2007年考研英语真题及答案详解完整版

Directions：

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideas of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.

On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.

The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 .Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.

1.[A]natives [B]inhabitants[C]peoples [D]individuals

2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully [C]worriedly[D]hopefully

3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected

4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted

5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return

6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously [D]Generally

7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical

8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform

9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover

10.[A]with[B]about [C]among[D]by

11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded

12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While

13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against

14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence

15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish

16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised

17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original

18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher

19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred

20.[ A] puzzled by[B]hostile to [C]pessimistic about[D]unprepared for

文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句;有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。因此，在选择具体题目答案前，把握文章中心对于理解文章语句，把握逻辑关系，确定语意衔接提供了足够的信息依据。

文章首段主题句叙述到By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成为独立。

本文的中心思想为 前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放以及面对的问题。

题目解析：

By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future.

1.[A]natives [B]inhabitants [C]peoples [D]individuals

2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully [C]worriedly [D]hopefully

1. 语意辨析题 本题目选择名词，在句子中充当主语。句子叙述到The roughly 20 million

of these nations looked to the future. “这些大概有2000万…对未来…。”

选项A. natives 本地人;

B. inhabitant居民;

C. peoples 民族;

D. individuals个体。

不难发现，选项A. natives 本地人，“这些大概有2000万本地人…”，符合句子含义;选项B. inhabitant居民，“这些大概有2000万居民…”，符合句子含义;选项C. peoples 民族，“这些大概有2000万个民族”，显然有悖于常理，不符合句子含义;选项D. individuals个体，“这些大概有2000万个体…”，不符合句子含义，个体一般用于区分于集体时使用。选项A和B都可以在句子中做主语，确定该题目为语意辨析题。前面相邻语句(或文章中心思想)叙述到“By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成为独立。”本句解释了这些居住在摆脱殖民地地位而独立的的人们对于未来的态度。因此，正确答案为B。

2. 语意辨析题 本题目选择副词，在句子中做状语。句子叙述到The roughly 20 million inhabitants of these nations looked to the future. “这些大概有2000万居民对未来…。” 选项A. confusedly困惑地;

B. cheerfully 高兴的;

C. worried 担心的;

D. hopefully 充满期待地。

不难发现，选项A. confusedly困惑地，“这些大概有2000万居民对未来感到困惑”，符合句子含义;选项B. cheerfully 高兴的，“这些大概有2000万居民对未来感到高兴”，符合句子含义;选项C. worried 担心的，“这些大概有2000万居民对未来感到担心”，符合句子含义;选项D. hopefully 充满期待地，“这些大概有2000万居民对未来充满期待”，符合句子含义。四个选项似乎在单个句子中都合理通顺，确定该题目为语意辨析题。前面相邻语句(或文章中心思想)叙述到“By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成为独立。”本句解释了这些居住在摆脱殖民地地位而独立的的人们对于未来的态度。既然独立，当让是充满希望的。因此正确答案D。

Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideas of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.

3.[A]shared [B]forgot [C]attained [D]rejected

4.[A]related [B]close [C]open [D]devoted

5.[A]access [B]succession [C]right [D]return

3. 词汇辨析题 本句子选择动词，在句子中充当谓语动词。句子叙述到many of the leaders of independence the ideas of representative government “许多独立的领导人都…议会政府。”

选项A. shared 共有;

B. forgot 忘记;

C. attained 获得;

D. rejected 拒绝.。

不难发现，文章中心思想叙述到“By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成为独立。”既然是独立的，那么新的领导人们应该推崇一种公平的政治举措。对于，当时比较先进而且民主的“议会制度”当然应该是全力支持的。选项A. shared 共有，“许多独立的领导人都认同议会政府”，符合句子含义;选项B. forgot 忘记，“许多独立的领导人都忘记了议会政府”，不符合句子含义;选项C. attained 获得，“许多独立的领导人都获得了议会政府”，不符合句子含义，“attain 获得”一般是通过长期努力而获得什么物品，实现什么目标，不能表达为“获得议会政府”;选项D. rejected 拒绝，“许多独立的领导人都拒绝了议会政府”，不符合文章中心“独立”。因此，正确答案为A，许多独立领导人都认同议会政府。

4. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择形容词，在句子中体现前、后名词之间的关系。句子叙述many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers ____to talent, freedom of commerce and trade,… “许多独立领导人都认同议会政府，职业…于人才，商业和贸易自由…。”显然，短语“careers ____to talent”、短语“freedom of commerce and trade”等都是与“认同议会政府”相并列的独立领导人们新政的民主政策。应该充分体现独立和民主。

选项A. related 相关的;

B. close 接近的;

C. open 开着的;

D. devoted 投入的.

不难发现，选项A. related 相关的，“职业相关于人才”，不符合句子含义;选项B. close 接近的，“职业接近于人才”，不符合句子含义;选项C. open 开着的，“职业对于人才开放”，符合文章中心同时也符合句子含义;选项D. devoted 投入的，“职业投入于人才”，这种表达错误，应该是“人才投入与工作”才是正确的语句表达。职业对人才开放才符合文章“独立”这一中心。因此，正确答案为C。

5. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择名词，在句子中体现句子内容的连贯性。句子叙述到many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the___ to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. “许多独立的领导人都认同议会政府，认为职业应该向人才开放，认可商业贸易自由，认可私有财产的…，认为个人是社会的基础。

选项A. access to 接近;

B. succession to 继承;

C. right to …的权利;

D. return to 返回。

不难发现，从前面的“议会制政府”，“向人才开放的职业”，“商业和贸易自由”可以看出这里提到的是推动进步和发展，充分调动人们积极性的另一个理念“人们对私有财产的所有权”，故此处选择right。因此，正确答案为C。

6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.

6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously [D]Generally

7.[A]unique [B]common [C]particular [D]typical

6. 逻辑关系题 本题目选择副词，体现前、后两个句子之间的逻辑关系。句子叙述到 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, “有一种…的信念，新独立的应该是自治并且独立的。” 选择逻辑关系词，相关联的两个句子提供信息决定答案。

选项A. Presumably 大概的;

B. Incidentally 偶然的;

C. Obviously 显然的;

D. Generally 普遍的。

不难发现，前面的句子叙述到“many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the right to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. “许多独立的领导人都认同议会政府，认为职业应该向人才开放，认可商业贸易自由，认可私有财产的…，认为个人是社会的基础。” 该句与后面的句子没有任何内容相反或转折的信号词，可以判断两个句子是顺接关系，后面承接上一句内容而来，继续介绍新的独立领导人都认同的理念。因此，正确答案为D。

7. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择形容词，在句子中充当定语。句子叙述到Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a set of 1aws. “有一种普遍接受的信念，新独立的应该是自治并且独立的, 要足够大并且能够在经济上运行良好，通过一套…的法律将各个新独立的联合”。

选项A. unique;

B. common普通的;

C. particular 特殊的;

D. typical 典型的。

不难发现，想要“联合各个”只有通过共同接受的法律才能够实现。选项A. unique，体现与众不同，标新立异与 “联合”没有关联;选项B. common普通的，共同的，“通过共同接受的法律将各个新独立的联合”，符合句子含义;选项C. particular 特殊的，体现自身特点“异于常规”，不符合句子含义;选项D. typical典型的，指具有既定特点的，不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为B。

On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 there was less agreement 10 the leadership.

8.[A]freedom [B]origin [C]impact [D]reform

9.[A]therefore [B]however [C]indeed [D]moreover

10.[A]with [B]about [C]among [D]by

8.语意辨析题 本题目选择名词，在句子中做宾语。句子叙述到On the issue of of religion and the position of the Church…。“关于宗教的…和教会地位的问题…。”

选项A. freedom自由;

B. origin 起源;

C. impact 影响;

D. reform 改革。

不难发现，选项A. freedom of religion“宗教信仰自由”，符合短语表达;选项B. origin of religion “宗教的起源”，符合短语表达;选项C. impact of religion “宗教的影响”，符合短语表达;选项D. reform of religion “宗教改革”，符合短语表达。显然，四个选项在句子中似乎都合理，确定该题目为语意辨析题。由于前文叙述内容未涉及宗教，所以信息在后文。.(完成下面题目发现，罗马天主教是西班牙国教，是西班牙王室认可的宗教。多数领导人致力于保留天主教为新的宗教;而另一些领导人致力于终结排斥其他宗教的状况。)显然，关于宗教信仰的自由问题产生分歧。因此，正确答案为A。

9. 逻辑关系题 本题目选择逻辑关系词，体现前后句子之间的逻辑关系。句子叙述到On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the Church, there was less agreement … 。“关于宗教信仰自由和教会地位的问题，各国领导人之间存在分歧。”

选项A. therefore 因此;

B. however 然而;

C. indeed的确;

D. moreover而且。

不难发现，第一段最后叙述到Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a set of 1aws. “有一种普遍接受的信念，新独立的应该是自治并且独立的, 要足够大并且能够在经济上运行良好，通过一套共同的法律将各个新独立的联合”，介绍了新成立的独立领导人之间在治国理念方面的共识。而随后的语句提到的是他们之间存在的分歧，显然两部分之间为转折关系。因此，正确答案为B。

10. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择介词，体现句子内容的范围。句子叙述到On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the Church, however there was less agreement ___the leadership.“关于宗教信仰自由和教会地位的问题，各国领导人在主导地位...方面存在分歧。”选项A. with和…;

B. about 有关;

C. among 在…之中;

D. by通过。

不难发现，本句表明各国领导人之间在宗教问题方面不那么有默契了，among表示“在……之间”，这里among the leadership表范围。其他几个介词与后面内容搭配作状语时，都不表示范围。因此，正确答案为C。

Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown.

