2010年华中科技大学考博英语真题

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Part I. Cloze (0.5x20=10%)

Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.

Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play?  1   an event takes place, newspapers are on the street    2   the details.

3   anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to gather the news.

Newspapers have one basic   4   , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to   5   it.

Radio, telegraph, television, and   6   inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication.  7 , this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the   8     and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are   9   and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to    10   out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, today’s newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious   11   .

Newspapers influence readers，economic choices   12   advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very   13  . Newspapers are sold at a price that   14    even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main    15   of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The   16    in selling advertising depends newspaper’s value to advertisers. This  17  in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper?

Circulation depends     18   on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment   19    in a newspaper’s pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information    20   the community, city, county, state, nation and world — and even outer space.

1. A. Just when B. While C. Soon after D. Before

2. A. to give B. giving C. given D. being given

3. A. Wherever B. Whatever C.However D. Whichever

4. A. reason B. cause C. problem D. purpose

5. A. make B. publish C. know D. write

6. A. another B. other C. one another D. the other

7. A. However B. And     C.Therefore D. So

8. A. value B. ratio C. rate D. speed

9. A. spread B. passed C. printed D. completed

10. A. provoke B. jump C. step D. branch

11. A. matters B. affairs C. tilings D. events

12. A. on B. through C. with D. of

13. A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose

14. A. tries to cover B. manages to cover C. fails to cover D. succeeds in covering

15. A. source B. origin C. course D. finance

16. A. way B. means C. chance D. success

17. A. measures B. measured C. is measured D.was measured

18. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something

19. A. offering B. offered C. which offered D. to be offered

20. A. by B. with C. at   D.about

Part II Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)

Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question, Write your answers on the answer sheet.

Passage One

Early in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts, accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful “axioms”. This is what he meant by “induction”.

Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacon’s conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape, of pfanetary orbits, and later by Newton about the “force” of gravity——could never have been made if Bacon’s rules had prevailed.

Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one way or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacon's own acceptance of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most “obvious” of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a'fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appeared after every rain.

What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances.

21. According to Bacon, facts        .

A. are determined by observations

B. can only be understood through logical reasoning

C. have a hierarchy

D. are gathered by illiterate assistants

22. Data collection should be performed by illiterate assistants,        .

A. according to Bacon, as it led to speculation

B. according to Bacon, to prevent theories from being formulated on insufficient data

C. was a notion Bacon strongly opposed

D. was a notion rejected on the grounds that it led to premature speculations

23. According to Bacon, knowledge can be obtained          .

A. by subjecting theories to rigorous logical analysis

B. not through political or religious dogmas, but through reason

C. by observation alone

D. through the inductive method

24. Spontaneous generation of life          .

A. was a known fact in Bacon's time

B. is verified by maggots in putrid flesh

C. is more apparent than real

D. is a speculation which has no basis in observation

Passage Two

Though one may question the degree to which the Civil War represents a milestone in women's pursuit of social, economic, and political equality, Leonard's recent study has excelled that of her predecessor Ginzberg in debunking persistent myths about women's primary relation to the war as weeping widows，self-sacrificing wives， patriotic fiancees, and loyal daughters. Leonard asks if the wartime work of northern women influenced popular perceptions of women's abilities, and if home front production were seen as contributing to the readiness of soldiers. Finding in the affirmative, she argues that home front activities generated respect for women’s organizational talents and opened up new work opportunities for women, while participation reinforced their self-reliance and self-esteem.

In contrast to her predecessors, who saw the war as transforming the ideology of benevolence, Leonard finds that women's war work drew heavily upon the antebellum ideology of women’s nature and sphere. It was once believed that wartime benevolence heightened changes emerging in the 1850s by replacing the antebellum ideology of gender difference and female moral superiority with a new ideology of gender similarity and a more masculine ethos of discipline and efficiency. Leonard asserts instead that white, middle-class, Yankee, charitable women appropriated the antebellum moral definition of womanhood and，in particular, woman’s unique moral responsibility for maintaining community and her natural selflessness and caretaking abilities, to expand the boundaries of woman’s proper place. With determination and courage, women brought forth positive changes in popular characterizations of middle-class womanhood that opened new doors for women in the professions and in public life.

