2013年201英语（一）考研真题答案及解析

本文提供2013年201英语（一）考研真题答案及解析，以下为具体内容

1、People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that （1） the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by （2） factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big （3） was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. （4）, he theorised that a judge （5） of appearing too soft （6） crime might be more likely to send someone to prison （7） he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To （8） this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the （9） of an applicant should not depend on the few others （10） randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was （11）.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews （12） by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had （13） applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale （14） numerous factors into consideration. The scores were （15） used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is （16） out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsonh found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one （17） that, then the score for the next applicant would（18） by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to （19） the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been（20）.

问题1

A、grants

B、submits

C、transmits

D、delivers

问题2

A、minor

B、objective

C、crucial

D、external

问题3

A、issue

B、vision

C、picture

D、moment

问题4

A、For example

B、On average

C、In principle

D、Above all

问题5

A、fond

B、fearful

C、capable

D、thoughtless

问题6

A、in

B、on

C、to

D、for

问题7

A、if

B、until

C、though

D、unless

问题8

A、promote

B、emphasize

C、share

D、test

问题9

A、decision

B、quality

C、status

D、success

问题10

A、chosen

B、studied

C、found

D、identified

问题11

A、exceptional

B、defensible

C、replaceable

D、otherwise

问题12

A、inspired

B、expressed

C、conducted

D、secured

问题13

A、assigned

B、rated

C、matched

D、arranged

问题14

A、put

B、got

C、gave

D、took

问题15

A、instead

B、then

C、ever

D、rather

问题16

A、selected

B、passed

C、marked

D、introduced

问题17

A、before

B、after

C、above

D、below

问题18

A、jump

B、float

C、drop

D、fluctuate

问题19

A、achieve

B、undo

C、maintain

D、disregard

问题20

A、promising

B、possible

C、necessary

D、helpful

2、In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn't affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant's sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn't be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline's three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don't advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world's answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan's The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste. Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can't be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can't afford not to.

1.Priestly criticizes her assistant for her（  ）.2.According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to （  ）.  3.The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to （  ）.  4.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?　5.What is the subject of the text?

问题1

A、poor bargaining skill

B、insensitivity to fashion

C、obsession with high fashion

D、lack of imagination

问题2

A、combat unnecessary waste

B、shut out the feverish fashion world

C、resist the influence of advertisements

D、shop for their garments more frequently　　

问题3

A、accusation　　

B、enthusiasm　　

C、indifference　　

D、tolerance　　

问题4

A、Vanity has more often been found in idealists.　　

B、The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.　　

C、People are more interested in unaffordable garments.　　

D、Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.　　

问题5

A、Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.　　

B、Challenge to a high-fashion myth.　　

C、Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.　　

D、Exposure of a mass-market secret.

3、An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT; Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with windows 8, would have DNT as a default.Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They'll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft's default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?

1.It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to（  ）.2.“The industry” (Line 4, Para.3) refers to （  ）.  3.Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default（  ）.4.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?5.The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of（  ）.

问题1

A、ease competition among themselves

B、lower their operational costs

C、avoid complaints from consumers

D、provide better online services

问题2

A、online advertisers

B、e-commerce conductors

C、digital information analysis

D、internet browser developers

问题3

A、may cut the number of junk ads

B、fails to affect the ad industry

C、will not benefit consumers

D、goes against human nature

问题4

A、DNT may not serve its intended purpose.

B、Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.

C、DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.

D、Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.

问题5

A、indulgence

B、understanding

C、appreciation

D、skepticism

4、Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely — though by no means uniformly — glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years — so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN), and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.

1.Our vision of the future used to be inspired by（  ）.2.The IUCN's “Red List” suggests that human beings are （  ）.  3.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?4.To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to （  ）.  5.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

问题1

A、our desire for lives of fulfillment

B、our faith in science and technology

C、our awareness of potential risks

D、our belief in equal opportunity

问题2

A、a sustained species

B、a threat to the environment

C、the world's dominant power

D、a misplaced race

问题3

A、Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.