11.[A]allowed [B]preached [C]granted [D]funded

11.词汇辨析题 本题目选择过去分词，修饰前面相邻的名词。句子叙述到Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one by the Spanish crown. “罗马天主教过去是西班牙的国教，是西班牙王室…的宗教。” 该过去分词短语修饰前面的“Roman Catholicism 罗马天主教”，体现出“Roman crown 罗马皇室”对于“罗马天主教”的态度。

选项A. allowed准许;

B. preached 宣扬;

C. granted 承认;

D. funded资助。

不难发现，句中的only可判断，西班牙王室只承认罗马天主教。选项A. allowed准许，表示许可，对于严肃的宗教地位不适用;选项B. preached 宣扬，对于宗教地位应该不仅仅是宣扬这么肤浅，皇室要通过政治权利规定宗教的信仰及其地位，该词不合理;选项C. granted 承认(授权)，符合句子含义;选项D. funded资助，表示通过资金来支持，不符合宗教地位的要求。因此，正确答案为C。

12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths.

12.[A]Since [B]If [C]Unless [D]While

13.[A]as [B]for [C]under [D]against

14.[A]spread [B]interference[C]exclusion [D]influence

12. 逻辑关系题 本题目选择连词，体现句子之间的逻辑关系。句子叙述到 __ most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism …, some sought to end the…. “大多数领导人致力于保留天主教，…一些人致力于结束…。”选择逻辑关系词，相关联的两个句子提供信息决定答案。

选项A. since因为;

B. if 如果;

C. unless 除非;

D. while 而。

不难发现，关于宗教信仰问题，领导人分成两个派别，即，“大多数致力于保留天主教”和“一些人致力于结束它的统治地位”。显然，二者观点相异。因此，正确答案为D。

13.词汇辨析题 本题目选择介词，将后面的名词和前面句子的逻辑关系。句子叙述到while most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism ___ the official religion of the new states, “大多数领导人致力于保留天主教…新的宗教。”

选项A. as 作为;

B. for 为了;

C. under 在...之下;

D. against 反对。

显然这里as the official religion of the new states是方式状语，与maintain搭配使用，符合语意关系。因此，正确答案为A。

14.词汇辨析题 本题目选择名词，在句子中做宾语。句子叙述到some sought to end the of other faiths. “一些领导人致力于结束对于其他宗教信仰的…。”

选项A. spread 传播;

B. interference干涉;

C. exclusion 排除;

D. promised 承诺。

不难发现，关于宗教信仰问题，领导人分成两个派别，即，“大多数致力于保留天主教”和“一些人致力于结束排挤其他宗教的行为”。显然，二者观点相异。两拨人的观点截然不同，exclusion用在此处符合语境，表示“结束对于其他宗教的排挤”。这里使用spread，interference和influence与前面内容均不构成转折关系。因此，正确答案为C。

The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.

15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish

15.固定搭配题 选择名词，构成rallying…的固定搭配。在句子中充当宾语。句子叙述到The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces. “保卫教会成为保守势力的战斗…。”选项A. support 支持;B. cry 哭喊;C. plea 恳请;D. wish 希望。本句与前一句内容有隐含的因果关系，这是由于一些领导人主张允许信仰其他宗教，因此保卫教会成为保守势力的战斗口号。这里rallying cry为固定搭配。因此，正确答案为B。

The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated.

16.[A]urged [B]intended [C]expected [D]promised

16.固定搭配题 本题目选择动词，与to 构成搭配，在句子中充当谓语动词。句子叙述到Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. “玻利瓦尔得到海地的援助，作为回报，他…在自己解放的地区废除奴隶制度。”

选项A. urged 敦促;

B. intended 打算;

C. expected 期望;

D. promised 答应。

不难发现，从句中的in return可以看出，海地对玻利瓦尔的帮助并非无条件的，其条件就是后者承诺废除奴隶制度。选项A. urged 敦促，表示主动且积极，不符合句子含义;选项B. intended 打算，表示主动且积极，不符合句子含义;选项C. expected 期望，表示主观能动性，不符合句子含义;选项D. promised 答应，这里promise to do sth.意为“答应做某事”，答应是口头的并非付诸于行动的，在此有“阳奉阴违”的意味。因此，正确答案为D。

By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies.

17.[A]controlling [B]former [C]remaining [D]original

17.词汇辨析题 本题目选择形容词，修饰名词colonies。句子叙述到By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s ___colonies. “到了1854年，除了西班牙…的殖民地外，其他的地区都已经废除奴隶制。”

选项A. controlling正在统治的;

B. former原来的;

C. remaining遗留的;

D. original 原始的。

不难发现，选项A. controlling正在统治的，“到了1854年，除了西班牙正在统治的殖民地外，其他的地区都已经废除奴隶制”，与前文的阳奉阴违的答应废除奴隶制没有逻辑上的一致性，不符合句子含义;选项B. former原来的，“到了1854年，除了西班牙原来的殖民地外，其他的地区都已经废除奴隶制”，“原来的”体现出虽然独立但是民主的政策却丝毫没有效用，显然不符合句子含义;选项C. remaining遗留的，“到了1854年，除了西班牙遗留的殖民地外，其他的地区都已经废除奴隶制”，即体现了独立的举措，又表现出阳奉阴违的不彻底的废除奴隶制的行为;选项D. original 原始的，“到了1854年，除了西班牙原始的殖民地外，其他的地区都已经废除奴隶制”，显然这样的表达没有任何“独立”的迹象，不符合句子含义。因此应选C，指西班牙的残存的殖民地。

Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 .

18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher

19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred

18.语义辨析题 本题目选择副词的比较级形式，在句子中表示状态。句子叙述到Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much ___ because… “停止印地安人上贡和对混血人种征税的早期承诺实现得颇为…。”

选项A. slower较慢;

B. faster较快;

C. easier较容易;

D. tougher较难。

显然，四个选项在句子中似乎都是合理的，确定该题目为语意辨析题。上文提到玻利瓦尔承诺废除奴隶制，到1854年除了西班牙剩余的殖民地外，其他地区都已废除奴隶制，因此，根据上下文可知，此处是说这个承诺实现得缓慢，不像废除奴隶制那样快，因此，正确答案为A。

19.词汇辨析题 本题目选择动词，在定语从句中充当谓语动词。句子叙述到the new nations still needed the revenue such policies _ . “新的仍然需要这些政策所…的税收收入。”选项A. created 创建;

B. produced 产生，生产;

C. contributed 有助于;

D. preferred 更喜欢。

不难发现，本题所在部分意为“新仍然需要这些政策所带来的税收收入”，这些税收收入是这些policies带来的，这里使用produce意思相近。选项A. created 创造，创建，不能与“revenue 收入”构成合理的主谓关系;选项C. contributed 有助于，一般要构成“contribute to”的短语才能够接宾语，在此不符合句子含义;选项D. preferred 更喜欢，一般要构成“prefer to”的短语。句子中没有提供比较的参照，所以不涉及“更喜欢”，不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为B。

Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.

20.[A] puzzled by [B]hostile to [C]pessimistic about [D]unprepared for

20. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择过去分词短语，在句子中构成被动语态，充当谓语。句子叙述到Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was __ self-rule and democracy. “平等的情绪通常被缓解，这是由于担心大众…自治和民主。”

选项A. puzzled by 困惑;

B. hostile to 敌对;

C. pessimistic to 悲观;

D. unprepared to 未准备好。

本段前文一直在提人人平等，最后一句指出一种担心情绪：大众未对自治和民主做好准备。由于新的独立的人们刚刚摆脱了殖民统治，因此人们还没有充分了解和熟悉自治和民主，这里使用unprepared for符合语境。因此，正确答案为D。

全文翻译到了1830年，原来的西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地变成了独立的。这些的大约2千万居民对未来充满期待。许多独立的领导人在旧政权和伊比利亚殖民注意岌岌可危时出生，他们都认同议会制政府，向人才开放职业，商业贸易自由，私有财产所有权，认为个人是社会的基础。他们普遍认为新应该是独立的主权，足够大，能够在经济上切实可行，由一套共同法律让各个新的独立联合起来。

但是，在宗教自由和教会地位这个问题上，各国领导人之间存在着分歧。罗马天主教过去是西班牙国教，是得到西班牙王室承认的宗教。多数领导人致力于保留天主教为新的宗教，而一些领导人致力于终结不能有其他宗教信仰的状况。保卫教会成为保守势力的战斗口号。

独立早期管理者们的理想通常是平等主义，重视一切平等。玻利瓦尔得到海地的援助，作为回报，他承诺在自己解放的地区废除奴隶制。到了1854年，除了西班牙前殖民地外，奴隶制在其他地区都已被废除。对结素印地安人的上贡问题和对混血人种的税收问题的早期承诺较晚才实现，这是因为新独立的仍然需要这些政策所带来的税收收入。平等的情绪通常由于担心大众没有准备好自治和民主而有所缓解。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions：

Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament.you would most likely fend a noteworthy quirk：elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks，you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.

What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses：a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina;c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime，at the annual peak of soccer mania;d)none of the above.

Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.”Ericsson grew up in Sweden，and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment，nearly 30 years ago，involved memory：training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject，after about 20 hours of training，his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving，and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”

This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.In other words，whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize，those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined，was a process known as deliberate practice.Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.Rather, it involves sexing specific goals，obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.

Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits，including soccer.They gather all the data they can，not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments、^rim high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion：the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.

21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to____.

A. stress the importance of professional training.

B. spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.

C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.

D. explain why some soccer teams play better than others.

22.The word “mania”(Line 4：Paragraph 2) most probably means____.

A. fun B. craze C. hysteria D. excitement

23.According to Ericsson，good memory____.

A. depends on meaningful processing of information.

B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.

C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.

D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.

24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe that____.

A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success.

B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.

C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.

D. high achievers owe their Success mostly to nurture.

25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?

A. “Faith will move mountains.” B. “One reaps what one sows.”

C. “Practice makes perfect.” D. “Like father，like son.”

文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，

文章首段主题句是If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk：elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.如果你查一下参加2006年世界杯足球锦标赛的每位运动员的出生证明，就极可能发现一个值得注意的奇怪现象：出色的运动员一般出生在一年内的前几个月而不是后几个月。

第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是What might account for this strange phenomenon?　如何解释这一奇怪现象呢?

