2012年201英语（一）考研真题答案及解析

本文提供2012年201英语（一）考研真题答案及解析，以下为具体内容

1、Come on—Everybody's doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good—drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word. Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers. The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. "Dare to be different, please don't smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits—as well as negative ones—spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends. 

1.According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as（  ）.2.Rosenberg holds that public advocates should （  ）.  3.In the author's view, Rosenberg's book fails to （  ）.  4.Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors （  ）.  5.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is（  ）.

问题1

A、a supplement to the social cure

B、a stimulus to group dynamics

C、an obstacle to school progress

D、a cause of undesirable behaviors

问题2

A、recruit professional advertisers

B、learn from advertisers' experience

C、stay away from commercial advertisers

D、recognize the limitations of advertisements

问题3

A、adequately probe social and biological factors

B、effectively evade the flaws of the social cure

C、illustrate the functions of state funding

D、produce a long-lasting social effect

问题4

A、is harmful to our networks of friends

B、will mislead behavioral studies

C、occurs without our realizing it

D、can produce negative health habits

问题5

A、harmful

B、desirable

C、profound

D、questionable

2、The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot（1）its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law（2）justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that（3） the court's reputation for being independent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be（4）as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not（5） by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself （6） to the code of conduct that （7） to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other similar cases （8）  the question of whether there is still a （9） between the court and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law （10） having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions （11） they would be free to （12 ）those in power and have no need to （13）political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely （14） . Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social （15） like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it （16）is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily （17） as unjust. The justices must （18） doubts about the court's legitimacy by making themselves （19） to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, （20）, convincing as law.

问题1

A、emphasize

B、maintain

C、modify

D、recognize

问题2

A、when

B、lest

C、before

D、unless

问题3

A、restored

B、weakened

C、established

D、eliminated

问题4

A、challenged

B、compromised

C、suspected

D、accepted

问题5

A、advanced

B、caught

C、bound

D、founded

问题6

A、resistant

B、subject

C、immune

D、prone

问题7

A、resorts

B、sticks

C、loads

D、applies

问题8

A、evade

B、raise

C、deny

D、settle

问题9

A、line

B、barrier

C、similarity

D、conflict

问题10

A、by

B、as

C、though

D、towards

问题11

A、so

B、since

C、provided

D、though

问题12

A、serve

B、satisfy

C、upset

D、replace

问题13

A、confirm

B、express

C、cultivate

D、offer

问题14

A、guarded

B、followed

C、studied

D、tied

问题15

A、concepts

B、theories

C、divisions

D、conventions

问题16

A、excludes

B、questions

C、shapes

D、controls

问题17

A、dismissed

B、released

C、ranked

D、distorted

问题18

A、suppress

B、exploit

C、address

D、ignore

问题19

A、accessible

B、amiable

C、agreeable

D、accountable

问题20

A、by all means

B、at all costs

C、in a word

D、as a result

3、A deal is a deal-except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It's a stunning move. The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont's only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant's license be subject to Vermont legislature's approval. Then, too, the company went along. Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn't foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy's behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension. Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point. The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company's application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth. 

1.The phrase “reneging on”(Line 2. para.1) is closest in meaning to（  ）.2.By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to （  ）.  3.According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with it （  ）.  4.In the author's view, the Vermont case will test （  ）.  5.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that（  ）.

问题1

A、condemning

B、reaffirming

C、dishonoring

D、securing

问题2

A、obtain protection from Vermont regulators

B、seek favor from the federal legislature

C、acquire an extension of its business license

D、get permission to purchase a power plant

问题3

A、managerial practices

B、technical innovativeness

C、financial goals

D、business vision

问题4

A、Entergy's capacity to fulfill all its promises

B、the mature of states' patchwork regulations

C、the federal authority over nuclear issues

D、the limits of states' power over nuclear issues

问题5

A、Entergy's business elsewhere might be affected

B、the authority of the NRC will be defied

C、Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application

D、Vermont's reputation might be damaged

4、In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound. Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher's me, here, now becomes the community's anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point. Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated. In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other's reasoning and each other's conceptions of reason.”