B、Technology offers solutions to social problem.

C、The interest in science fiction is on the rise.

D、Our immediate future is hard to conceive.

问题4

A、explore our planet's abundant resources

B、adopt an optimistic view of the world

C、draw on our experience from the past

D、curb our ambition to reshape history

问题5

A、Uncertainty about Our Future

B、Evolution of the Human Species

C、The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind

D、Science, Technology and Humanity

5、On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration's effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That's because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona's laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.

1.Three provisions of Arizona's plan were overturned because they（  ）.2.On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?3.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts （  ）.  4.The White House claims that its power of enforcement （  ）.  5.What can be learned from the last paragraph?

问题1

A、deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers

B、disturbed the power balance between different states

C、overstepped the authority of federal immigration law

D、contradicted both the federal and state policies

问题2

A、Federal officers' duty to withhold immigrants' information.

B、States' independence from federal immigration law.

C、States' legitimate role in immigration enforcement.

D、Congress's intervention in immigration enforcement.

问题3

A、violated the Constitution

B、undermined the states' interests

C、supported the federal statute

D、stood in favor of the states

问题4

A、outweighs that held by the states　

B、is dependent on the states' support

C、is established by federal statutes　

D、rarely goes against state laws

问题5

A、Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.　

B、Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.

C、Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.

D、The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.

1、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:A;第5题:B;第6题:B;第7题:A;第8题:D;第9题:D;第10题:A;第11题:D;第12题:C;第13题:B;第14题:D;第15题:B;第16题:C;第17题:A;第18题:C;第19题:B;第20题:C;