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above”. Anders Ericsson是佛罗里达州立大学的心理学教授，他坚信前三种推测不成立。

第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.后来进行的实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的，这些结果与第一次实验的成功一起让Ericsson 得出结论，记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为。

第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.换一种方式来说，那些希赛网级的从业者，无论是记忆力超群者，还是希赛网级外科医生，无论是卓越的芭蕾舞演员，还是出色的计算机程序员，他们几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生。

不难发现，这篇文章围绕着希赛网是如何培养出来的来展开。

题目解析：

21.结构题The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to_____.

选项A. stress the importance of professional training.

强调职业培训的重要性。

B. spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.

突出世界杯中的超级巨星。

C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.

引出如何造就希赛网表现的主题。

D. explain why some soccer teams play better than others.

解释为什么一些球队比另外一些球队踢得好。

该题作为结构题将例子“The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players”定位到文章第一段If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk：elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks，you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.根据结构题方位论原则，找例子对应的论点句。整个第一段都是例子。例子后面相邻的段落，即第二段是对这种现象解释的猜想。因此，我们可以大胆得出结论，文章的结构可能是“分—总”结构，文章主题体现在文章的尾段中。尾段主题句为Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.“换一种方式来说，那些希赛网级的从业者，无论是记忆力超群者，还是希赛网级外科医生，无论是卓越的芭蕾舞演员，还是出色的计算机程序员，他们几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生。”综上所述，正确答案为C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.引出如何造就希赛网表现的主题。(补充：文章首段/首句含义是什么?这种提问方式确定答案对应文章的中心思想。)

22.识词题The word “mania”(Line 4：Paragraph 2) most probably means_____.

选项A. fun娱乐 B. craze狂燥，狂热

C. hysteria歇斯底里 D. excitement兴奋

该题将识别的词汇“mania”在文章中定位到第二段What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses：a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina;c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime，at the annual peak of soccer mania;d)none of the above.作为识词题，按照“方位论原则”：在识别词汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构。在词汇后面没有任何解释说明或逻辑关系的表达。因此，向前面找平行结构soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime，“对足球狂热的父母可能在春天这个一年之中足球狂热的高峰期孕育子女”。因此答案应选B. craze狂燥，狂热。

23.细节题According to Ericsson，good memory_____.

选项A. depends on meaningful processing of information.

依靠有意义的信息处理过程。

B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.

由于天生而不是认知练习。

C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.

由基因决定而不是心理因素。

D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.

需要立刻反馈并且注意力高度集中。

该题利用“Ericsson”粗略定位到文章第三段Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above”. Ericsson grew up in Sweden，and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment，nearly 30 years ago，involved memory：training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject，after about 20 hours of training，his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving，and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”但是整个段落中没有出现定位词 “good memory” 。继续定位到文章第四段 This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.“后来进行的实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的，这些结果与第一次实验的成功一起让Ericsson 得出结论，记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为。” 选项A. depends on meaningful processing of information.依靠有意义的信息处理过程，与定位的语句动作“实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的， Ericsson 得出结论记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为”没有任何关联;选项B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.由于天生而不是认知练习，与定位的语句动作“实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的， Ericsson 得出结论记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为”没有任何关联;选项C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.由基因决定而不是心理因素，与定位的语句动作“实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的， Ericsson 得出结论记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为”没有任何关联;选项D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.需要立刻反馈并且注意力高度集中，与定位的语句动作“实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的， Ericsson 得出结论记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为”没有任何关联。该句子与四个选项没有直接联系，作为细节题，定位词所在的句子不能确定答案时，向下继续找信息。下面相邻的句子In other words，whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize，those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.“换句话说，不管两个人在记忆能力方面表现出来的先天差异有多大，这种差异都会被每个人解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖。” 选项A. depends on meaningful processing of information.依靠有意义的信息处理过程，与相关信息句动作“记忆能力的差异会被人的解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖”相关联，动作“依靠信息处理过程”对应于 “被解码信息能力所掩盖”，体现“主动被动替换”的关系;选项B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.由于天生而不是认知练习，与相关信息句动作“记忆能力的差异会被人的解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖”没有任何关联;选项C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.由基因决定而不是心理因素，与相关信息句动作“记忆能力的差异会被人的解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖”没有任何关联;选项D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.需要立刻反馈并且注意力高度集中，与相关信息句动作“记忆能力的差异会被人的解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖”没有任何关联。因此，正确答案为A. depends on meaningful processing of information.依靠有意义的信息处理过程。

24.细节题Ericsson and his colleagues believe that_____.

选项A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success.

天赋是职业成功的决定因素。

B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.

生物表格中的数据是出色表现的关键。

C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.

天赋的作用被忽略了。

D. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.

卓越的成功者将其成功归咎与后天的培育。

该题利用定位词“Ericsson and his colleagues”定位到文章尾段Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits，including soccer.They gather all the data they can，not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiment with high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion：the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.题目明确提问他们得出的结论是什么?因此段落中，段尾句Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.“换一种方式来说，那些希赛网级的从业者，无论是记忆力超群者，还是希赛网级外科医生，无论是卓越的芭蕾舞演员，还是出色的计算机程序员，他们几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生。” 选项A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success. 天赋是职业成功的决定因素，与相关信息句动作“希赛网级从业者几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生的”完全相悖;选项B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.生物表格中的数据是出色表现的关键，与相关信息句动作“希赛网级从业者几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生的”没有任何关联;选项C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.天赋的作用被忽略了，与相关信息句动作“希赛网级从业者几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生的”没有任何关联;选项D. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.卓越的成功者将其成功归咎与后天的培育，与相关信息句动作“希赛网级从业者几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生的”完全对应。因此，正确答案为D. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.卓越的成功者将其成功归咎与后天的培育。

25.主旨题Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?

选项A. “Faith will move mountains” 精诚所至，金石为开。

B. “One reaps what one sows” 一份耕耘，一份收获。

C. “Practice makes perfect” 熟能生巧。

D. “Like father，like son” 有其父必有其子。

作为主旨题要明确找到文章每个段落的主题句。通过前面四道题目的定位和分析理解不难发现文章的结构为“分—总”，文章的主题体现在尾段的主题句中。因此，相关信息句仍然是段尾句Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.“换一种方式来说，那些希赛网级的从业者，无论是记忆力超群者，还是希赛网级外科医生，无论是卓越的芭蕾舞演员，还是出色的计算机程序员，他们几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生。” 因此，正确答案为C. “Practice makes perfect” 熟能生巧。(补充：本题目作为主旨题也可以用中心统一原则提炼的确定各段内容方向的语句来确定答案。)

全文翻译如果你查一下参加2006年世界杯足球锦标赛的每位运动员的出生证明，就极可能发现一个值得注意的怪现象：出色的足球运动员往往出生在一年内的前几个月而不是后几个月。如果你再查一下为世界杯和职业球队输送球员的欧洲青年队的出生证明，你就会发现这一现象更加明显。

如果何解释这一怪现象呢?这里有几种猜测：1)某些星象迹象赋予这些人出色的球技;2)冬天出生的孩子氧容量高，因此踢足球的耐力好;3)对足球狂热的父母更可能在春天这个一年之中足球狂热的高峰期孕育子女;4)以上猜测都不成立。

Anders Ericsson是佛罗里达州立大学的心理学教授，他坚信前三种推测均不成立。Ericsson在瑞典长大，开始时学习核工程，直到他意识到如果自己改学心理学，就会有更多的机会进行自己的研究。大约30年前他做了第一个实验，与记忆力相关：训练一个人听，然后复述一组随机的数字。他回忆到：“在经过大约20个小时的训练后，第一个受试者的数字记忆跨度从7个上升至20个，他不断地进步，在经过大约200个小时的训练后，他记忆的数字超过了80个。”

后来进行的实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的，这些结果与第一次实验的成功一起让Ericsson得出结论，记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为，不如说是一种认知行为。换句话说，不管两个人的记忆能力方面表现出来的先天差异有多大，这些差异都会被每个人解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖。Ericsson认为，学习有意义地解码信息的最好方式就是一个被称为“有意练习”的过程。“有意练习”需要的不仅仅是简单的重复一项任务，而是要确立特定目标，获得即时反馈，既关注结果又关注技巧。

因而，Ericsson和他的同事开始研究不同领域的技艺精湛的从业者，包括足球运动员。他们收集所有能够得到的数据，不仅是他们的表现数据，个人生活细节内容，还包括对于那些取得大成就的人的实验研究结果。他们的研究结论令人吃惊：我们对通常认为的天赋评价过高。换一种方式来说，那些希赛网级的从业者，无论记忆力超群者，还是希赛网级外科医生，无论是卓越的芭蕾舞演员还是出色的计算机程序员，他们几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生的。

Text 2

For the past several years，the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn VOS Savant.Who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old;that gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded.IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies，to envision paper after it has been folded and cut，and to deduce numerical sequences.among other similar tasks.So it is a bit confusing when Vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is 100) as，What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.

Clearly, intelligence encompasses more that a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified，and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?

The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms：the StanfordBinet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).Generally costing several hundred dollars. they are usually given only by psychologists，although variations of them populate bookstores and the Wide Web.Superhigh scores 1ike Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.Other standardized tests，such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE)，capture the main aspects of IQ tests.

Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”，Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge，components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low stress conditions，but under high stress conditions，IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters，whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.

26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?

A. Answering philosophical questions.

B. Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.

C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.

D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.

27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?

A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.

B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.

C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.

D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.

28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as Vos Savant’s because____.

A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.

B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.

C. Vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.

D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.

29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that____.

A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.

B. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.

C. testing involves a lot of guesswork.

D. traditional tests are out of date.

30.What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?

A. Supportive B. Skeptical C. Impartial D. Biased

文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，

文章首段主题句是For the past several years，the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called“ Ask Marilyn”. 在过去的几年里，周日增刊Parade报纸中有一个特写专栏“向Marilyn提问”。

第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是Clearly, intelligence encompasses more that a score on a test. 显然，智力所包含的远不只是测试中的分数。

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数。

第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.Robert J.Sternberg认为，这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。

不难发现，这篇文章围绕着测试智商和智商数来展开。

题目解析：

26.细节题Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?

选项A. Answering philosophical questions.