 1.According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its（  ）.2.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires （  ）.  3.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it （  ）.  4.Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that （  ）.  5.Which of the following would be the best title of the test? 

问题1

A、uncertainty and complexity

B、misconception and deceptiveness

C、logicality and objectivity

D、systematicness and regularity

问题2

A、strict inspection

B、shared efforts

C、individual wisdom

D、persistent innovation

问题3

A、has attracted the attention of the general public

B、has been examined by the scientific community

C、has received recognition from editors and reviewers

D、has been frequently quoted by peer scientists

问题4

A、scientific claims will survive challenges

B、discoveries today inspire future research

C、efforts to make discoveries are justified

D、scientific work calls for a critical mind

问题5

A、Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.

B、Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.

C、Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.

D、Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.

5、If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America's public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions' thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain's Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state's budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care. In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous. Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones. As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.

1.It can be learned from the first paragraph that（  ）.2.Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2? 3.It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is（  ）.  4.The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions （  ）.  5.John Donahue's attitude towards the public-sector system is one of （  ）.

问题1

A、Teamsters still have a large body of members

B、Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant

C、unions have enlarged their public-sector membership

D、the government has improved its relationship with unionists

问题2

A、Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.

B、Education is required for public-sector union membership.

C、Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.

D、Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.

问题3

A、illegally secured

B、indirectly augmented

C、excessively increased

D、fairly adjusted

问题4

A、often run against the current political system

B、can change people's political attitudes

C、may be a barrier to public-sector reforms

D、are dominant in the government

问题5

A、disapproval

B、appreciation

C、tolerance

D、indifference

1、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:B;第3题:A;第4题:C;第5题:D;

试题解析：

1.应选［D］。考查考生识别重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）第一自然段第二句提到同龄人压力往往导致负面的事情，譬如酗酒、吸毒和随意性行为。（2）选项［D］中的“undesirable behaviors”是对原文“no good”的具体化表达，也是对“drinking, drugs and casual sex”这些具体内容的概括总结。此外，题干中的“often”对应原文中的“usually”。（3）从本文的宏观语境来看，文内提出了解决不良社会行为的方案，而且“behaviors”是文内一个重要的概念（文章侧重的重点）。［D］选项中“cause”对应“lead to”。综合这些线索的信息，选项［D］最佳。

2. 应选［B］。考查考生识别重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）根据题干中的“Rosenberg holds”和“public advocates”等提示语，可定位在第三段。（2）根据该段最后一句，“罗森伯格提出的观点令人信服”，“公共健康宣传应该师从于广告商（ought to take a page from advertisers） ”，因为“广告商在应用同龄人压力方面十分老练（so skilled at applying peer pressure）”。其中，“take a page from sb.”是隐喻用法，意思是“效仿某人”。（3）根据后置定语“so skilled at applying peer pressure”，可推出广告人善于应用同龄人压力，而公共宣传人员需要向他们学习。（4）第三段中，罗森伯格批评了公共运动中存在的问题，那么就应该是提供解决问题的对策和建议，而解决 问题便需要“认知问题、分析问题”。“认知”是考虑选项的一个线索。综合这些线索的信息，选项［B］ 最佳。

3.应选［A］。考查考生识别和概括重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）根据题干中的“book fails”定位在第四段的第一句。接下来指出了书中的不足：“很多不相干的细节”（much irrelevant detail），没有充分探讨同龄人压力的社会和生理因素。（2）选项［A］中的“probe”是原文中的“exploration”的同义释义。（3）从本文的宏观语境来看，文内提出了解决不良社会行为的方案，那么自然应该对造成问题的原因或因素进行分析，这是英语篇章结构常见的写作思路。综合这些线索的信息，选项［A］最佳。

4.应选［C］。考查考生识别和概括重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）第五段最后一句提到“这是同龄人压力的一个微妙之处：我们会在不知不觉中效仿一些日常所见的行为”。（2）选项［C］中的“without our realizing it”和原文中的“unconsciously”为同义释义。（3）从本文的宏观语境来看，作者在文中使用了反衬法：罗森伯格对社会问题某些方面观察敏锐，但没有认知到某些明显的（glaring）方面。从而暗示了某些社会问题（包括imitation of behaviors）的发生并没有被人们意识到。综合这些线索的信息，选项［C］为最佳选项。