试题解析：

1.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺在“that”定语从句中作谓语，即“(优势)……(做出判断的)能力”。（2）根据上文，“做决定考虑背景信息”，而根据本句，“背景信息可能给予人们做出无偏见判断的能力”。（3）选项 ［A］grants 的英语解释为“give (a right, power, property, ability, etc.) formally or legally to”，侧重“正式性或合理性”，正好下文“judgments”的含义为合理和合法的裁判。因此，选项［A］最佳。
2.应选［D］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺形容词修饰“factors”。（2）本句的意思为“不考虑背景信息可能是优势，由于不会受到……因素的影响”。这里的“背景信息”应该理解为“外部”因素。鉴于此，选项［D］最佳。
3.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词义色彩
【试题解析】（1）空缺为名词，即“to consider the big...”。（2）本句的意思为“不能考虑大环境（背景、情形）让决策者受日常处理的信息样本的影响”。（3）句中“an inability to consider the big picture”与上文的“poor at considering background information”为同义解释关系。鉴于此，选项［C］最佳。
4.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺一个副词在句首，表达句间起承关系。（2）上文提到“Simonsohn推测（speculated），不考虑背景会受到日常信息样本的影响”，这是某种观点；下文的“法官”“被告”等都是为了举例说明上文的观点。据此，选项［A］最佳。
5.应选［B］。考点：句子理解+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺形容词修饰“judge”。（2）句子的意思为“法官……在罪行面前表现得太过于手软，很有可能将下一个被告送入监狱”。鉴于此，［B］最佳。
6.应选［B］。考点：句子理解+小品词
【试题解析】（1）据句内逻辑关系，原文“a judge…of appearing too soft…crime”的意思为“在对待犯罪行为方面害怕表现得太过手软”。（2）比较四个选项，［B］侧重于某种“看法、观点或态度”，含有“针对、对着”的含义，最能与“soft”（软弱）共同出现。鉴于此，选项［B］最佳。
7.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺部分为连词，连接两个分句。（2）根据原文，“在一天内对五六名被告只宣判了 强制社区服务的惩罚”，那么“有可能将下一个人送进监狱”。（3）根据上下文的线索，这个句子本身只是某种假设和观点。鉴于此，选项［A］最佳。
8.应选［D］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺动词，宾语为“idea”。（2）空缺部分是承上启下的表达，据上文，提出了“未能考虑大局会导致决策者受日常处理信息的干扰而带有偏见”，这是“idea”的所指。据下文，“在大学录取过程中寻找证据”，其目的是为了说明或“验证、证明”上文的观点。（3）本文的语境提供的是“观点的提出和观点的求证”。综合这些信息，选项［D］最佳。
9.应选［D］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺作主语，谓语为“depend on the few others”，即“申请人的……不应该取决于其 他申请人的成绩”。（2）根据下文，研究了“面试的成绩”（the results of...interviews），本题空缺也应该是“结果、成绩、成功”的含义。（3）据常识判断，申请或面试等获得的应该是“被选择”或“获得成功”。鉴于此，选项［D］最佳。
10.应选［A］。考点：句子含义+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺过去分词，修饰“others”，又被副词“randomly”（随机地）修饰空缺之后“for interview”表达分词的目的。句子的意思为：“某一申请人的成绩取决于随机地……的其他申请人（的成绩）”。（2）段落的话题文眼为“大学录取过程”，据常识“录取本身就是选择（合格者）”的过程。（3）副词 “randomly”（随机地）与“chosen”（选择）构成通顺的语义搭配。鉴于此，选项［A］最佳。
11.应选［D］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺为形容词，作“was”的表语。（2）根据上文，“理论上，一个申请者的成绩不应该取决于其他人的成绩”，之后转折（but）。根据下文，一位申请者的成绩不但取决于其他申请者，而且还影响其他申请者的成绩。说明空缺表达与上文相反的判断。故选项［D］最佳。
12.应选［C］。考点：逻辑关系+小品词使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺过去分词衔接的是“招生负责人”与“面试”，即“招生负责人……面试”。（2）根据常识，“招生负责人”“执行做动作”是“面试”。（3）根据上文，“招生录取过程（university-admissions process）”，空缺需要一个“连续性”的动作，而非一次性的动作。鉴于此，选项［C］最佳。
13.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺谓语动词，“面试者……申请者”。若脱离语境选择，四个备选项都可接受。（2）根据句子，状语“按照1至5个等级”，那么就是对申请人进行评级（评分）。（3）下文主要侧重的是“score”（得分）。综合这些线索，选项［B］最佳。
14.应选［D］。考点：句子理解+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺需要动词，与“into consideration”构成搭配关系。根据句子，“考核等级考虑了许多因素”。（2）本文在其他地方反复强调了“考虑”这个概念，比如第一段的“considering”等。因此，选项［D］最佳。
15.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+介词搭配
【试题解析】（1）空缺需要副词承接上文内容。（2）上文介绍了评分等级涉及许多因素，下文讲的是，“平时学校的考核得分等级，再结合GMAT成绩，以做出决定”。这之间是某种一致意义的时间先后的承接关系。因此，选项［B］最佳。
16.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺过去分词，描述标准化考试的评分情况。“考试”与“分数”之间首选“评分”。（2）上文已经给出了明显的线索，比如“rated, score, points”等用词。因此，选项［C］最佳。
17.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺介词，关键要理解空缺后“that”的明确指代。（2）句子的意思是“如果前一位申请者的分数比再前一位申请者的分数高出0.75分或更多”。空缺前的“that”指代“the score”，空缺后的 “that”指代“candidate”。据此，“前一位”（previous）受到了影响，说明之前还有一位申请者。（3）下文 “下一位申请者”（the next applicant）说明，几位申请人为一个时间前后关系上的排列。综合这些线索，选项［A］最佳。
18.应选［C］。考点：句子含义+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺部分是一个谓语动词，主语为“the score for the next applicant”。（2）根据上文，上一位申请者的得分会影响下一位申请人；再根据下文“下一位申请人的分数平均会降低”。那么，本空含义就是“分数会降低”。故此，选项［C］最佳。
19.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空格在不定式短语中，即“to…the effects of such a decrease”。（2）综合上下文考虑，“这个分差听起来微乎其微”，但是分差不大，会带来不利的影响，因此，对这种不利的影响是需要消除或者抵消的。（3）上文出现了分差的问题，那么下文一定要提供解决的手段。综合这些推测，选项［B］ 最佳。
20.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺是一个形容词，作“have been”的表语。（2）根据原文，“为了消除分差”，“需要”多考出“原来不需要”的分数。就句子的一致性而言，“ than”比较关系的焦点是“必要性”（need），而且情态动词“would”也表达了强烈的语气。综合这些信息，选项［C］最佳。

