2013年全国统考医学考博英语真题

希赛网英语频道为大家整理2012年全国医学博士英语统一考试真题。

Part II Vocabulary (10%)

Section A

Directions： In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence ,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

31. Having a bird * s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was with beautiful houses.

A. overlapped B.segregated C. intersected D. interspersed

32. As usual, Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacific capacity in seasons this year.

A. stern B. slack C. sumptuous D. glamorous

33. As to the living environment, bacteria5 s needs vary, but most of them grow best in a slightly acid .

A. mechanism B. miniature C. medium D. means

34. Under an unstable economic environment, employers in the construction industry place great value on in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane.

A. flexibility B. morality C. capacity D. productivity

35. In a stark of fortunes, the Philippines一once Asia5 s second-richest country—recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.

A. denial B. reversal C. interval D. withdrawal

36. Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of content.

A. wholesome B. contagious C. vulgar D. stagnant

37. Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas, promotion of reduced-impact logging and agriculture, to maintain the rain forest.

A. sustainable B.renewable C. revivable D. merchandisable

38. In the U. S. , the Republican ’ s doctrines were slightly liberal, whereas the Democrat5 s were hardly .

A. rational B.radical C. conservative D. progressive

39. Officials from the Department of Agriculture confirmed that the floods and drought this summer did not affect the country5 s grain output.

A. rippling , B.waning C. fluctuating D. devastating

40. It is believed that the Black Death, rampant in the Medieval Europe , killed 1/3 of its population.

A. at large B. at random C. on end D. on average

Part II Vocabulary (10%)

Section A

Section B

Directions: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

41. Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold at a discount.

A. deficits B.deviations C. drawbacks D. discrepancies

42. The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.

A. despise B. evade C. demand D. undertake

43. After “9.11”，the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country.

A. improved B. burdened C. inspected D. tariffed

44. The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience, adults and children alike, were all thrown into convulsions.

A. a fit of enthusiasm B.a scream of fright

C. a burst of laughter D. a cry of anguish

45. We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.

A. loan B.payment C. withdrawal D. retrieval

46. The advocates highly value the “sport spirit”，while the opponent devalues it, asserting that if s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.

A. fine B.sudden C. finite D. absolute

47. Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated, it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise.

A. irritated B. tamed C. stamped D. probed

48. The detective had an unusual insight into criminals’ tricks and knew clearly how to track them.

A. induction B. perception C. interpretation D. penetration

49. My little brother practiced the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect.

A. presentation B.gesture C. rhythm D. pronunciation

50. In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.

A. untimely B.unexpectedly C. unreasonably D. unconventionally

Part ffl Cloze (10%)

Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.

Video game players may get an unexpected benefit from blowing away bad guys一better vision. Playing “action” video games improves a visual ability 51 tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes 52 gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It5 s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. 53 a regular regimen of action video game training can provide longlasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester.

Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and 54 attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said，" a lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, 55 ."The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. “ 56 you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better,” Bavelier said. “You need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that’s coming in 57 your improved eyesight”.

Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2，a "life simulation” video game. The players of nonaction video games didn’ t see the same vision 58 , the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games 59 seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said another possible 60 is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly.

51. A. crucial for B. available in C. resulting from D. ascribed to

52. A. in disguise of B. in shades of C. in search of D. in place of

53. A. This is how B. That’s why C. It is not that D. There exists

54. A. paid B. pays C. pay D. paying

55. A. though B. not to say C. not just one D. as well

56. A. Until B. While C. Unless D. Once

57. A. as opposed to B.in addition to C. as a result of D. in spite of

58. A. benefits B.defects C. approaches D. risks

59. A. in case B.in advance C. in return D. in particular

60. A. effect B. reason C. outcome D. conclusion

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Directions： In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B，C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.

Passage One

There is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unreported so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know： those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who is brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals. Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones. It turns out both are important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several time as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidize A (MAO-A), which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression.

Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this “double whammy” of predisposition and an unfortunate upbringing are likely to show signs of what5 s to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality一attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, language difficulties一can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, shouldn ’ t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk? No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringing, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the U. S. and the U. K. for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills： both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care. Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes “set” as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us. Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene—in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime—is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable.

61. Researchers have come to a consensus： to explain violent behavior .

A. in terms of physical environment B.from a biological perspective *

C. based on the empirical data D. in a statistical way

62. When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, as indicated by the recent findings, we can probably mean that .

A. a particular gene is passed on in families

B.child abuse will lead to domestic violence

C. the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendency

D. the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse

63. The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocial and criminal behavior

A. boys are to be screened for the biological predisposition

B. high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergarten

C. it is important to spot the genes for the risk factors

D. active measures ought to be taken at an early age

64. To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea, the author makes it a point to consider .

A. the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behavior

B. the consequences of compromising democracy

C. the huge cost of improving parenting skills

D. the greater cost of failing to intervene

65. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

A. Parenting Strategies for Kids B.The Making of a Criminal

C. Parental Education D. Abusive Parenting

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Passage Two

After 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who

need them.Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent “cure” of a man with HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus.