回答哲学问题。

B. Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.

将纸折或剪成不同形状。

C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.

区分特定概念的差别。

D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.

选择与给定内容相同的字或图。

该题利用定位词“intelligence test”定位到文章第一段IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies，to envision paper after it has been folded and cut，and to deduce numerical sequences.among other similar tasks.“智商测试要求你完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后和剪裁之后的形状，推断数字顺序以及其他的一些类似的任务。” 选项A. Answering philosophical questions.回答哲学问题，与相关信息句动作“完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后的形状，推断数字顺序等”没有任何关联;选项B. Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.将纸折或剪成不同形状，与相关信息句动作“完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后的形状，推断数字顺序等”没有任何关联;选项C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.区分特定概念的差别，与相关信息句动作“完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后的形状，推断数字顺序等”没有任何关联;选项D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.选择与给定内容相同的字或图，与相关信息句动作“完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后的形状，推断数字顺序等”相关联，动作“择与给定内容相同的字或图”对应于“想象纸在折叠之后的形状”体现“同意替换”的关系。因此，正确答案为D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.选择与给定内容相同的字或图。

27.细节题What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?

选项A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.

人们不再用智商值表示智力了。

B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.

网上有更多版本的智商测试。

C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.

成人和儿童的测试内容和公式可能是不同的。

D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.

科学家已经定义了人类智力的重要因素。

该题利用定位词“intelligence testing”定位到文章第三段The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms：the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists，although variations of them populate bookstores and the Wide Web.Superhigh scores 1ike Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.Other standardized tests，such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE)，capture the main aspects of IQ tests.段落中前两句提到了定位词“intelligence testing”。第一句The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.“虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数。” 选项A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.人们不再用智商值表示智力了，与该句的动作“虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数”没有任何关联;选项B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.网上有更多版本的智商测试，与该句的动作“虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数”没有任何关联;选项C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.成人和儿童的测试内容和公式可能是不同的，与该句的动作“虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数”没有任何关联;选项D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.科学家已经定义了人类智力的重要因素，与该句的动作“虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数”似乎有关联，但是句子叙述到“定义智商的是智商数”，而该选项叙述到“定义人类智力的重要因素”，显然完全没有联系。该句与四个选项没有直接关系作为细节题向下继续判断相关信息句。第二句The test comes primarily in two forms：the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).“测试主要有两种形式：一种是Stanford Binet智力量表，一种是Wechsler智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)。” 选项A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.人们不再用智商值表示智力了，与相关信息句动作“测试主要有两种形式，一种是Stanford Binet智力量表，一种是Wechsler智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)”没有任何关联;选项B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.网上有更多版本的智商测试，与相关信息句动作“测试主要有两种形式，一种是Stanford Binet智力量表，一种是Wechsler智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)”没有任何关联;选项C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.成人和儿童的测试内容和公式可能是不同的，与相关信息句动作“测试主要有两种形式，一种是Stanford Binet智力量表，一种是Wechsler智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)”相关联，动作“成人和儿童的测试内容和公式可能是不同的”对应于“两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本”;选项D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.科学家已经定义了人类智力的重要因素与相关信息句动作“测试主要有两种形式，一种是Stanford Binet智力量表，一种是Wechsler智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)”没有任何关联。因此，正确答案为C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.成人和儿童的测试内容和公式可能是不同的。

28.细节题People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as Vos Savant’s because_____.

选项A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.

分数值是通过不同的计算程序获得的。

B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.

强调的是创造力而不是分析能力。

C. Vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.

Vos Savant的案例是个极端的案例而且不会重复。

D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.

智商测试的特色已经发生了变化。

该题利用定位词“IQ scores as high as Vos Savant’s”定位到文章第三段Super high scores 1ike Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.“像vos Savant那样的超数不可能再出现了，这是因为现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100得出的数值。” 选项A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.分数值是通过不同的计算程序获得的，与相关信息句动作“现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100得出的数值”相关联，动作“分数值是通过不同的计算程序获得的”对应于“现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的”，体现“同意替换”的关系;选项B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.强调的是创造力而不是分析能力，与相关信息句动作“现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100得出的数值”没有任何关联;选项C. Vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.Vos Savant的案例是个极端的案例而且不会重复，与相关信息句动作“现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100得出的数值”没有任何关联;选项D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.智商测试的特色已经发生了变化，与相关信息句动作“现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100得出的数值”没有任何关联。因此，正确答案为A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.分数值是通过不同的计算程序获得的。

29.推断题We can conclude from the last paragraph that_____.

选项A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.

测试值不能可靠的反映一个人的能力。

B. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.

智商值和SAT的结果是紧密关联的。

C. testing involves a lot of guesswork.

测试包括许多猜测。

D. traditional tests are out of date.

传统测试已经过时了。

该题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定的最后一段的主题句。根据“主题句---细节句原则”，文章尾段 Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”，Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge，components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low stress conditions，but under high stress conditions，IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters，whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.段落中间没有转折词，段落尾句Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters，whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.“任何一个考过SAT的人都可以证实，考试技巧也是有关系的，要知道何时猜测，要跳过什么问题。”明确是细节。 因此，段落的主题句为段首句Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.“Robert J.Sternberg认为，这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。” 选项A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.测试值不能可靠的反映一个人的能力，与相关信息句动作“这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”相关联，动作“测试值不能可靠的反映一个人的能力”对应于“不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”，体现“同意替换”的关系;选项B. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.智商值和SAT的结果是紧密关联的，与相关信息句动作“这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”没有任何关联;选项C. testing involves a lot of guesswork.测试包括许多猜测，与相关信息句动作“这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”没有任何关联;选项D. traditional tests are out of date.传统测试已经过时了，与相关信息句动作“这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”没有任何关联。 因此，正确答案为A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.测试值不能可靠的反映一个人的能力。

30.主旨题What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?

选项A. Supportive支持的 B. Skeptical 怀疑的

C. Impartial 不偏不倚的 D. Biased 偏见的

该题作为主旨题表示作者观点态度的题目，要明确找到文章尾段的主题句或者倒数第二段的主题句。文章尾段主题句为Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.“Robert J.Sternberg认为，这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。”可见，作者的态度是不确定的， 因此，正确答案为B. Skeptical 怀疑的。

全文翻译在过去的几年里，周日增刊Parade报纸有一个名为“向玛里琳提问”的特写专栏。人们被邀请向Marilyn vos Aavant提问，她在10岁时就参加了大约23岁人的智力测试，得出智商为228，那是有记录以来的较。智商测试让你完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后和剪裁之后的样子，推论数字顺序以及其他一些类似的任务。因此当Savant即时回复来自普通人的一些问题时有点儿令人困惑，这些问题诸如：爱和喜欢之间的区别是什么?运气和巧合的本质是什么?而那种想象物体和计算数字模式的能力如何让人能够回答连一些最好的诗人和哲学家都避之惟恐不及的问题，这还不够明朗。

显然，智力所包含的远不只是测试中的分数。那么聪明意味着什么呢?智力中有多大比例能够详细进行解释呢?我们又能够从神经学、遗传学、计算机科学和其他领域对智力了解多少呢?

虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，对人类智力进行定义的仍然是智商数。测试主要采用两种形式：一种是斯坦福—比奈智力量表，一种是温切斯勒智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)。尽管这两种测试的改编版在书店和互联网上占有一席之地，它们通常只由心理学家进行测试，花费为几百美元。像vos Savant那样的超数不再可能出现，这是因为现在的计分建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数学的基础上，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以胜利年龄再乘以100。其他一些标准化考试，如SAT和GRE，借鉴了智商测试的主要方面。

Robert J .Sternberg认为，这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。在他的“智商测试有多明智”一文中，Sternberg指出传统的考试很好地评价了分析和语言能力，而没有评估创造力和实践知识，而后者对解决问题和在生活中取得成功至关重要。此外，一旦人口或环境发生改变，智商测试就测得不准确了。研究表明当智商测试在压力小的环境下进行时，它能预测领导能力。当智商测试在压力大的环境下进行时，智商与领导力负相关，即它预测的内容正好相反。任何一个考过SAT的人都可以证实，考试技巧也是有关系的，要知道何时猜测，要跳过什么问题。

Text 3

During the past generation，the American middle.class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.Now a pink slip，a bad diagnosis，or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.

In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.Scholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications Of these changes.but few have looked at the side effect：family risk has risen as well.Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two.paycheck status.As a result，they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back.up earner(usually Morn)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This “added worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather。bad times.But today，a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.

During the same period.families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.Steelworkers，airline employees，and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates，stock market fluctuation，and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.For much of the past year，President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a Savings account model，with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.For younger families，the picture is not any better.Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers，with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare.Even demographics are working against the middle class family，as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation.

From the middle class family perspective，much of this，understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.

31.Today’s double income families are at greater financial risk in that____.

A. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.

B. their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.

C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.

D. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.

32.As a result of President Bush’s reform，retired people may have____.

A. a higher sense of security. B. less secured payments.

C. less chance to invest. D. a guaranteed future.

33.According to the author, health savings plans will____.

A. help reduce the cost of healthcare. B. popularize among the middle class.

C. compensate for the reduced pensions. D. increase the families’ investment risk.

34.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that____.

A. financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.

B. the middle class may face greater political challenges.

C. financial problems may bring about political problems.

D. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.

35.Which of the following is the best title for this text?

A. The Middle Class on the Alert B. The Middle Class on the Cliff

C. The Middle Class in Conflict D. The Middle Class in Ruins

文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，

文章首段主题句是During the past generation，the American middle.class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.在上一代人中，曾经依靠勤奋工作、公平竞争保持家庭经济安全的美国中产阶级家庭由于经济风险和新的现实而发生了变化。

第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.仅仅大约一代的时间，成百上千万的母亲出去工作，改变了基本的家庭经济模式。

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是During the same period.families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.同时，家庭在退休收入方面的风险也提高了。

第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了。

不难发现，这篇文章围绕着中产阶级家庭的经济风险、退休金风险和医疗保障风险问题来展开。

题目解析：

31.细节题Today’s double income families are at greater financial risk in that_____.