2、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:D;第3题:A;第4题:D;第5题:C;

试题解析：

1.应选［B］。考查考生把握文章重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题可以定位在第一段。根据文章，“最流行的时尚对她没有影响”(high fashion doesn't affect her)。（2）作者反复强调了消费者的意识问题，说明作者谈论的重点是对时尚的意识和在意。（3）篇章谈论的主题是“快速时尚”，选项［B］与中心相关。鉴于此，［B］最佳。

2.应选［D］。考查考生把握文章重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题可以定位在第二自然段，根据文章，“蛊惑看重款式的消费者把衣服看作一次性（disposable）产品”，“几个星期（every few weeks）就更新衣柜里的衣服”。（2）作者在第四段又强调，快速时尚像快餐，不能持久（non-durable）。根据这些信息，可以推理出大众市场品牌促使消费者反复购物。 鉴于此，［D］最佳。

3.应选［A］。考查考生在语境中推测词义的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题直接定位在第二自然段。换言之，考生需要分析克莱恩对快速时尚的态度（indictment of “fast fashion”）。（2）根据下文，克莱恩认为，快速时尚“蛊惑注重款式的消费者把衣服看作一次性产品”，“劫持了时尚周期"（hijacked fashion cycles）。（3）根据第四段，作者比较了快餐和快速时尚， “不长久且浪费” （non-durable, wasteful）。（4）从“ indictment”的构词分析，前缀“in-”加强语气，词根 “-diet-”含义为“说”；选项［A］中“accusation”的词根“-cuse-”（curse，诅咒）可以对应。考虑这些线索，选项 ［A］最佳。

4.应选［D］。考查考生据文义做出判断和推理的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题可以定位在第六自然段。（2）考虑作者的写作目的：快速时尚业“努力控制产品对劳力和环境的影响”，因为“依赖廉价劳工、枯竭资源以及存在有害化学物质”，而且“造成浪费”。据此， “关注环保”是文章的主要侧重点。（3）在解决环保问题时，“自制和设计衣服”显然对多数人不现实（第五段），企业的努力也不能长期维持，那么解决的方案着眼点在消费者（第六段：Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer）。但是，消费者也许无法自持，因为有虚荣心。所以，只有通过定价，才能抑制消费（只有当人们买不起的时候去商店的次数自然而然就会减少）。（4）作者在第三、四段 分析快速时尚时，反复点明了其价格低廉的特点。综合这些信息，选项［D］是最合理的推理。

5.应选［C］。考查考生把握全文中心议题的能力。
【试题解析】（1）从中心词概念、情感评价和写作思路三个角度分析。（2）全文中心谈论的是时尚，准确地说是“快速时尚”，文中有“fast fashion, quickly，quicker, on-trend items，fashion cycles，non-durable等表达方式。而且，文章中的字里行间流露出对于“快速时尚”的批判态度。（3）第三、四段讨论了“快速时尚”的不良影响，最后两个段落提出了解决建议。综合这些信息，［C］是文章最好的标题。

3、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:A;第5题:D;

试题解析：

1.应选［B］。考查考生把握文章重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题可以定位在第一自然段。（2）根据第一句，“许多人都认为，广告成本中的一半被浪费了”（half ...are wasted）。根据第二句，“在网络年代，被浪费的费用可以被大大减少”。由此可以推理出，互联网的“行为”可以帮助减少运营成本。就提供的四个备选项，［B］是最恰当的。

