2021年考博英语长难句分析（三）

1.[If railroads charged all customers the same average rate], they argue, shippers [who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation] would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.

这是一个主从复合句。

原句中的各个子句，子句类型以及连接词如下：

①主句：shippers … would do so …

【译文】托运者将会这么做

②分句一：If railroads charged all customers the same average rate

类型：条件状语从句；连接词：if

【译文】如果铁路公司向所有顾客收取一样的平均运费

分句二：who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation

类型：定语从句；连接词：who

【译文】有选择余地的（托运者）就会选择卡车或其他运输方式

其他修饰成分：现在分词短语leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line做状语。

【全句译文】如果铁路公司向所有顾客收取一样的平均运费，他们争辩道，那些有选择余地的托运者就会选择卡车或其他运输方式，让剩下的顾客来承担维持铁路运输的费用。

2.These leaders are living proof [that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems] [that come naturally with age].

这是一个主从复合句。

原句中的各个子句，子句类型以及连接词如下：

① 主句: These leaders are living proof

【译文】这些管理者都是些活生生的例子

② 分句一：that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems

类型：同位语从句；连接词：that

【译文】预防措施是有效的，我们可以应付健康问题

分句二：that come naturally with age

类型：定语从句；连接词：that

【译文】随着年纪增长自然出现的

【全句译文】这些管理者都是些活生生的例子，证明（疾病）预防措施是有效的，我们可以应付随着年纪增长而自然出现的健康问题。

3. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them [that you are one of them] or [that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view].

这是一个主从复合句。

原句中的各个子句，子句类型以及连接词如下：

① 主句：Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them…

【译文】你的幽默一定要与听众有关，并有助于向他们表明……

② 分句一：that you are one of them

类型：宾语从句；连接词：that

【译文】你是他们中的一员

分句二：that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view

类型：宾语从句；连接词：that

【译文】你理解他们的处境，并赞同他们的观点

【全句译文】你的幽默一定要与听众有关，并有助于向他们表明你是他们中的一员，或者你理解他们的处境，并赞同他们的观点。

4. The same dramatic technological changes [that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices] have also increased the risk [that passionate consumers will voice their options in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways].

这是一个主从复合句。

原句中的各个子句，子句类型以及连接词如下：

① 主句：The same dramatic technological changes have also increased the risk

【译文】同样剧烈的技术变革同样也带来了更高的风险

② 分句一：that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices

类型：定语从句；连接词：that

【译文】为营销商提供了数量更多（种类也更多）的沟通选择

分句二：that passionate consumers will voice their options in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways

类型：同位语从句；连接词：that

【译文】激动的消费者能够以更迅速、更可见、更具破坏性的方式来表达他们的意见

【全句译文】同样剧烈的技术变革为营销商提供了数量更多（种类也更多）的沟通选择，但同时也带来了更高的风险，那就是激动的消费者能够以更迅速、更可见、更具破坏性的方式来表达他们的意见。

5. Time was [when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence] [that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak], or [that they prey only on “worthless” species].

这是个主从复合句。

原句中的各个子句，子句类型以及连接词如下：

① 主句：Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence

【译文】曾经有段时间，生物学家或多或少滥用了一种证据

② 分句一：that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak

类型：同位语从句；连接词：that

【译文】即这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康

分句二：that they prey only on “worthless” species

类型：同位语从句；连接词：that

【译文】它们仅仅捕食没有价值的物种

【全句译文】曾经有段时间，生物学家或多或少滥用了一种证据，即这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康，或者说它们仅仅捕食没有价值的物种。