Now the U. S. company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect using gene therapy. If it works, and that is still a big if, it would open up the possibility of patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other had-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it in through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradica-

ted by 2050. Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money一initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, rising to $8.5 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the U. S. banking sector. It also looks small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs.

The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, Glaxo Smith Klie chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead.

No one doubts the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people dies and 2. 7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon—and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start ridding the world of this most fearsome of viruses.

66. Which of the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph?

A. The end of the world. B.A candle of hope.

C. A Nobel prize. D. A quick fix.

67. According to the passage, the apparent "cure” of the HIV patient who had also developed leukemia would .

A. make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapy

B. facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infection

C. compel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemia

D. would change the way we look at those with AIDS

68. As another bit of good news, .

A. HIV will be virtually wiped out first in Africa

B. the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ART

C. the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zero

D. the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years

69. The last reason for optimism is that .

A. governments will invest more in improving ART

B.the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the decline

C. everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the world

D. the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem

70. The whole passage carries a tone of .

A. idealism B. activism C. criticism D. optimism

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Passage Three

Archaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of selfconscious reflection, did they believe in anything?

Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies（替代物）for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia. Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged.

Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls “the sapient（智人的）paradox（矛盾）”. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn51 until about 10 000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew5 s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world? His answer is that the software—the culture—took a long time to develop. In particular , the intervening time saw humans vest （赋予）meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations, passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children. Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C “ relaxed’’ and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for.

Evidence suggested that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential

pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and that changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster.

71. The questions presented in the first paragraph .

A. seen to have no answers whatever

B.are intended to dig for ancient human minds

C. are not scientific enough to be answered here

D. are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance

72. The scientists find the proxy to be .

A. the role of culture B. the passage of time

C. the structure of a skull D. the biological makeup of the brain

73. According to Renfrew5 s paradox, the transition from 60 000 to 10 000 years age suggests that .

A. human civilization came too late

B.the hardware retained biologically static

C. it took so long for the software to evolve

D. there existed an interaction between gene and environment

74. From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, we might conclude that .

A. the mental development has not been exclusively biological

B.the brain and culture have not developed at the same pace

C. the theory of natural selection applies to human evolution

D. vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain

75. Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that .

A. its cognitive development is extremely slow

B. to know its past is to understand its future

C. its biological evolution is hard to predict

D. as the brain develops, so as the mind

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Passage Four

Despite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change. A warmer won ’ t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes（片）of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable一too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population. This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it?

One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering （危言耸听）.Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some

say that may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate.Clearly this glacier-free, decertified world—with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles—would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option： any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting. So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to “ Earth5 s plan B”.

Plan B involves making sure we have large scale geoengineering technologies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth5 s thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide

politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing.

Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven51 managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying conse-

quences of climate change. Whatever we do now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us

would recognize as home.

76. To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of .

A. the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenient

B.the warning against worsening climate change

C. the inevitable consequence of global warming

D. the misconception of a warmer world

77. As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will .

A. live with the temperature raised by an average of

B.have nowhere to go but live in the desert

C. become victims as soon as 2050

D. move closer to the poles

78. It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is .

A. to reduce massively CO2 emissions

B. to take protective measures by 2050

C. to prepare a blueprint for mass migrations

D. to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles

79. Earth5 s Plan B is ambitious enough .

A. to stop climate scientists making a bad situation even worse

B. to remove the sources of CO2 emissions altogether

C. to regulate geoengineering projects for efficiency

D .to manage the Earth5s thermostat

80. Which of the following statements are the supporters of “Earth’s plan 巳” for?

A. It’s time to go green.

B.Energy-efficient measures must be taken.

C. Mass migration to the poles is inevitable.

D. For the planet it5 s geoengineer or catastrophe.

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Passage Five

Brittany Donovan was born 13 years ago in Pennsylvania. Her biological father was sperm donor G738. Unbeknownst to Brittany5 s mother, G738 carried a genetic defect known as fragile X-a mutation that all female children born from his sperm will inherit, and which causes mental impairment, behavioral problems and a typical social development. Last week, Brittany was given the green light to sue the sperm bank, Idant Laboratories of New York, under the state’s product liability laws. These laws were designed to allow consumers to seek compensation from companies whose products are defective and cause harm. Nobody expected them to be applied to donor sperm.