2.应选［D］。考查考生对文章重要信息的识别能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题定位在第三自然段。即“今年2月，FTC和数字广告联盟（DAA）达成了一致意见：从业者将加快回应‘不允许跟踪’的请求”。若只分析这个句子，那么，四个备选项代入皆可接受。但是，再看上文，“微软浏览器、谷歌浏览器都提供‘不允许跟踪’的选择”。据此可知，这个层次分析的是“浏览器开发商会马上做出反应”。（2）第三段具体阐释了微软率先行动，说明第三、四段主要谈论关于浏览器开发商的信息。据此，选项［D］最佳。

3.应选［C］。考查考生把握文章重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题定位在第五自然段。（2）根据原文，“人性使然，多数人不会主动打开DNT选项”，那么“无法跟踪用户的需求”。对此，林尔德斯进行的评价，“消费者处于更加不利的境地”“广告越来越没有意义，越来越缺乏针对性”（less meaningful, less targeted ads）。这种情况对消费者也不利。（3） 第二自然段，作者就已经埋下了伏笔，“ ‘行为’广告的价值”（the value…information）。根据这些信息，选项［C］最佳。

4.应选［A］。考查考生根据文章进行合理推断的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题可定位在第五段。（2）根据第三段，“FTC建议增加DNT选项，目的是用户告知广告商自己不愿意被跟踪”。这是建议设置DNT的初衷。（3）根据第六段，建议并“不强迫任何人停止跟踪”（does not oblige anyone to stop tracking）。有些广告商“可能无法识别某些人真正不愿意被跟踪，也无法识别某些人没有打开DNT”，某些商家仍然我行我素（press on anyway）。综合这些信息，选项［A］最佳。

5.应选［D］。考查考生理解作者态度和评价的能力。
【试题解析】（1）定位在最后两个句子。（2）林尔德斯说，“消费者有更多的控制力”，作者评价说“真有那么简单吗”。（3）根据第七段主题句，“微软我行我素的原因不清楚（unclear）”。之后，作者进行了三个方面的陈述：微软有广告业、无法保证DNT成为行业标准以及DNT不是卖点，目的都是为了表达作者的怀疑。（4）第二段作者埋下伏笔行为“广告是有争议的”，第五段提到了“人性使然，多数人不会打开DNT”等。总之，作者对消费者操作DNT的能力持有怀疑态度。因此，［D］最佳。

4、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:A;第3题:D;第4题:C;第5题:C;

试题解析：

1.应选［B］。考查考生识别重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）题干中“used to be”（过去常常）限定了时间期限。定位于第一段，尤其是“Up until a few decades ago”。（2）段中第一句陈述了人们对未来的憧憬整体上很乐观（our visions...were largely …positive）。第二句具体做出了解释：对科技的信任使得人们持有乐观情绪（Science and technology...leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity），尤其是情态动词“would”流露出对科技的信任和相信。（3）文章第五段反复出现了关于科技的字眼，以及第七段重申我们有足够的知识（knowledgeable enough）减少威胁，保持乐观。鉴于此，选项［B］最佳。

2.应选［A］。考查考生识别重要细节信息和推测的能力。
【试题解析】（1）可定位在第三段段末：人类最少关注（Least Concern），分布广（widely distributed），适应性强（adaptable），而且人口（population）尚在增加等。（2）第六、七段重复了这一看法，人类历史悠久，子孙后代泰然生存等。鉴于此，选项［A］最佳。

3.应选［D］。考查考生概括段落大意的能力。
【试题解析】（1）题干明示定位在第五段。段落重点句第一句点明观点：远期未来更容易憧憬（easier to think）。段中其他句子的写作目的是为了分析和论证这个观点。（2）第六、七段都在围绕这个观点展开。反过来，那么“不远将来难以构想”。鉴于此，选项［D］最佳。