A weak point of Leonard's theory is her assessment of the themes of postwar histories of women’s wartime service. Leonard views these works as extolling women’s self-sacrifice and ability to cooperate men while downplaying women's demands for status and pay and ignoring the scope of women's administrative genius. But other theorists, most notably Ginzbergt have argued that these same works may also be viewed as praising the efficiency of the new centralized and national charitable organizations, women's wage-earning capacity, and their subordination of feminine feeling and enthusiasm to business-like and war-like routinization and order. Two sets of values—older notions of benevolence and new demands of public service ——were at war in the North, a war that can be plotted through tensions about paying wages, centralizing corporate functions of benevolence, relating benevolence to government, and using funds for administrative——as opposed to strictly charitable——purposes. It may well be that wartime masculinization of the ideology of benevolence pushed women further from both the symbolic and the real centers of power for social change and hastened instead a class-based alliance for social welfare. But we can agree with Leonard that the war forced men to yield ground, sharing and sometimes even surrendering territory, power, and status in the public realm.

25. Which of the Following is the most appropriate title for the passage?

A. The Influence of Elizabeth Leonard on Historians of Feminism in the Civil War

B. Leonard’s Explanation of How the Civil War Improved the Plight of Women

C. Feminism in the Civtl War: New Controversy About an Old Subject

D. The Heritage of Benevolence: The Civil War’s Contribution to Women's Charitable Organizations

26. According to the passage，Leonard asserts that women’s activities during the Civil War had all of the following positive effects EXCEPT

A. They were praised as aiding the war cause.

B. They improved women's economic situation.

C. They were considered proof of women’s abilities to oganize themselves.

D. They created new occupational opportunities for women.

27. It can be inferred-from the passage that Leonard would agree with which of the following statements regarding the status of women during the Civil War?

I. Antebellum values were expanded, not replaced，in order to develop new definitions of womanhood.

II. Historians have paid insufficient attention to demands for higher status women made during the war.

III. On the whole, the war was detrimental to the perception of women.

A. I only

B. II only

C. I and II only

D. I, II, and III

28. It can be inferred that Leonard would most likely consider which of the following hypothetical cases of Civil War women the LEAST supportive of her thesis?

A. A widow who patriotically refused to remarry, even after her soldier husband was killed in battle

B. A woman who shifted from working as a seamstress to running an army uniform factory

C. A woman who dressed as a Southern soldier in order to cross enemy lines as a spy

D. A woman who established a charity in order to collect money for prostheses for war amputees

29. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

A. The author compares and contrasts the work of several historians and then discusses areas for possible new research.

B. The author presents his thesis, draws on the work of several historians for evidence to support his thesis, and concludes by reiterating his thesis,

C. The author describes some features of a historical study and then uses those features to put forth his own argument

D. The author presents the general argument of a historical study, describes the study in more detail, and concludes with a brief judgment of the study’s value

30. With which of the following criticisms of Leonard's theory would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?

A. It lays too much importance upon the antebellum ideology of women’s nature and sphere.

B. It fails to acknowledge that masculinization of war-time efforts may have been detrimental to the feminist cause.

C. It tends to overemphasize the role of women in shifting their status over the course of the war.

D. It bases its thesis too exclusively on white, Yankee, middle-class women, ignoring every other social and racial class.

Passage Three

Our next task is to consider the policies and principles a ruler ought to follow in dealing with his subjects or with his friends. Since I know many people have written on this subject, I am concerned it may be thought presumptuous for me to write on I as well, especially since what I have to say, as regards this question in particular, will differ greatly from the recommendations of others. But my hope is to write a book that will be useful, at least to those who read it intelligently, and so I thought it sensible to go straight to a discussion of how things are in real life and not waste time with discussion of an imaginary world. For many authors have constructed imaginary republics and principalities that have never existed in practice and never could; for the gap between how people actuafly behave and how they ought to behave is so great that anyone who ignores everyday reality in order to live up to an ideal will soon discover he has been taught how to destroy himself, not how to preserve himself. For anyone who wants to act the part of a good man in all circumstances will bring about his own ruin, for those he has to deal with will not all be good. So it is necessary for a ruler, if he wants to hold on to power, to leam how not to be good, and to know when it is and when it is not necessary to use this knowledge.