5.应选［D］。考查考生识别作者态度和评价的能力。
【试题解析】题干询问作者对同龄人压力效果的看法和评价。（1）在最后一段，作者提到了专家和官员们选择同龄人群体以指导公共运动，并对其有效程度（effectiveness）提出了质疑。之后，使用了一个学校的例子进行论证，说明效果欠佳（never really works）。换言之，就同龄人压力的影响，许多因素尚不确定。（2）从本文的宏观语境来看，作者在文中反复透露出对于同龄人压力问题探讨的尝试性和不确定的语气，如作者使用了“can, possibly, seems”等词表达。第五段中作者毫不否认同龄人之间的影响，但是对同龄人压力的影响力持怀疑态度。综合这些线索的信息，选项［D］为最佳选择。

2、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:A;第3题:B;第4题:D;第5题:C;第6题:B;第7题:D;第8题:B;第9题:A;第10题:B;第11题:A;第12题:C;第13题:C;第14题:D;第15题:A;第16题:C;第17题:A;第18题:C;第19题:D;第20题:D;

试题解析：

1.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题所在的句子有两个空。根据第二个空的选项可以判断空格所在的句子是一个复合句。后半句说法官和政客一样，所以，可以推断出前半句的意思应该是法官不能维护自己作为法律守护者的正当角色。（2）根据常识，法院应该“维护”法律的公正和合法性。据此，［B］最佳。
2.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺一个连词，表达两个分句的关系。“法官们与政客同流一样”，推导出结论“法院就不能捍卫（cannot maintain）自己作为法律卫士的权威”。（2）“when”看似是一种时间关系，实际上在这里表示一种条件关系，含义为“如果”。（3）本文整体上使用了假设和推测的语气，例如文中使用了 “cannot, likely, will, must”等表达。综合这些线索，选项［A］最佳。
3.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺谓语动词，含义为“某些……法院声誉的行为方式”，即法官的所作所为“损害” 了法庭的声誉。（2）下文第二段中斯卡利法官在政治性场合露面，让人们觉得法院裁定不是那么的独立， 说明法院的声誉已经受到了损害。综合这些线索，选项［B］最佳。
4.应选［D］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺在“make it less likely that...”从句中，“it”为形式宾语。含义为“法官现身政治场合会使法院的判决被……公正无私的可能性降低”，即法官参与政治，人们不再相信法庭的公正。（2）本文侧重法律的主观角度，例如“envision（as）; was designed; seen as”等。综合这些线索，选项［D］最佳。
5.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺部分为过去分词作谓语。本段举例法官在政治性场合露面，损害了法院的声誉，然后分析问题产生的原因：“出现这种情况的部分原因是法官不受伦理道德准则的约束。”（2）根据最后一段，作者建议“法官遵守行为道德规范”。（3）“bound”的原形是“bind”，常含有“法定约束力”的含义。故此，［C］最佳。
6.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺形容词作“make”的补语，即“make itself...”。（2）关于法官遵守行为规范的字眼在本文中多次提及，也是一个重点概念。（3）“subject”侧重于某种因果关系和影响力，而本文就是侧重于法官行为的影响，而且“subject”是一个正式用语。综合这些信息，［B］最佳。
7.应选［D］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺动词作谓语，即“行为规范”（code of conduct） “适用于”“其他的人员”。（2）从段落的写作话题看，先从法官斯卡利着手，转到各位法官，再转到其他人员。作者认为这些人都必须遵守行为规范。而且，文章的中心议题谈论法律问题，“适用”这个表述吻合于全文的语域。综合这些信息，选项［D］最佳。
8.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺谓语动词，即“这些情况……问题”。（2）本段落承上启下，总结了上文法官参与政治场合的事例，引发了下文深层话题的探讨，即法院和政治的关系。（3） “raise”一词词义较为丰富，含有“举起；增加；引起”，在引申含义中常含有因果关系。从搭配上看，“raise the question”很通顺。鉴于此， 选项［B］最佳。
9.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺部分在介词“of”的宾语从句中，从句连词“whether”，即对法官参与政治活动、对政法混淆的行为提出质疑。（2）下文主要分析的是政治和法律的界限，文中多次出现了“分离”（apart from）概念。（3） “line”在此可作为引申含义，可用于“a line between A and B”中。综合这些信息，［A］最佳。
10.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺一个介词，与“envisioned”构成搭配，即“将法律设想为……”。（2）从上下文作者使用这个结构的构思看，文中有“accept... as; seen... as”等类似的结构，“as”侧重于看待问题的角度和方式。鉴于此，［B］最佳。
