial giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change than smaller firms do.

D. Firms with a small share of the market aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipment.

40. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s main point?

A. In the last decade, conglomerates have significantly increased their research budgets for defense technology.

B. Tax restructuring permits smaller firms to write off a larger percentage of profits against research.

C. A ten-year study of the extent of resources devoted to research by smaller enterprises reveals a steady decline.

D. Military research is being directed more extensively to space technology than to short-range missiles.

Part Translation (30%)

Section A From Chinese into English (15%)

Directions •• Translate the following three underlined parts from Chinese into English and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.

1. 科学家认为，出生在夏天将赋予你开朗的性情，而出生在冬天则可能给你的快乐蒙上一直的阴影。实验表明，出生的季节会极大地影响人体生物钟运转的速度。冬天出生的人体内的生物钟运转得太慢，从而可能对健康和性格产生影响。这一离奇有趣的理论来自一项对老鼠的研究，该研究把刚出生的老鼠暴露在不等量的光线下长达数月。

2. 有些老鼠被放置在夏天的光照条件下，每天有16小时的“白天”和8个小时的“黑夜”。其他老鼠则只有8个小时的“白天”，和冬天昼短夜长的光照条件类似。在这些老鼠断奶后，他们被放置在相同的光照周期中长达数周，或转换到相反的光照环境。最后，科学家把它们都放置到黑暗中，观察它们的反应。

3. 根据《自然神经科学》杂志的报道，那些在夏天的光照条件下成长起来的老鼠像往常一样作息，而那些在缺少光线的环境中成长起来的老鼠在应对这一变化时却显得吃力。研究者道格拉斯•麦克马洪教授说：“在冬天的光照周期中成长起来的老鼠对于季节的变化表现出夸大的反应，这和得了季节性情感抑郁症的人类病患的反应极其相似。”

Section B From English into Chinese (15%)

Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from English into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.

Passenger jets of Japan’s air carrier All Nippon Airways are seen parked on the tarmac at Tokyo International Airport in 2008. The Japanese airline is taking its weight-saving efforts to new heights, asking passengers on some of its flights to visit the restroom before flying.

1. A Japanese airline is taking its weight-saving efforts to new heights，asking passengers on some of its flights to visit the restroom before flying. The unusual request is one of a number of measures being tried out by All Nippon Airways to reduce fuel consumption. ANA estimates that if half its passengers went to the bathroom before boarding, it could reduce its carbon dioxide emissions by 4. 2 tons a month, said company spokeswoman Megumi Tezuka.

2. The airline will also recycle paper cups and plastic bottles，and use chopsticks produced from wood from forest thinning projects，as part of its efforts to become more environmentally friendly. The measures are being trialed on 38 domestic flights and four international flights — on the Tokyo- Singapore route — during October.

3. The move follows earlier steps by airlines to reduce the weight of flights by trimming the size of in-flight magazines，slimming the handles of forks and spoons and using lighter drink trolleys and porcelain. ANA announced in April its first annual loss in six years as the global economic downturn reduced the number of people taking to the skies.

It is not the only airline looking to the lavatory to save money. Irish budget airline Ryanair has previously said it is considering charging passengers to use on-board toilets.

Part IV Essay Writing (20%)

Directions: You are required to write about 200 words on the following topic: “ Is it better to set up a bridge or a wall between China and the west? n

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