选项A. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.

他们过去所享受的安全网已经消失了。

B. their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.

他们下岗的机会大大提高了。

C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.

他们更易受到家庭经济变化的影响。

D. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.

他们被剥夺了失业险和残疾险。

该题利用定位词“double income families”和“financial risk”定位到文章第二段In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.Scholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect：family risk has risen as well.Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two.paycheck status.As a result，they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back.up earner(usually Morn)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This “added worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather。bad times.But today，a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.段落第一句In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.“仅仅大约一代的时间，成百上千万的母亲出去工作，改变了基本的家庭经济模式。”说明双职工家庭的出现。随后，下面第二句Scholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications Of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect：family risk has risen as well.“各行各业的学者、政策制定者和批评家们就这些变化的社会意义展开了辩论，但是很少有人看到其副作用：家庭风险也提高了。”提到了“家庭风险”，但是该句子没有提到风险发生的原因。作为细节题，定位词所在句如果没有足够信息，继续向下找答案。下面As a result，they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback----a back-up earner(usually Morn)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.“现在的家庭预算达到了新的双薪家庭的极限。结果，他们就失去了在经济困顿时期的保护伞---作为后备力量的赚钱者(通常是妈妈)。如果家庭主要经济支柱事业了或者生病了，这个后备军可以进入劳动力市场。”选项A. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.他们过去所享受的安全网已经消失了，与相关信息句动作“家庭预算达到新的双薪家庭的极限，失去了在经济困难时期的保护伞，妈妈作为后备力量的赚钱者在必要时可以进入劳动力市场”没有任何关联;选项B. their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.他们下岗的机会大大提高了，与相关信息句动作“家庭预算达到新的双薪家庭的极限，失去了在经济困难时期的保护伞，妈妈作为后备力量的赚钱者在必要时可以进入劳动力市场”没有任何关联;选项C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.他们更易受到家庭经济变化的影响，与相关信息句动作“家庭预算达到新的双薪家庭的极限，失去了在经济困难时期的保护伞，妈妈作为后备力量的赚钱者在必要时可以进入劳动力市场”相关联，动作“更易受到家庭经济变化的影响”对应于“失去了在经济困难时期的保护伞”，体现“同意替换”的关系;选项D. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.他们被剥夺了失业险和残疾险，与相关信息句动作“家庭预算达到新的双薪家庭的极限，失去了在经济困难时期的保护伞，妈妈作为后备力量的赚钱者在必要时可以进入劳动力市场”没有任何关联。 因此，正确答案为C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.他们更易受到家庭经济变化的影响。

32.细节题As a result of President Bush’s reform，retired people may have_____.

选项A. a higher sense of security.更高的安全感。

B. less secured payments.更少的有保障的收入。

C. less chance to invest.更少的投资机会。

D. a guaranteed future.有保障的未来。

该题利用定位词“President Bush’s reform”和“retired people”定位到文章第三段……For much of the past year，President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a Savings account model，with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns……“在过去的大部分时间里，布什总统致力于将社会保障推广成储蓄账户模式，让退休人员将他们的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金变成依赖于回报率的投资回报。” 选项A. a higher sense of security.更高的安全感，与相关信息句动作“致力于将社会保障推广成储蓄账户模式，让退休人员将他们的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金变成依赖于回报率的投资回报” 相悖，将退休金转变成依赖于回报率的投资无疑是一种存在风险的福利形式;选项B. less secured payments.更少的有保障的收入，与相关信息句动作“致力于将社会保障推广成储蓄账户模式，让退休人员将他们的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金变成依赖于回报率的投资回报” 相符合，将退休金转变成依赖于回报率的投资无疑是一种存在风险的福利形式;选项C. less chance to invest.更少的投资机会，与相关信息句动作“致力于将社会保障推广成储蓄账户模式，让退休人员将他们的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金变成依赖于回报率的投资回报” 没有任何关联;选项D. a guaranteed future.有保障的未来，与相关信息句动作“致力于将社会保障推广成储蓄账户模式，让退休人员将他们的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金变成依赖于回报率的投资回报” 相悖，将退休金转变成依赖于回报率的投资无疑是一种没有保障的福利形式。因此，正确答案为B. less secured payments.更少的有保障的收入。

33.细节题According to the author, health savings plans will_____.

选项A. help reduce the cost of healthcare.有助于减少医疗卫生成本。

B. popularize among the middle class.在中产阶级中流行。

C. compensate for the reduced pensions.补偿减少了的退休金。

D. increase the families’ investment risk.增加了家庭投资的风险。

该题利用定位词“health savings plans”定位到文章第三段……Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers，with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare……“医疗的绝对支出和家庭需要承担的部分都在提高---新的时髦的健康储蓄计划从立法大厅流传到沃尔玛职员那里，减免的部分增加了，会出现一些新的大的家庭未来的医疗投资风险。” 选项A. help reduce the cost of healthcare.有助于减少医疗卫生成本，与相关信息句动作“医疗的绝对支出和家庭需要承担的部分都在提高，新的时髦的健康储蓄计划从立法大厅流传到沃尔玛职员那里，减免的部分增加了，会出现一些新的大的家庭未来的医疗投资风险”没有任何关联;选项B. popularize among the middle class.在中产阶级中流行，与相关信息句动作“医疗的绝对支出和家庭需要承担的部分都在提高，新的时髦的健康储蓄计划从立法大厅流传到沃尔玛职员那里，减免的部分增加了，会出现一些新的大的家庭未来的医疗投资风险”没有任何关联;选项C. compensate for the reduced pensions.补偿减少了的退休金，与相关信息句动作“医疗的绝对支出和家庭需要承担的部分都在提高，新的时髦的健康储蓄计划从立法大厅流传到沃尔玛职员那里，减免的部分增加了，会出现一些新的大的家庭未来的医疗投资风险”没有任何关联;选项D. increase the families’ investment risk.增加了家庭投资的风险，与相关信息句动作“医疗的绝对支出和家庭需要承担的部分都在提高，新的时髦的健康储蓄计划从立法大厅流传到沃尔玛职员那里，减免的部分增加了，会出现一些新的大的家庭未来的医疗投资风险”相关联，动作“增加了家庭投资的风险”对应于“出现一些新的大的家庭未来的医疗投资风险”体现“同意替换”的关系。因此，正确答案为D. increase the families’ investment risk.增加了家庭投资的风险。

34.推断题It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_____.

选项A. financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.

经济风险趋向于大于政治风险。

B. the middle class may face greater political challenges.

中产阶级可能面对更大的政治挑战。

C. financial problems may bring about political problems.

经济问题可能会导致政治问题。

D. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.

经济责任反映政治地位。

该题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定的最后一段的主题句。根据“主题句---细节句原则”，文章尾段From the middle class family perspective，much of this，understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.段落只有段首和段尾两个句子。段落首句From the middle class family perspective，much of this，understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.“从中产阶级家庭的角度来看，可以理解，前面提到的多数情况看起来并不像是一个承担更多经济责任的机会，而更像是一个将经济风险大规模转移到他们已经不堪重负的肩膀上的加速过程。”明确是细节。 因此，段落的主题句为段尾句The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.“经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了。”选项A. financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.经济风险趋向于大于政治风险，与相关信息句动作“经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了”相关联，但是相关信息句中没有将二者做比较;选项B. the middle class may face greater political challenges.中产阶级可能面对更大的政治挑战，与相关信息句动作“经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了”没有任何关联;选项C. financial problems may bring about political problems. 经济问题可能会导致政治问题，与相关信息句动作“经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了”相关联，动作“经济问题可能会导致政治问题”对应于“经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了”，体现“同意替换”的关系;选项D. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.经济责任反映政治地位，与相关信息句动作“经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了”似乎有关联，但是相关信息句中叙述的是“政治和经济风险”而不是“政治和经济责任”。因此，正确答案为C. financial problems may bring about political problems. 经济问题可能会导致政治问题。

35.主旨题Which of the following is the best title for this text?

选项A. The Middle Class on the Alert 警惕着的中产阶级

B. The Middle Class on the Cliff 岌岌可危的中产阶级

C. The Middle Class in Conflict 冲突中的中产阶级

D. The Middle Class in Ruins 已经毁灭的中产阶级

作为主旨题要明确找到文章每个段落的主题句。第一段During the past generation，the American middle-class family …has been transformed by economic risk…“在上一代人中，曾经依靠勤奋工作、公平竞争保持家庭经济安全的美国中产阶级家庭由于经济风险和新的现实而发生了变化。”第二段In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.“仅仅大约一代的时间，成百上千万的母亲出去工作，改变了基本的家庭经济模式。”第三段During the same period.families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.“同时，家庭在退休收入方面的风险也提高了。”第四段The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.“经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了。”因此，正确答案为B. The Middle Class on the Cliff 岌岌可危的中产阶级。

全文翻译在上一代人中，曾经仰仗勤奋工作、公平竞争保持家庭经济安全的美国中产阶级家庭由于经济风险和新的现实而发生了变化。现在一纸解雇通知书、一份病中诊断或夫妻离异都可能让一个稳定的中产家庭在几个月内变成新的贫困户。

仅仅大约一代的时间，成百上千万的母亲出去工作，改变了基本的家庭经济模式。各行各业的学者、政策制定者和批评家们就这些变化的社会意义展开辩论，但是很少有人看到其副作用：家庭风险也提高了。现在的家庭预算达到了新的双薪家庭的极限。结果，他们就失去了在经济困顿时期具有的保护伞——作为后备力量的赚钱者(通常是妈妈)。如果家庭主要经济支柱失业了或者生病了，这个后备军可以进入劳动力市场。这个“附加的劳动力效果”会对由失业保险和伤残保险组成的安全网构成支持，帮助家庭渡过难关。但现在，家庭财富的中断不能再得到弥补，过去，这种弥补通过是由一个在正常情况下赋闲在家的伴侣出去工作获得的。

同时，家庭在退休收入方面的风险也提高了。钢铁工人、航空公司职员，现在还有汽车企业员工都在担心利率，股票市场的波动以及自己会在有生之年花光退休金的严酷现实，这样的家庭有成百上千万个。在过去的大部分时间里，布什总统致力于将社会保障推广成储蓄账户模式，让退休人员将他们的大部分或全部有保障的退休金变成依赖于回报率的投资回报。对于较年轻的家庭，情况没有好转。医疗的绝对支出和家庭需要承担的部分都在提高——新的时髦的健康储蓄计划从立法大厅流传到沃尔玛职员那里，减免的部分增加了，会出现一些新的大的家庭未来的医疗投资风险。甚至人口统计学的结果也对中产阶级家庭不利，因为如果有一个年老力衰的父母亲，随之而来的照料所需要的精力和财力在一代的时间内也增加了八倍。

从中产阶级家庭的角度来看，可以理解，前面提到的多数情况看起来不像是一个承担更多经济责任的机会，而更像是一个将经济风险大规模转移到他们已经不堪重负的肩膀上的加速过程。经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了。

Text 4

It never rains but it pours.Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles，and improved their feeble corporation governance，a new problem threatens to earn them-especially in America-the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite：data insecurity.Left，until now, to odd，low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking，telecoms and air travel，information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.

Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California，Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.

“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset，”says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school.“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value，which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders”.Indeed，just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)，perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices，suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.“Setting the proper investment 1evel for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue，not a technical one,” he says.

The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust，that most valuable of economic assets.is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore——and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.

The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe)for data leakage.Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone.even the victim，when data went astray.That may change fast：lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington，D.C.Meanwhile，the theft of information about some 40 million credit.card accounts in America.disclosed on June 17th.overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.

36.The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce____.

A. the fierce business competition.

B. the feeble boss-board relations.

C. the threat from news reports.

D. the severity of data leakage.

37.According to Paragraph 2，some organizations check their systems to find out____.

A. whether there is any weak point.

B. what sort of data has been stolen.

C. who is responsible for the leakage.

D. how the potential spies can be located.

38.In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that____.

A. shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.

B. information protection should be given due attention.

C. businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.

D. the market value of customer data should be emphasized.

39.According to Paragraph 4，what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to____.

A. see the link between trust and data protection.

B. perceive the sensitivity of personal data.

C. realize the high cost of data restoration.

D. appreciate the economic value of trust.

40.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that____.

A. data leakage is more severe in Europe.

B. FTC’s decision is essential to data security.

C. California，takes the lead in security legislation.

D. legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.

文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，

文章首段主题句是Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles，and improved their feeble corporation governance，a new problem threatens to earn them--especially in America--the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite：data insecurity.当老板和董事们刚刚整顿好糟糕的财务和规章问题，加强了薄弱的公司机制后，新的“数据不安全”问题可能让他们特别是在美国成为报纸恶毒的头版头条，毫无疑问，这会导致执行官们走马换任。

第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.今年几宗大的客户和雇员数据的泄露事件让经理们赶紧盯着他们复杂的IT系统和商业流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷。

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是Indeed，just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)，perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices，suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.确实，正如有公认的财会准则一样，到了有公共安全惯例的时候了。纽约哥伦比亚大学商学院的Eli Noam提出如是建议。

第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.令人费解的是这一问题似乎让老板们大吃一惊。

第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe)for data leakage.现在这种状况，虽然不合理，可能会由于缺乏对数据泄露的法律制裁而加剧(是美国缺乏法律制裁，而不是欧洲)。

不难发现，这篇文章围绕着数据信息泄露来展开。

题目解析：

36.结构题The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce_____.

选项A. the fierce business competition.激烈的商业竞争。

B. the feeble boss-board relations.淡薄的老板与董事关系。

C. the threat from news reports.来自新闻报道的威胁。

D. the severity of data leakage.数据泄露的严重性。

注意：“文章首段借用某人的话目的是什么?”这种提问方式是一种特殊题型，答案对应的相关信息句为文章的中心思想。文章第一段主题句：Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles，and improved their feeble corporation governance，a new problem threatens to earn them--especially in America--the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite：data insecurity.“当老板和董事们刚刚整顿好糟糕的财务和规章问题，加强了薄弱的公司机制后，新的“数据不安全”问题可能让他们特别是在美国成为报纸恶毒的头版头条，毫无疑问，这会导致执行官们走马换任。”文章第二段主题句Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“今年几宗大的客户和雇员数据的泄露事件让经理们赶紧盯着他们复杂的IT系统和商业流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷。”第三段主题句为Indeed，just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)，perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices，suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.“确实，正如有公认的财会准则一样，到了有公共安全惯例的时候了。纽约哥伦比亚大学商学院的Eli Noam提出如是建议。”。第四段主题句为The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.“令人费解的是这一问题似乎让老板们大吃一惊”。第五段主题句为The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe)for data leakage.“现在这种状况，虽然不合理，可能会由于缺乏对数据泄露的法律制裁而加剧(是美国缺乏法律制裁，而不是欧洲)。” 可见，这篇文章谈到数据泄露的问题。因此，正确答案为D. the severity of data leakage. 数据泄露的严重性。

37.细节题According to Paragraph 2，some organizations check their systems to find out_____.

选项A. whether there is any weak point.是否存在任何弱点。

B. what sort of data has been stolen.什么类型的数据被盗。

C. who is responsible for the leakage.谁为数据泄露负责。

D. how the potential spies can be located.怎样定位潜在的间谍。

该题利用定位词“some organizations”定位到文章第二段Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California，Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“今年几宗大的客户和雇员数据的泄露事件，包括时代华纳，美国国防承包商国际科学应用公司，甚至加州大学伯克利分校等差异如此之大的机构，让经理们赶紧盯着他们复杂的IT系统和商业流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷。” 选项A. whether there is any weak point.是否存在任何弱点，与相关信息句动作“让经理们赶紧盯着他们复杂的IT系统和商业流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷”相关联，动作“是否存在弱点”对应于“搜索可能的安全缺陷”，体现“同意替换”的关系;选项B. what sort of data has been stolen.什么类型的数据被盗，与相关信息句动作“让经理们赶紧盯着他们复杂的IT系统和商业流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷”没有任何关联，选项中强调“数据类型”而语句中表达“是否有安全缺陷”;选项C. who is responsible for the leakage.谁为数据泄露负责，与相关信息句动作“让经理们赶紧盯着他们复杂的IT系统和商业流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷”没有任何关联;选项D. how the potential spies can be located.怎样定位潜在的间谍，与相关信息句动作“让经理们赶紧盯着他们复杂的IT系统和商业流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷”没有任何关联。因此，答案为A. whether there is any weak point.是否存在任何弱点。

38.细节题In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that_____.

选项A. shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.

持股人的利益应当受到妥善保护。

B. information protection should be given due attention.

应当全力注意保护信息。

C. businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.

商业机构应该提高计算安全级别。

D. the market value of customer data should be emphasized.

顾客数据的市场价值应该得到重视。

该题利用定位词“the concept of GASP”定位到文章第三段Indeed，just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)，perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices，suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.“确实，正如有公认的财会准则一样，到了有公共安全惯例的时候了。纽约哥伦比亚大学商学院的Eli Noam提出如是建议。” 选项A. shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to. 持股人的利益应当受到妥善保护，与相关信息句动作“正如有公认的财会准则一样，到了有公共安全惯例的时候了”没有任何关联，文章中叙述到保护数据信息不被泄露，而该选项却叙述到保护持股人的利益;选项B. information protection should be given due attention.应当全力注意保护信息，与相关信息句动作“正如有公认的财会准则一样，到了有公共安全惯例的时候了”相关联，动作“注意保护信息”对应于“应该有公共安全惯例”;选项C. businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.商业机构应该提高计算安全级别，与相关信息句动作“正如有公认的财会准则一样，到了有公共安全惯例的时候了”没有任何关联;选项D. the market value of customer data should be emphasized.顾客数据的市场价值应该得到重视，与相关信息句动作“正如有公认的财会准则一样，到了有公共安全惯例的时候了”没有任何关联。因此，正确答案为B. information protection should be given due attention.应当全力注意保护信息。

39.细节题According to Paragraph 4，what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to_____.

选项A. see the link between trust and data protection.

看到信任和数据保护的联系。

B. perceive the sensitivity of personal data.

理解个人数据的敏感性。

C. realize the high cost of data restoration.

意识到数据储存的巨大成本。

D. appreciate the economic value of trust.

欣赏信任的经济价值。

该题利用定位词“some bosses”定位到文章第四段The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust，that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore——and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.“令人费解的是这一问题似乎让老板们大吃一惊。想必最迟钝的老板也明白，信任是最有价值的资产，它很容易被毁掉，而修复信任需要花费巨资。没有什么能比一家公司让敏感的个人数据流到别有用心的人手里更能毁掉信任了。” 选项A. see the link between trust and data protection.看到信任和数据保护的联系，与相关信息句动作“信任是最有价值的资产，它很容易被毁掉，而修复信任需要花费巨资。没有什么能比一家公司让敏感的个人数据流到别有用心的人手里更能毁掉信任了”相关联，体现“同意替换”的关系;选项B. perceive the sensitivity of personal data. 理解个人数据的敏感性，与相关信息句动作“信任是最有价值的资产，它很容易被毁掉，而修复信任需要花费巨资。没有什么能比一家公司让敏感的个人数据流到别有用心的人手里更能毁掉信任了”没有关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“个人数据的敏感性”;选项C. realize the high cost of data restoration.意识到数据储存的巨大成本，与相关信息句动作“信任是最有价值的资产，它很容易被毁掉，而修复信任需要花费巨资。没有什么能比一家公司让敏感的个人数据流到别有用心的人手里更能毁掉信任了”没有关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“数据存储的成本”;D. appreciate the economic value of trust.欣赏信任的经济价值，与相关信息句动作“信任是最有价值的资产，它很容易被毁掉，而修复信任需要花费巨资。没有什么能比一家公司让敏感的个人数据流到别有用心的人手里更能毁掉信任了”没有关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“信任的经济价值”。因此，答案为A. see the link between trust and data protection.看到信任和数据保护的联系。

40.推断题It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that_____.