11.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺一个连词，据空前分句，“宪法制定者给法官永久的职位”，而空后分句说“他们就不用去钻营政治”，两者之间明显为因果关系。（2）从本段的语境看，主要使用的也是因果关系。因此，［A］最佳。
12.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺动词，表明法官对待当权者的做法。（2）据上一题分析，法官具有独立于政治的超然地位，因而不受当权者的干预和摆布。因而可以没有顾忌地去挑战权威。据此，［C］最佳。
13.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺不定式短语，作“need”的定语。即“有了这种地位做保障，也就不需要再挖空心思去培养政治上的支持。”（2）连词“and”表达前后语义的顺承关系。“可以挑战当权者”，换言之，也就是“无须取得、培养政治的支持”。鉴于此，选项［C］最佳。
14.应选［D］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺过去分词作表语。即“法律与政治如此……”。（2）根据句子，“我们法制系统旨在将政治与法律相分隔，因为它们彼此联系太紧密。”（3）从全文看，主要谈论的焦点就是“法律和政治的关系”。综合这些信息，选项［D］最佳，“tied”在此为引申含义。
15.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺一个名词，作介词“in”的宾语。根据原文，“宪法植根于对自由和财产等社会基本概念的选择”。该词受到“social”以及“like liberty and property”的修饰和限制。（2）空缺的语义与下文的“ideological”（意识形态的）照应。（3）“concept”在逻辑学上指对同类事物的实例经归纳、分析后所形成的概念，一般不包括事物的具体细节而仅反映其一般或本质的属性而已。在一般用法中，指某事物的具体事项经归纳、概括而形成的并广为接受的观念、思想。放在这个空缺中，是十分恰当的。但是，“conception”虽然可作“concept”的替换词，强调的却是运用个人的思维能力或想象力将尚未成熟或完善的看法明确起来，形成概念，并多少带有个人的感情色彩，因而常指某种特有的看法。结合这些线索，选项［A］最佳。
16.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺设计在一个长难句中，“it…”（法院……）修饰“the law”。既考查考生理解整个句子含义的能力，又考查考生识别代词“it”的指代能力。（2）根据上文，“宪法具有政治性，因为它基于观念形成的法律难免具有政治色彩”。本句进行进一步解释，“当法院处理社会决策的判决时，法院会影响法律的实施”。（3）根据篇章开头，“法院维护法律条文的合法性（maintain its legitimacy）”。综合这些信息，选项［C］最佳。
17.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺所在的句子为由“which”引导的定语从句，修饰前面整个主句；定语从句中“why”引导表语从句，从句的主谓“decisions...are so easily...as unjust”，含义为“这就是为何因思想路线相左而产生的分歧的判断会被……为不公正”。（2） “dismiss…as”含义为“因认为某事不重要、不真实等而不予理会”。（3）本空的词义与第四题的“accepted”构成反义词，与上下文中“question”（疑问）和 “doubts”（怀疑）构成反义照应。综合这些线索，选项［A］最佳。
18.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺谓语动词，句子意思为法官必须如何消除人们对法院裁定合理性的怀疑。（2） 篇章中心议题句（全文第一句）：“最高法院法官的道德判断已经成为严重的问题”，据英语文化思维，文章应该提出解决问题的手段。因此，选项［C］最佳。
19.应选［D］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺形容词作补语，“making themselves...”，且形容词与介词“to”构成搭配。（2）本题与上一题同出一辙，“法官必须解决人们的怀疑”（上一题），而方式是“使自己对行为准则负责”。（3） 本题与上文“the justices are not bound by an ethics code”（第五题），以及“make itself subject to the code of conduct”（第六题）具有很好的照应关系。综合这些信息，［D］最佳。
20.应选［D］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺一个副词短语，在“would make”的补语中，有两个补语“seen”和“convincing”。 考生既要理顺这些关系，又要理清句内和上文各意群的关系。“that”指代“法官要使自己遵守行为规范，以处理外界对法律界的怀疑”。本句分析这种做法的结果和影响，“使判决独立于政治影响（separate from politics）”，“因此”，“作为法律有说服力”（convincing as law）。这些意群间为因果分析关系。（2）本文大量使用了因果关系，这也为本空提供了选择线索。选项［D］最佳。