Thousands of people in the U. S. have purchased sperm from sperm banks on the promise that the donor1 s history has been carefully scrutinized and his sample rigorously tested, only for some of them to discover that they have been sold a batch of bad seed. Some parents learn about genetic anomalies after their disabled child is born and they press the sperm bank for more information. Others realize it when they contact biological half-siblings who have the same disorder. So will Donovan vs Idant Laboratories open the floodgates? It seems unlikely. New York5 s product liability laws are highly unusual in that they consider donor sperm to be a product just like any other. Most other U. S. states grant special status to blood products and body parts, including sperm. In these states,

donor sperm is not considered a "product" in the usual sense, despite the fact that it is tested, processed ,packaged, catalogued, marketed and sold. Similarly, European Union product liability law could not be used in this way.

Even if this lawsuit is an isolated case, it still raises some difficult question. First, to what lengths should sperm banks go to ensure they are supplying defect-free sperm? As we learn more and more about human genetics, there is a growing list of taste that could be performed. Nobody would deny that donor sperm carrying the fragile X mutation should be screened out—and there is a test that can do so—but what about more subtle defects, such as language impairment or susceptibility to early Alzheimer5 s?

Donovan vs Idant Laboratories also serves as a reminder of the nature of the trade in human gametes. Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers. The Donovans are entitled to their day in court, but in allowing the product liability laws to be used in this way, the legal system is not doing much to dispel that notion.

81. Donovan sued Idant Laboratories for .

A. a cheat in boasting its biological products

B. donor sperm as a product

C. problematic donor sperm

D. a breach of confidentiality

82. It can be inferred from the passage that thousands of people in the U. S. purchase sperm .

A. without knowing its potential dangers

B.regardless of repeated warnings

C. for the reason of quality supply

D. for their desperate needs.

83. The question from the case is whether .

A. people are entitled to donor sperm

B.donated sperm should be just a product

C. Donovan is allowed to sue the sperm bank

D. Donovan5 s health problems have been clinically certified

84. It seems that sperm banks are in no position to .

A. treat donor sperm as a product

B. screen out the fragile X mutation

C. manage their businesses as others do in NY

D. guarantee sperm absolutely free of any defect

85. The statement sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers implies that .

A. Donovan will surely win the case in court

B.any product could have a defect in one way or another

C. the sperm bank guarantees its seed like any other product

D. donor sperm cannot be guaranteed as much as anything else

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Passage Six

Stephanie Smith, a children5 s dance instructor, thought she has a stomach virus. The aches and cramping were tolerable that first day, and she finished her classes. Then her diarrhea turned bloody. Her kidneys shut down. Seizures knocked her unconscious. The convulsions grew so relentless that doctors had to put her in a coma for nine weeks. When she emerged, she could no longer walk. The affliction had ravaged her nervous system and left her paralyzed from the waist down. Ms. Smith was found to have a severe form of food-borne illness causes by E. coli, which Minnesota officials traced to the hamburger that her mother had grilled for their Sunday family party. In the simplest terms, she ran out of luck in a food-safety game of chance whose rules and risks are not widely known. Meat companies and grocers have been barred from selling ground beef tainted by the virulent strain of E. coli known as 0157: H7 since 1994. Yet tens of thousands of people are still sickened annually by this pathogen, with hamburgers being the biggest culprit. Ground beef has been blamed for 16 outbreaks in the last three years alone. This summer, contamination led to the recall of beef from nearly 3 000 grocers in 41 states. Ms. Smith5 s reaction to the virulent strain of E. coli was extreme, but tracing the story of her burger shows that neither the system meant to make the meat safe, nor the meat itself, is what consumers have been led to believe.

Ground beef is usually not simply a chunk of meat run through a grinder. Instead, a single portion of hamburger meat is often an amalgam of various grades of meat from different parts of cows and even from different slaughterhouses. This makes the costs 25% less than it would have for cuts of whole meat. These

cuts of meat are particularly vulnerable to E. coli contamination, food experts and officials say. Despite this, there is no federal requirement for grinders to test their ingredients for the pathogen. Those ingredients include cuts from areas of the cow that are more likely to have had contact with feces, which carries E. coli, industry research shows. Yet most meat companies rely on their suppliers to check for the bacteria and do their own testing only after the ingredients are ground together.Unwritten agreements between some companies appear to stand in the way of ingredient testing. Many big slaughterhouses will sell only to grinders who agree not to test their shipments for E. coli for fear of a recall of ingredients they sold to others.

“ Ground beef is not a completely safe product," said Dr. Jeffrey Bender, a food safety expert at the University of Minnesota who helped develop systems for tracing E. coli. contamination. He said that while outbreaks had been on the decline, “unfortunately it looks like we are going a bit in the opposite direction. ”

86. What is the main idea of this passage?

A. An outbreak of 0157 ：H7.

B.Food contamination on a rise.