4.应选［C］。考查考生识别重要细节信息和推测的能力。
【试题解析】（1）要明确题干询问的是关于未来的探究。可定位于第六段的前两句。我们对遥远的未来比较有把握（assurance），以史为鉴可知未来（the key to the future）。（ 2）从更大的篇章层次看， “deeper appreciation”（第二段）、“forecasts”（第六段）、“knowledgeable”（第七段）等都表达出人类过去认知（experience）的重要性。结合这些内容，选项［C］最佳。

5.应选［C］。考查考生概括文章中心的能力。
【试题解析】（1）从文章的中心词看，文章开门见山提出了人类的憧憬（visions of the future），全文围绕该中心展开。（2）作者在文中字里行间透露出对人类前景的乐观和积极态度。（3）从篇章写作线索来看，第一段陈述了人们过去对未来积极的憧憬，第二段提到了人类面对各种威胁时态度有所改变，而第三段提出从历史角度看，人类不会灭亡。从第四段到第六段，作者就上文乐观和悲观的矛盾观点进行深入分析：从短期看，未来有许多不确定性，但从长期看，前景光明。第七段总结全文并呼应了第一段内容。综合这些信息，选项［C］最佳。

5、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:A;第5题:D;

试题解析：

1.应选［C］。考查考生识别具体信息和推测能力。
【试题解析】（1）定位在第二自然段。根据最后两句，“无可争议的是，只有联邦政府有权力，联邦法优先于州法律”（The Constitutional principles…noncontroversial）。但是，“亚利桑那州的政策越权”。（2）根据第六段，“亚利桑那州与白宫的执法优先权冲突（conflicted with its enforcement）”。根据第七段，“某些权力只属于联邦政府，移民控制权属于此列”（Some powers do belong...）。综合这些信息，选项［C］最佳。

2.应选［C］。考查考生根据文章进行合理推断的能力。
【试题解析】（1）题干提示定位在第四段。根据第四段，“法官的观点是，亚利桑那州就该被允许去执法”（would be allowed...），因为“国会展望联合执法”（envisioned joint... enforcement），而且“鼓励分享与合作”（share, cooperate）。（2）根据第六段，“白宫声称（The White House argued），只要反对就可以将地方法视为无效”，而根据第一段，“法官们一致否决了白宫的主张”。综合这些信息，选项［C］最佳。

3.应选［D］。考查考生识别具体信息和进行推理和引申的能力。
【试题解析】（1）定位在第五段。（2）本段介绍三位支持亚利桑那州移民法的法官，他们在五比三的投票中，投出了那三票“赞同宪法的逻辑（Constitutional logic）”，其中一位“强烈维护各州特权”，这些权力可以追溯到《客籍法和惩治叛乱法》等。由此可知，《客籍法和惩治叛乱法》支持各州的权力。（3）联邦政府和亚利桑那州对峙的焦点就是“privileged powers”。鉴于此，选项［D］最佳。

4.应选［A］。考查考生识别具体细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题可以定位在第六段。根据原文，“白宫认为，就算亚利桑那州法律与联邦法一字不差的完全一致，它与联邦法的执法优先权也是矛盾的”。此外，“白宫声称，只要白宫反对，任何原本合法的地方法律都可以被认定为无效（invalidate）”。（2）根据第七段，联邦政府宣称，“它不想实施国会的意愿，各州政府也不允许这样做（no state should be allowed to do）”。综合这些信息，选项［A］最佳。

5.应选［D］。考查考生识别具体信息和进行推理和引申的能力。
【试题解析】（1）定位在最后一个自然段，尤其该段的最后一个句子。（2）作者先进行了两次让步，第 一次：“某些权力的确属于联邦政府，移民事务理当由联邦政府管理”。第二次：“国会想限制各州权限，完全可以，但从未做过”。两次让步的目的是为了说明联邦政府的真正意图，即“主张自己绝对的执行权”。 换言之，最后一句“法官们合理地否决了联邦政府的主张（rightly rejected this…claim）”。（3）根据第一段，“法官以八比零的投票，否决了联邦政府欲打破权力平衡的努力”。综合这些信息，选项［D］最佳。