Let us leave to one side, then, all discussion of imaginary rulers and talk about practical realities. I maintain that all men, when people talk about them, and especially rulers, because they hold positions of authority, are described in terms of qualities that are inextricably linked to censure or to praise. So one man is described as generous, another as a miser; one is called open-handed, another tight-fisted; one man is cruel, another gentle; one untrustworthy, another self-important; one promiscuous, another monogamous; one straightforward, another duplicitous; one tough, another easy-going; one serious, another cheerful; one religious, another atheistical; and so on.

Now I know everyone will agree that if a ruler could have all the good qualities I have listed and none of the bad ones, then this would be an excellent state of affairs. But one cannot have all the good qualities, nor always act in a praiseworthy fashion, for we do not live in an ideal world. You have to be canny enough to avoid being thought to have those evil qualities that would make it impossible for you to retain power; as for those that are compatible with holding on to power, you should avoid them if you can; but if you cannot, then you should not worry too much if people say you have them. Above all, do not be upset if you are supposed to have those vices a ruler needs if he is going to stay securely in power, for, if you think about it, you will realize there are some ways of behaving that are supposed to be virtuous, but would lead to your downfall, and others that are supposed to be wicked, but will lead to your welfare and peace of mind.

31 .The word “presumptuous” in the first paragraph probably means      .

A. showing dishonesty  B. showing rebellion

C. showing submission D. showing disrespect

32. If a ruler follows other authors' suggestion, he might        .

A. try his best to be a good egg all the time

B. understand the important of an authoritative statement

C. try to gain great fame and high prestige

D. know when to be kind and when to be cruel

33. In the book, the author's discussion most likely focuses on        .

A. presenting a real world to his readers

B. describing an ideal society to his readers

C. explaining how to construct a perfect system

D.  illustrating what a wise ruler should do

34. If a ruler wants to secure the power in his own hands, he needs          .

A. wicked cruelty  B. immoral qualities

C. cunning subjects  D. disreputable rivals

35. A suitable title for the passage would be        .

A. On Virtues B. On Wisdom

C. On Praise and Censure   D. On Power

Passage Four

Finally the dirt road in Maine was leading home. The tire touched the first profanity of pavement, and subtly my vacation began slipping away.

By the first Finally the dirt road in Maine was leading home. The tire touched the first profanity of pavement, tollbooth my state of mind had shifted from neutral to first gear. By the time I had passed all my favorite landmarks, the sign to Biddeford, the bridge labeled Cat Mousam Road—I had slowly and reluctantly begun to relocate my sense of place, my sense of values.

I was going back, to lists and alarm clocks and stockings and school lunches and all the external pressures of the life known as civilization. I was going back to things I had to do.

This time even the skies divided these two halves of my life. Along Route 95, a curtain of almost impenetrable rain separated one world from the other. The day before, this rain on the roof of the house would have been a comforting boundary to the day, a prediction of reading and fires. Now, the rain on the windshield of the car was a hassle, a challenge to overcome.

I turned up the radio, so I could hear the final installment of Jane Eyre over the pelting rain, and thought about these different rhythms that mark my own life, mark of our lives. Left behind was a world in which I simply lived according to its patterns. Ahead of me was the world of agendas and problems that I was expected to encounter and resolve.

Was it country versus city? Leisure versus work? Nature versus human environment? Both and neither. Vacation is a state of mind as much as a state of union.

For two and half weeks in Main I watched the sky, the cove, the cormorants and a seagull with the gall to steal chicken off our barbecue. I am told that I became an accomplished mud watcher, sitting on the porch, watching the bottom of the cove of low tide for hours. I prided myself on developing a hobby rarely listed in Who's Who, I became a fine stick-in-the-mud.

To me, an urban woman who lives much of her life according to other people's deadlines and demands, this was a chance to literally vacate the world of schedules and struggles.

I did not, do not, use my vacation to climb mountains, shoot rapids or fulfill itineraries of some travel agent. I preferred to drift along ray inclination down through the circle of goals to the mud of acceptance.

I was content with the harmony we call doing nothing. There was a sense of letting got being at ease with time rather than at odds with it, I wallowed in the under-standing that there was nothing that had to be done beyond watching the clothes dry and casting for mackerel.

But I was also returning. Returning to the energy, the structure, the demands, the pressure, I also chose engagement.