选项A. data leakage is more severe in Europe.

数据泄露在欧洲更加严重。

B. FTC’s decision is essential to data security.

FTC的决定对数据安全至关重要。

C. California takes the lead in security legislation.

加州在安全法规方面居于领先地位。

D. legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.

法律惩罚是解决数据泄露的主要方法。

该题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定的最后一段的主题句。根据“主题句---细节句原则”，文章尾段The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe)for data leakage.Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim，when data went astray.That may change fast：lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington，D.C.Meanwhile，the theft of information about some 40 million credit.card accounts in America.disclosed on June 17th， overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.段落中间没有转折词，段落尾句Meanwhile，the theft of information about some 40 million credit.card accounts in America.disclosed on June 17th， overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.“同时，6月17日公布的美国大约4千万信用卡帐户信息失窃事件让一天前美国联邦贸易委员会公布的一个重要决定黯然失色，该决定通知美国公司如果不能提供充分的数据保障，就会按章惩罚。”明确是细节。 因此，段落的主题句为段首句The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe)for data leakage.“现在这种状况，虽然不合理，可能会由于缺乏对数据泄露的法律制裁而加剧(是美国缺乏法律制裁，而不是欧洲)。”选项A. data leakage is more severe in Europe.数据泄露在欧洲更加严重，与相关信息句动作“可能会由于缺乏对数据泄露的法律制裁而加剧(是美国缺乏法律制裁，而不是欧洲)”似乎有关联，但是相关信息句中没有将数据泄露的严重性进行比较;选项B. FTC’s decision is essential to data security.FTC的决定对数据安全至关重要，与相关信息句动作“可能会由于缺乏对数据泄露的法律制裁而加剧(是美国缺乏法律制裁，而不是欧洲)”没有任何关联;选项C. California takes the lead in security legislation. 加州在安全法规方面居于领先地位，与相关信息句动作“可能会由于缺乏对数据泄露的法律制裁而加剧(是美国缺乏法律制裁，而不是欧洲)”没有任何关联;选项D. legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.法律惩罚是解决数据泄露的主要方法，与相关信息句动作“可能会由于缺乏对数据泄露的法律制裁而加剧(是美国缺乏法律制裁，而不是欧洲)”相关联，体现“肯定与否定替换”的关系。因此，正确答案为D. legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.法律惩罚是解决数据泄露的主要方法。

全文翻译不雨则已，一雨倾盆。当老板和董事们刚刚整顿好最糟糕的财务和规章问题，加强了薄弱的公司机制之后，新的“数据不安全”问题可能让他们特别是在美国成为报纸恶毒的头版头条，毫无疑问，这会导致执行官们走马换任。直到现在，信息保护还只是临时的，低级IT员工的工作，只是在数据量大的行业诸如银行业，电信业，航空公司受到重视，而现在却高高列在各行各业老板们的日程表上。

今年几宗大的客户和雇员数据的泄露事件，包括时代华纳，美国国防承包商国际科学应用公司，甚至加州大学伯克利分校等差异如此大的机构，让经理们赶紧盯着他们复杂的IT系统和商业流程，以搜索可能存在的安全缺陷。

斯坦福大学商业院的Haim Medelson说，“数据正成为一种财产，需要像保护其他财产一样保护它。保护客户数据的能力对于市场价值至关重要，而市场价值是董事会应该对股民负责的。”确实，正如有公认的财会准则(GAAP)一样，到了有公认安全惯例(GASP)的时候了。纽约哥伦比亚大学商学院的Eli Noam建议，“为数据安全，备份，恢复设立适当的投资标准是一个管理问题，不是技术问题。”

令人费解的是这一问题似乎让老板们大吃一惊。想必最迟钝的老板来也明白，信任是最有价值的经济资产，他能容易被毁掉，而修复信任需要花费巨资。没有什么能比一家公司让敏感的个人数据流到别有用心的人手里更能毁掉信任的了。

现在这种情况，虽然不合理，可能还由于缺乏对数据泄露的法律制裁而加剧。(是美国缺乏法律制裁，而不是欧洲)。最近加州通过一项法令，在这之前，当数据泄露时，美国公司都不必告诉任何人，甚至是受害者本人。这种情况很快就会改变：许多有关数据安全的立法提案正在华盛顿特区进行讨论。同时6月17日公布的美国大约4千万信用卡帐户信息失窃事件让一天前美国联邦贸易委员会公布的一个重要决定黯然失色，该决定通知美国公司如果不能提供充分的数据安全保障，就会按章惩罚。

Part B

Directions：

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A—G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41—45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10points)

[A]Set a Good Example for Your Kids

[B]Build Your Kids’ Work Skills

[C]Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities

[D]Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis

[E]Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies

[F]Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are

[G]Build Your Kids’ Sense of Responsibility

How can a Parent Help?

Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the startup adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I can “work life unreadiness”:

41

You can start this process when they are 11 or 12.Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.

42

Kids need a range of authentic role models—as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying ”I have no idea” They can change their minds 200 limes, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.

43

Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn, parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.

44

Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous bats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.

45

They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.

What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult(as naive or ill-conceived as it may seem) have while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.

41. 选择[F]【解析】第二段全段没有转折词，末句出现了Also,可见该段前后内容一致，为递进关系。末句中出现代词they和them，指代首段提到的孩子，他有什么兴趣，最适合什么，因该是帮助孩子了解他们自身的优缺点，改正缺点。只有了解了自己是什么人，才知道自己适合什么。我们通过对该段中代词的把握以及对最后一个句子中提到的兴趣种类就可以判断41题选[F]。

42. 选择[D]【解析】42题考生很容易错选成[A]，这是因为首句提到role model，这与[A]中的good example一致。但是小标题的选择应该是对段落的整体把握，不是只关注部分细节内容。首句提到榜样之后，后面都没有谈到这一内容。显然该段主旨并榜样问题。后面内容中反复出现的一个关键是future，指出家长和孩子们要定期讨论对未来的设想，显然[D]为答案。

43. 选择[B]【解析】本题所在段首句为主题句，指出父母应该教给孩子怎样工作。后面具体解释如何教会孩子们工作：给孩子分配家务，鼓励十几岁的孩子做兼职等。通过这些方式让孩子学会工作的技能。[B]是对主题句的同义转述，是对后细节内容的高度概括，故为答案。

44. 选择[C]【解析】本段未出现明显的主题句，但全段都是在谈论一些娱乐性的业余生活的危害，作者提到玩电子游戏、长时间的看电视剧、长时间的用耳机听音乐等活动会妨碍重要的沟通和思考能力的发展，影响持续的注意力发展。结合首段内容可知，这里作者是向家长提建议，指出如何帮助孩子为未来的工作做好准备。虽然本段没有明确指出应该采取何种措施，由这里提到的危害可限制，这样才不会影响他某些方面能力的发展，故[C]为答案。

45. 选择[E]【解析】本段提到孩子们需要某种节能，处理各种状况。第一、二句中出现deal with, solve, resolve等词，表示孩子们需要应对、解决某些问题。由此可以推断，作者在本段中提到的是处理和应对各种情况的技能，这与[E]中的coping strategies不谋而合，故该项为答案。

参考译文

父母如何提供帮助?

父母可以做很多事确保自己的孩子能够安全进入成人期。即使一份工作的起薪低得似乎很难满足一个即将成人的孩子的快速自我满足的需求，如果这个准成人准备好了的话，从学校向职场的转变可以少些困顿。这里有几种方法，选自我的书《不管是否准备好，生活已经开始》，父母可以借鉴它们来预防我称为“工作未准备好”的情况。

帮助孩子了解自己

当孩子们11或12岁的时候，你就可以开始这个过程。周期性地和他们一起评论他们显现出的优点和缺点，一起克服任何缺点，诸如在交流和合作方面遇到的困难。此外，还要发现他们一直以来的兴趣所在，这是因为它们会提供将来什么职业最适合他们的线索。

定期谈论关于未来的话题

孩子们需要一系列真实的行为榜样，这与他们小圈子里的成员、流行歌星及自负的运动不同。定期在晚餐桌前谈论家庭成员认识的人，他们是如何达成自己的理想的。讨论你自己职业中的快乐和不利方面，鼓励你的孩子就他们自己的前途有些想法。当问到他们想做什么的时候，应该阻止他们说“我没想法”他们可以200次改变自己的想法，但是对于前途看法模糊可不怎么好。

增强孩子的工作技能

教师负责教孩子如何学习，家长应该教孩子如何工作。给孩子分配家务，确保作业按时完成。鼓励十几岁的孩子做兼职工作。孩子们需要足够的练习才能够延迟自己的满足感，施展有效的组织才能，例如管理时间，设定优先考虑的事情等。

限制活动时间

玩电子游戏会让人们感到即时的满足。几个小时看带有录音的笑声的电视剧只会让孩子们消极地处理信息。同时，通过耳机长时间地听同一单调的节奏会让孩子们沉浸在自己的幻想中而不是努力追求其他的东西。这些活动会妨碍重要的沟通和思考能力的发展，孩子在未来大多数工作都需要的持续的注意力方在的发展很困难。

帮助孩子培养解决问题的能力

他们应该知道如何应对困境、压力及感觉能力不足的情况。他们应该学会如何解决问题和冲突，学习进行头脑风暴的方法，批判性地思考问题。家庭里讨论能够帮助孩子练习这些能力，帮助他们将这些技能应用到日常生活的不同情况。

那些已长大成人但是看起来的苦苦挣扎，漫无目的地在刚刚成人时游荡的那些儿女们该如何呢?家长们还扮演一个重要的角色，但现在这个角色更棘手些。他们必须小心，不让自己对孩子失望。他们应该表现出对自己还缺乏经验的孩子看起来还很天真或考虑不周所感兴趣的东西的强烈兴趣和尊敬，在探索他们未来的选择方面成为孩子们的伙伴。最重要的是，这些刚刚长大的孩子必须要感觉到他们受尊敬，得到一个欣赏他们的家庭的支持。

Part C

Directions：

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(1 0 points)

The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.However，only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.(46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily，the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.