C. A case report on food poisoning.

D. The flaws in the system of beef inspection.

87. We can learn from the passage that .

A. most people get sickened every year for eating hamburgers tainted by E. coli

B. so far there have been outbreaks of E. coli contamination of beef

C. beef contamination is so serious that it can be found in 41 states

D. Ms. Smith5 s reaction to 0157: H7 is uncommon

88. The reason behind the way ground beef produced is .

A. the making of more profits

B. the satisfaction of the customersJ needs

C. the vulnerability to E. coli contamination

D. the requirement of the federal government

89. We can infer that many big slaughterhouses .

A. conducted a recall if ground beef this summer

B. cannot be too careful about the safety of their beef products

C. actually know the possibility of their ground beef contamination

D. are completely ignorant of E. coli contamination of their beef supplies

90. As Bender implies at the end of the passage, .

A. it is wise for consumers to stay away from beef products

B. the outbreaks of E. coli contamination are on the decline

C. things are not completely satisfying

D. it is unhealthy to live on hamburgers

Part V Writing (20%)

Directions： In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay.

健康处方帮你走出“第三状态”

激烈的竞争，需要我们全力以赴面对各种各样的挑战。但长时间精力充沛的工作和生活并非易事。相反，许多人都有过情绪低落、容易疲劳、不愿意运动、失眠、头痛、注意力不集中的经历，有人甚至经常或长期出现这种情况，可到医院检查没事，出了医院依旧难受。医学上将这种介于健康和疾病之间的边缘状态称之为"灰色状态”或"第三状态”。医学希赛网们对这种现代人的“通病”进行了大量研究，并开出了一系列简便可行的健康处方。

均衡营养合理膳食

理想的食谱首先要保证营养均衡，像糖、蛋白质、脂类、矿物质、维生素等必须的营养物质在每天的膳食中一样也不能少。都市中有两种不良营养倾向，一是营养和热量过剩，另一种倾向是为了节食导致某些营养和热量不足。这两种倾向都足以引起“灰色状态"。每一个健康的成年人每天需要1 500卡里路的能量，工作量大者需要2 000卡里路的热量。不断补充营养是保持精力充沛的前提。此外还应注意:脂肪类食物不可多食亦不可不食。因为某些脂肪类是大脑运转所必需的。缺乏脂类将影响思维;但是若食用过多，短期内会产生昏昏欲睡的感觉，长期则会在体内堆积，形成脂肪。

维生素作用大

从事文字工作或经常操作电脑者容易眼肌疲劳、视力下降，维生素A对预防视力减弱有一定效果，所以要多吃鱼肉、猪肝、韭菜、鳗鱼等富含维生素A的食物；经常待在办公室的人日晒机会少，容易缺乏维生素D，需多吃海鱼、鸡肝等富含维生素D的食物；当人承受巨大的心理压力时，所消耗的维生素C将显著增加，而维生素C是人体不可缺的营养物质，应尽可能多吃新鲜蔬菜、水果等富含维生素C的食物。

让"心”放松

每个人的心里状态和精力充沛程度在~天中不断变化，有高峰也有低谷。大多数人在午后达到精力的高峰，但也不乏个人差异。你不妨连续记录自己一天的心理状态、觉醒程度、反应速度和进行的活动，找出自己的精力变化曲线，然后合理安排每日的活动。美国科学家的一项调查显示，心理健康是所有精力充沛、事业有成者的标志，人生活在社会上难免有这样那样的痛苦和烦恼，要想应付各种挑战，重要的是通过心理调节，维持心理平衡。日光照射可以改变大脑中某些信号物质的含量，使人情绪高涨，愿意从事富有挑战性的活动。持续、高强度、快节奏的生活难免令人难以承受，疲劳、头痛、失眠等不适接踵而至。这些信号提醒你机体已经超负荷运转，该进行调整与休息了。每天抽出一段时间静坐，完全放松全身的肌肉，去掉脑中的一切杂念，将意念集中于丹田穴，可以调整全身的脏器活动。

让大自然帮助你

远离喧嚣的城市，到森林里，空气中负离子浓度较高，不仅能调节神经系统，而且可以促进肠胃消化、加深肺部的呼吸，在体力、脑力、心理等各方面起到良好的调节作用。办公室内勤等长时间坐着工作的人应每隔1小时活动一下。可以做简单的保健操，也可以随便活动活动筋骨。虽然用时不多，却可以有效地防止由‘‘静

坐”生活方式导致的慢性疾病。

午后打盹事半功倍

现在国外一些公司规定职员必须午睡，以保证工作效率，午睡时间宜在半小时左右，关键是质量。睡时最好能平躺在床上或沙发上，将身体伸展开来。不要趴在桌上睡，这种体位容易使空气受限，颈部和腰部的肌肉紧张，醒后很不舒服，易发生慢性颈肩病。