There are, I suppose, these two sides to all of us. The side that wallows like any riser organism in the world, and the other side that seeks some purpose "above11 that. The side that feels most content in nature, and the other side that feels more energized "on top of the world."

I am aware of this duality, the urge to watch the mud, the urge to build something out of it. Our peculiar human creativity doesn't' come from harmony but from wrestling with chaos as well. Every poem and every building was wrested out of material by people who refused to accept things as they were.

Too often we work by clocks instead of sunsets and become more attuned to air conditioning than the condition of the air. But there is also in all this the challenge and energy and pleasure of accomplishment.

At one time, I thought these worlds were at odds, that we had to choose engagement or disengagement, accepting or accomplishment, watching the mud or building with it.

But traveling this kind of road again and again, I realized that they are just two destinations, points along a path of dirt and pavement. Now it is the tension that intrigues me. The search for a balance between comfort and purposefulness, between accepting things and struggling with them.

Driving home, I was reluctant to leave one for the other, reluctant to put on my city clothes of purpose and structure. But I knew that I was lucky to be a commuter.

36. In the first few paragraphs the author

A. reflected on her vacation

B. mentally switched vacation to city life

C. marveled at what city life could offer

D. reconciled country life with city life

37. Which of the following best describes the way the author spends her vacation?

A. Hastily. B. Creatively. C. Restlessly. D. Relaxedly.

38. All of the following signify the author's two different worlds EXCEPT

A. the final instilment of Jane Eyre and the pelting rain (para.5)

B.   feeling content in nature and feeling more energized “on top of the world"

(para. 12)

C. peculiar human creativity and wrestling with chaos (para. 13)

D. comfort and purposefulness (para. 16)

39. We can infer from the passage that          .

A. the author often takes vacation

B. the author's hometown is in Maine

C. the author hates skyscrapers

D. the author hates traveling on a rainy day

40. What does the author most probably mean when she says she was lucky to be a commuter?

A. She was able to choose engagement or disengagement.

B. She was able to move her home to Maine in the future.

C. She was able to strike a balance between natural life and human life.

D. She was able to choose one life over the other.

Part III Translation (30%)

Section A  From Chinese into English (15%)

Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from Chinese into English and write your translation on the answer sheet.

1.上周四，世界观察研究学会一年一度的“地球健康体检”报告出炉。2005年，地球的森林砍伐量创历史新髙，这是该报告强调的众多环境问题征兆之一。

该驻华盛顿智囊机构在一份题为“地球生命征兆2007-2008”的报告中指出，从肉类 消费量的不断増长到亚洲经济发展等各种全球性态势与气候变化这一显著问题都有关系。

“地球声明征兆2007-2003”项目的负责人说，“我认为气候变化是人类有史以来所面 临的最严峻的挑战'

在报告公布前，阿萨多利安在接受记者的电话采访时说，2. “我们可以看到气候变 化中出现的众多趋势，比如，粮食生产受到洪涝灾害的影响；以及肉类生产，据统计，家禽饲养过程中所产生的温室气体占温室气体总排放量的20%”。

阿萨多利安说，3.这份报告的主题是，二氧化碳排放及其它生态灾难引起气候变化， “不可持续”的消费模式才是气候变化的罪魁祸首。

Section B  From English into Chinese (15%)

Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from English into Chinese and write your translation on the answer sheet.

Although television on demand has not yet become a mainstream activity in the UK, the BBC, ITV and Channel 4 have all invested vast sums of money in technology which enables viewers to watch their favourite shows on their computers.

1. But some critics, including some internet service providers, have warned that the internet will collapse under the strain of miHions of people downloading programmes at the same time.

Over the next four years，it is thought that the number of videos watched over the internet w—ill quadruple, with people moving from short clips to hour-long programmes,

2. Broadband companies .claim that the service will cause "traffic jams”, which will cost miHions of pounds to sort out.

But Mr Cerf dismissed the warnings as "scare tactics", saying that critics had predicted 20 years ago that the net would collapse when people all around the world started to use it en masse.

3. "In the intervening 30 years it’s increased a million times," We’re far from exhausting the capacity” he said, “It’s an understandable worry when they see huge amounts of information being moved around online.”

Part IV Essay Writing (20%)

Directions: You are required to write about 200 words on the following topic: “Greediness Is the root of all evil”.

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