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children who were breast-fed when they were babies perform better in school and score higher on standardized math and reading tests, a new study suggests. the study, published monday in the january issue of pediatrics, was based on a review of more than 1,000 children born in new zealand in 1977 and followed through age 18.

the authors, professors david m. fergusson and l. john horwood of christ church school of medicine, subscribe to the theory that fatty acids that are present in breast milk but not in formula promote lasting brain development. the authors found that the longer infants were breast-fed, the higher they scored in evaluations. some of the children were breast-fed less than four months, others four to seven months and some for eight months or more, while others were not breast-fed at all.

"it is concluded that breast-feeding is associated with small but detectable increases in child cognitive ability and educational achievement," said the report.

"these effects are pervasive, being reflected in a range of measures including standardized tests, teacher ratings and academic outcomes in high schools," it added.

the breast-fed children in the study tended to have mothers who were older, better-educated and wealthier. skeptics say those factors, rather than the breast milk itself, could explain the findings.

but the authors wrote that they adjusted for those factors.

"this study is wonderful because it has followed these children through young adulthood and it seems that it holds true right into adulthood," said barbara s. levine of cornell medical college.

the substance that makes breast-fed babies smarter is believed to be anomega 3 fatty acid called dha, found naturally in breast milk but not in formula sold in the united states.

"it is a very important structural fatty acid for both the brain and theretina," levine said."babies that are fed dha in the first year of life seem to do much better."

the american academy of pediatrics, which sponsors the journal pediatrics, just last month urged mothers to nurse longer-for at least one year, instead of the previously recommended six months-- for numerous reasons, including the presumed mental benefits.

new words （生词）

standardized ['stændədaɪzd]adj. 标准的

review [rɪˈvju:]n. 复习; 回顾

subscribe [səbˈskraɪb] vt.& vi. 认捐，捐赠

evaluation[ɪˌvæljʊ'eɪʃn]n. 估价;

cognitive ability [ˈkɔɡnitivəˈbiliti]认知能力

pervasive[pəˈveɪsɪv] adj. 普遍的

reflect[rɪˈflekt]vt. 反射，反照

academic [ˌækəˈdemɪk] adj. 学术的，学会的

adjust [əˈdʒʌst]vt.& vi.适应，调整，校正

brain [breɪn]n. 脑

retina [ˈretɪnə]n.视网膜;

sponsor [ˈspɒnsə（r）] v. 资助、赞助

urge [ɜ:dʒ]vt. 催促; 推进

presume [prɪz'ju:m]v. 以为，假定

new phrases （短语）

hold true vt. 适用，有效

omega 3 fatty acid 欧米加-3-脂肪酸（ω3脂肪酸）

american academy of pediatric 美国儿科学会

translations （翻译）

一篇研究表明—在婴幼儿时给予母乳喂养的儿童在学校的表现力较好并在标准数学及阅读考试中的分数较高。

研究被刊登在1月份的儿科学杂志上，此研究是对在1000多名于1977年新西兰出生的儿童，并随访至18岁的长期研究的回顾总结。

这些作者davidm. fergusson and l. john horwood的教授来自于克莱斯特彻奇医学院认同存在于母乳中的脂肪酸能够促进持久的大脑发育，而此脂肪酸不存在配方奶中。作者发现婴儿母乳喂养的时间越长，他们在评估中获得的分数越高。一部分儿童母乳喂养少于4个月，有的4至7个月，还有一些为8个月或更长，此外还有一部分儿童没有母乳喂养。

这篇报告指出母乳喂养是与儿童的认知能力及教学成绩有关，虽然认知和成绩的提高较小但能被观察到。

这篇文章补充到：这些作用是普遍的，主要体现在一系列的措施中，包括在高中的标准化考试、教师评级和学术成就。

在这篇研究中，母乳喂养的孩子的母亲年龄偏大、教育程度高并有经济实力。怀疑论者认为是这些因素解释了孩子的优势，而不是母乳本身。

但是作者回应：他们（在研究中）已经校正了这些因素。

来自康奈尔医学院的barbaras. levine说到：这篇研究是令人惊奇的，因为它随访从儿童期至成年早期，同时它似乎同样适用于成人期。

ω3脂肪酸（被称为dha）被认为是使母乳喂养的孩子更聪明的物质，它天然地存在于母乳中而不存在于在美国出售的配方奶中。

levine说到：dha是一个对大脑及视网膜非常重要的脂肪酸，生后第一年被给予dha的婴儿似乎会做的更好。 上个月美国儿科协会（主办儿科学杂志）呼吁妈妈喂养母乳更长时间，至少1年，代替以前推荐的6个月，因为母乳有诸多益处，包括有可能促进智力方面发展。