If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education，its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators.Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.On the one hand，it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice，democracy and freedom.(47)On the other.it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the inks journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example，notions of evidence and fact，of basic fights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law.Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.

(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state，is a major subject for journalists.The better informed they are about the way the state works，the better their reporting will be.(49)In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.

Furthermore，the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.(50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.

ANSWERS

46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.

翻译步骤分析

[词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义

legal learning 学习法律

viewed…as… “把…视为…”

intellectually equipment 知识才能

[结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句

1、，and原则(用来区分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列连词要首先区分)

Traditionally

, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers

, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.

这个句子结构十分清晰，这是一个简单句。Traditionally是状语，用来修饰整个语句。legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers是主句。短语rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.用来补充说明前文语句。

[翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序

Traditionally传统上

, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers，这些院校一直把学习法律看作是律师专有的特权

, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.，而不是一个受过教育的人常用的知识才能。

[参考译文] 传统上，这些院校一直把学习法律看作是律师专有的特权，而不是一个受过教育的人常用的知识才能。

47) On the other, it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the inks journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.

翻译步骤分析

[词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义

1inks…to “把…联系起来”

is parallel to “和…一样”

cover “覆盖”引申为“报道”

comment on “评论”

it 遵循代词的指代原则，it指代“法律”

[结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句

1、，and原则(用来区分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列连词要首先区分)

On the other

, it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the inks journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.

2、which/that原则(用来区分主句和从句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等标志词区分主句和从句)

On the other

, it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner

which is parallel to the inks journalists forge on a daily basis

as they cover and comment on the news.

这个句子结构比较复杂，这是一个复合句。On the other作为状语，补充说明整个句子。it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner 是主句。定语从句which is parallel to the inks journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.用来修饰名词“manner”。从句as they cover and comment on the news是时间状语从句。

[翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序

On the other另一方面

, it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner法律把这些概念和日常实践联系在一起。

which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis如同会与生活建立起联系那样，

as they cover and comment on the news.，记者每天在报道和评论新闻时

[参考译文] 另一方面，如同记者每天在报道和评论新闻时会与生活建立起联系那样，法律把公正、民主和自由这些概念和日常实践联系在一起。

48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

翻译步骤分析

[词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义

understand “理解”

rests on “基于”

the established conventions “既定惯例”

[结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句

1、，and原则(用来区分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列连词要首先区分)

But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

2、which/that原则(用来区分主句和从句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等标志词区分主句和从句)

But the idea rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen

这个句子结构比较清晰，这是一个复合句。But the idea rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media是主句。同位语从句that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen用来补充说明“idea”的内容。

[翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序

But the idea rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.但是，这种观点是基于对新闻媒体的即定惯例和特殊职责的理解。

that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen新闻记者必须比普通公民更为深刻的理解法律，

[参考译文] 但是，新闻记者必须比普通公民更为深刻的理解法律，这种观点是基于对新闻媒体的即定惯例和特殊职责的理解。

49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.

翻译步骤分析

[词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义

have a clear grasp of “清楚把握”

[结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句

1、，and原则(用来区分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列连词要首先区分)

In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.

2、which/that原则(用来区分主句和从句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等标志词区分主句和从句)

In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists can do a competent job on political stories.

who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution

这个句子结构比较清晰，这是一个特殊句型，“It is difficult to…”。句子中In fact做状语。主句为it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.在该句子中how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.整个从句作为动词“see”的宾语，同时who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution是定语从句，用来修饰“journalists”。

[翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序

In fact事实上，

, it is difficult to see how journalists can do a competent job on political stories. 我们很难想象，的记者如何能胜任政治方面的报道。

who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution对加拿大宪法的基本特征缺乏清楚把握

[参考译文] 事实上，我们很难想象，对加拿大宪法的基本特征缺乏清楚把握的记者如何能胜任政治方面的报道。

50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.

翻译步骤分析

[词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义

enhance“提高”引申为“增加…的深度”

rely on “依靠”

make their own judgments “做出自己的判断”

[结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句

1、and原则(用来区分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列连词要首先区分)

While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories

, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance

and make their own judgments.

这个句子结构比较清晰，这是一个复合句。While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories与it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.构成让步关系。

[翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序

While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories尽管律师提供的评论和反馈可能会增加报道的深度

, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance ，但记者最好还是依靠自己的理解，

and make their own judgments. 并做出自己的判断。

[参考译文] 尽管律师提供的评论和反馈可能会增加报道的深度，但记者最好还是依靠自己的理解，并做出自己的判断。

参考译文

几个世纪以来，欧洲的大学一直认为法学是一门基本学科。然而，直到最近几年，法学才成为加拿大大学本科专业的一个重要科目。传统上，这些院校一直把学习法律看作是律师专有的特权，而不是一个受过教育的人常用的知识才能。可喜的是，加拿大的许多大学正在树立更传统、更具欧洲大陆特色的法律教育观点，有些大学甚至已经开始授予法学学士学位。

如果法学正在开始成为普通教育的重要组成部分，那么它的目标和方法应该会立刻吸引新闻学教育者。法律是一门鼓励负责任的判断的学科。一方面，它为分析像正义、民主和自由这样的概念提供机会。另一方面，如同记者每天在报道和评论新闻时会与生活建立起联系那样，法律把这些概念(公正、民主和自由)和日常实践联系在一起。比如，有关证据和事实、基本权利和公共利益这样的概念在新闻判断和新闻编写过程中就如同在法庭上一样发挥作用。通过研读并思考法律来提高判断能力是一名新闻记者应该为其事业做的一项知识准备。

但是，新闻记者必须比普通公民更为深刻地理解法律，这种观点是基于对新闻媒体的既定惯例和特殊职责的理解。政治，或者广义上说，的职能，是新闻记者报道的一个主要方面。他们对的机制了解得越多，报道就越优秀。事实上，我们很难想象，对加拿大宪法的基本特征缺乏清晰了解的记者如何能胜任政治方面的报道。

此外，法律体系及其中发生的事件是新闻记者报道的主题。虽然法律报道的质量各有不同，但是许多新闻记者都过分依赖律师提供给他们的诠释。尽管律师提供的评论和反馈可能会增加报道的深度，但记者最好还是依靠自己的理解并做出自己的判断。

Section Ⅲ Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

To whom it may concern,

I am writing the letter to make some suggestions for improving the service of our university library.

On the whole, I think our library functions pretty well, but its service is far from being perfect. Firstly, it is quite convenient to arrange an inquiry desk at the circulation hall, which enables the students to ask questions whenever necessary. Then, with the help of a professional librarian, students can go through the procedures more efficiently. In addition, it would be most helpful if the students have access to the latest Issues of foreign magazines. Lastly, you'd better maintain strict order at the reading room. I frequently found myself Disturbed by certain students chatting and smoking there.

It is my sincere hope that you will take my advice into consideration and I hold that it will benefit both the students and the university faculty as well.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain its intended meaning, and then

3) support your view with an example/examples.

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)

谋篇分析

根据漫画不难发现，在足球场中一位球员等待射门，守门员等待接对方的射门。在射门球员头脑中有一种想法，他认为守门员体态庞大，挡住了球门，自己射门举步唯艰;在守门员头脑中也有一种想法，他认为自己体态渺小，大部分球门裸露外，对方可以轻易将球射进自家大门。漫画反映的是“缺乏自信导致失败”，即该文章的主题。

根据提纲中的信息1) describe the drawing,.本文开头需要一个独立的段落，即描述漫画段。

根据提纲中的信息2) interpret its meaning本篇文章下文要体现出作者对该现象的评论，即漫画所传递的深刻含义。

根据提纲中的信息3) support your view with examples.本篇文章结尾处要体现出作者对该现象的评论，即引用具体实例阐述漫画表达的观点。

SAMPLE

How impressive the cartoon is in describing one of the most critical characteristic personalities concerning value and virtue! This cartoon depicts a picture of a football game with two players facing each other. One player is going to kick the ball while the goalkeeper is standing in front of a goal, ready to protect it. But both parties are losing their confidence. The striker magnifies the goalkeeper in his mind so that chances of shooting in are slim. Likewise, the goalkeeper minimizes his own image as if he couldn't defend the goal successfully.

Obviously, both of the players in the picture don't have enough confidence and if you have little confidence, how can you achieve your goal in life? The belief of what one can achieve and succeed often spells the difference between success and failure. On account of the fast pace of life, competition goes increasingly fierce in all walks of life, imposing tremendous pressure on all individuals. The past few years have witnessed great increase in the difficulty of examinations and employment. Thus we must maintain powerful self-confidence and optimism in the face of challenges so as to survive and succeed.

Confidence can be shown in the performance of many people. Take Liuxiang as an example. It is because of his Self-confidence that he never shrinks in front of other experienced players and works wonders again and again. On the contrary, some athletes do well in everyday training, but when facing other people they fail to present the best of themselves for the lack of self-confidence.

As the saying goes, confidence is the first step to success! Only by building strong self-confidence can we move closer to our dreams.

文章结构分析

第一段

How impressive the cartoon is in describing one of the most critical characteristic personalities concerning…… 用来引出漫画内容，并且给人以“心领神会”之感。

This cartoon depicts a picture of…… 描述漫画内容。

第二段

Obviously, ……and if……, how can you achieve your goal in life? 用来引出主题，并且顺利的强调主题的重要。

The belief of what one can achieve and succeed often spells the difference between success and failure. On account of the fast pace of life, competition goes increasingly fierce in all walks of life, imposing tremendous pressure on all individuals. ……Thus we must maintain powerful …… in the face of challenges so as to survive and succeed. 用来联系现实，只有将主题与现实联系到一起才能体现出主题的意义和作用。

第三段

Confidence can be shown in the performance of many people. Take Liuxiang as an example. 举例子，符合提纲要求来展开文章。

It is because of...... On the contrary, …… 展开例子，联系到主题，再次强调主题的重要性。

第四段

As the saying goes,…… 谚语将文章主题升华。

Only by building strong self-confidence can we move closer to our dreams. 利用倒装句型下结论，并把文章顺利结尾。