3、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:A;第4题:D;第5题:A;

试题解析：

1.应选［C］。考查考生根据上下文推测词汇含义的能力。
【试题解析】（1）根据短文，该公司说话显然不是一言九鼎。换言之，公司违背承诺。（2）这家公司 “拒绝遵守规定的承诺”当然会引起人们的愤怒。（3）第二段第一句陈述，公司的所作所为与承诺相反。全文其实都在评论该公司不履行承诺，尤其是全文最后一个句子的照应，即“哪些诺言还靠得住”。综合这些线索的信息，选项［C］最佳。

2.应选［D］。考查考生识别重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题定位在第三段，而不要受到第四段第一句中的“intended”的影响，找错了出处。（2）第二段说：公司于2002年购买了佛蒙特州仅有的一家核电站，当时公司同意在2012年以后，需要获得州监管部门的批准才能继续运行。因为获得州政府的批准是这项采购案的一项条件。（3）文中反复说经营核电厂需要获得官方的准许。这些信息对本题的选择也提供了线索。综合这些信息，选项［D］为最佳选择。

3.应选［A］。考查考生识别重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）定位在第四自然段，该段主要谈论了安特吉公司存在的问题。（2）在第四段提到：一系列的事故引起了人们对于佛蒙特扬基运行安全和公司管理的强烈质疑。（3）文中反复提到了关于电厂的经营字眼。这些信息对本题的选择也提供了线索。综合这些信息，选项［A］最佳。

4.应选［D］。考查考生识别重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）直接定位在第五自然段，该段第二句陈述：借用法律学者的话说，佛蒙特州的情况将为……提供一个先例，检验这些权力能扩展到何种程度。换言之，就是法律权限的问题。（2）文中提到该公司挑战法律的起因是，签订合同之后，联邦政府又给出了新的规定。因此，公司随即反悔，不履行原先与州政府的协定。那么，这个案件的确就州政府的规定范围提出了检验。而且，作者亦陈述，“可能产生联邦政府法律和州政府法规的‘补丁式’管理”。综合这些信息，选项［D］最佳。

5.应选［A］。考查考生根据原文信息进行推理的能力。
【试题解析】（1）直接定位在第六自然段，最后一段开头用“seems”引出一个似是而非的观点，然后通过“But”一词转折指出：“会有一些严重后果”。最后又说，当核管理委员会（NRC）审查公司的申请的时候，NRC应该记住“安特吉公司哪些承诺还靠得住。”（2）从最后一段谈论的篇幅来看，作者主要并不侧重公司的声誉、核研究会的权威等，而是谈论该公司受到影响的生意。综合这些线索，选项［A］最佳。

4、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:B;第3题:B;第4题:D;第5题:C;

试题解析：

1.应选［A］。考查考生识别重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）定位于原文第一段第二句，“发现之旅通常模糊不定且错综复杂”。其中，选项［A］中的“uncertainty and complexity”与原文“ambiguous and complicated”为同义转换。（2）从篇章的一致性来看，第二段中作者指出“发现只是雏形，需要经历一个漫长的过程才变得成熟”，第三段指出“发现必须受到团体的审视”，第四段指出“发现过程中存在‘悖论’”，所有这些内容都表明发现过程的“复杂性和不确定性”。鉴于此，［A］最佳。

2.应选［B］。考查考生根据文章做出推理的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题定位在第二段，据段后两个句子，取信过程“需要集体审核和接受才能成为成熟的发现”（it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance），需要经历“从个别”（me, here, now）转变为“集体” （anyone, anywhere, anytime）。强调的是集体的努力。（2）根据第三段，作者重申了“团体”（community） 在科学“取信过程”的作用。（3）篇末提到“我们共同推理、质疑、修改并相互完善彼此的推理和推理概念” （reason together, each other）。综合这些信息，选项［B］是最好的推测。

3.应选［B］。考查考生概括原文细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）根据题干和选项的设置应该定位在第三段的三、四两句。第三句介绍科学界各种人物角色在“取信过程”中的作用：研究者做出新的发现→编辑和审稿人员通过控制发表程序把关→其他科学家使用这个新的发现→公众（包括其他科学家）接受。第四句随即补充，“由个体发现申明变为集体发现申明”。（2）根据第四段，“新发现总受到挑战和可能的修订或排斥（open to challenge and potential modification or refutation）”。综合这些信息，选项［B］最佳。

4.应选［D］。考查考生识别文章重要细节的能力。
【试题解析】（1）定位在第四段末，科学发现需要“观察每个人观察的，思考没有人思考的”（seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought）。（2）在原文中其他地方也留下了一些线索，“科研需要审核”（第二段），暗示科研中需要的批判思想；“挑战、修订和驳斥”（challenge, modification, refutation）这些环节也需要批判性的头脑。综合这些信息，选项［D］最佳。

5.应选［C］。考查考生理解文章主旨大意的能力。
【试题解析】本文中心内容是介绍取信过程（credibility process）。文章首先说明科学发现中存在着很多主观性，接着作者指出，要解决科学研究的主观性需要经过取信过程。第三段详细介绍了取信的具体步骤。第四段指出科学发现中的两个矛盾：科学创新要受到不断的检验和完善，也需要花时间才能被人接受。通过以上程序以后，科学发现才变得可信，因此，选项［C］最佳。

5、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:B;第4题:C;第5题:A;

试题解析：

1.应选［C］。考查考生根据文章推理的能力。
【试题解析】（1）第一段第二句提到，“美国政府职员加入工会的比例由以前的10%提高到了现在的36%”。第三句提到，“2009年美国公共部门里的工会人员超过了私营部门的工会成员”。（2）第二段第一句提到，“公共部门工会的势力壮大”。鉴于此，选项［C］最佳。

2.应选［D］。考查考生识别文章重要细节的能力。
【试题解析】（1）第二段分析的是公共部门势力壮大的原因。（2）其中的一个原因分析提到，“公务员们参加工会是因为即便参加罢工也不会带来严重后果”。换言之，也就是说工会举行的罢工不会惹麻烦。鉴于此，选项［D］最佳。

3.应选［B］。考查考生识别文章重要细节的能力。
【试题解析】（1）题目定位于第四段。原文提到，“真正的收入还通过福利等方式获得”（come in benefits and work practices），“某些政客‘变相提高’待遇”（backloaded），“虽然压低了工资，但增加了假日和养老金”。换言之，收入“变相地、非直接地”增加了。（2）本题可以看作一个词义推测题，命题围绕着对“backload”一词的推测和理解。鉴于此，选项［B］最佳。

4.应选［C］。考查考生把握论据和论点关系的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题定位在第六段。该段的重点句指出，“其他人付出的代价越来越大，政治家们开始施压（进行改革）”。接着，“威斯康星州各工会集合大批支持者反对州长”。由此可见，作者意在借此例表明工会阻碍了应有的改革。（2）关于工会改革构成阻力的话题，第五自然段第一句就谈到了。鉴于此， 选项［C］最佳。

5.应选［A］。考查考生把握文内观点和态度的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题定位在全文最后一段。（2）约翰•唐纳修对公共服务体系持有批评态度，因为这个体系鼓励平庸，打击先进，而且个别人薪酬特别高。这些给美国社会带来了很大的问题。鉴于此，选项［A］最佳。