2014年201英语（一）考研真题答案及解析

本文提供2014年201英语（一）考研真题答案及解析，以下为具体内容

1、As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember（1）we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain（2）, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.”（3）seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n)（4）impact on our professional, social, and personal（5）.Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It （6）out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental （7）can significantly improve our basic cognitive（8）. Thinking is essentially a （9） of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to （10） in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. （11）, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate （12）  mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step （13） and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental （14）.The Web-based program （15） you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps （16） of your progress and provides detailed feedback （17） your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it （18） modifies and enhances the games you play to （19） on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) （20）  exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use. 

问题1

A、why

B、when

C、that

D、where

问题2

A、improves

B、fades

C、collapses

D、recovers

问题3

A、While

B、Unless

C、Once

D、If

问题4

A、uneven

B、limited

C、damaging

D、obscure

问题5

A、relationship

B、environment

C、wellbeing

D、outlook

问题6

A、turns

B、finds

C、points

D、figures

问题7

A、responses

B、roundabouts

C、workouts

D、associations

问题8

A、genre

B、criterion

C、circumstances

D、functions

问题9

A、channel

B、process

C、sequence

D、condition

问题10

A、excel

B、feature

C、persist

D、believe

问题11

A、However

B、Moreover

C、Otherwise

D、Therefore

问题12

A、instead of

B、regardless of

C、apart from

D、according to

问题13

A、back

B、further

C、aside

D、around

问题14

A、framework

B、stability

C、sharpness

D、flexibility

问题15

A、hurries

B、reminds

C、forces

D、allows

问题16

A、order

B、track

C、hold

D、pace

问题17

A、to

B、on

C、for

D、with

问题18

A、constantly

B、habitually

C、irregularly

D、unusually

问题19

A、carry

B、put

C、build

D、take

问题20

A、risky

B、familiar

C、idle

D、effective

2、In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit—and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker's allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on,” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”—protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don't skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osbomeland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency—permanent dependency if you can get it—supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseeker's allowance” is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at $71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU. 

1.George Osborne's scheme was intended to（  ）.2.The phrase “to sign on”(Paragraph 2) most probably means （  ）.  3.What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?4.According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel （  ）.  5.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

问题1

A、motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily

B、provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits

C、encourage jobseekers, active engagement in job seeking

D、guarantee jobseekers' legitimate right to benefits

问题2

A、to register for an allowance from the government

B、to accept the government's restrictions on the allowance

C、to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre

D、to attend a governmental job-training program

问题3

A、A desire to secure a better life for all.

B、An eagerness to protect the unemployed.

C、An urge to be generous to the claimants.

D、A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.

问题4

A、insulted

B、uneasy

C、enraged

D、guilty

问题5

A、Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.

B、The British welfare system indulges jobseekers' laziness.

C、The jobseekers' allowance has met their actual needs.

D、Osborne's reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.

3、All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession— with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today's average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms' efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow. 

1.A lot of students take up law as their profession due to（  ）.2.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?3.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from （  ）.  4.The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because it （  ）.  5.In this text, the author mainly discusses（  ）.

问题1

A、the growing demand from clients

B、the increasing pressure of inflation

C、the prospect of working in big firms

D、the attraction of financial rewards

问题2

A、Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.

B、Pursuing a bachelor's degree in another major.

C、Admissions approval from the bar association.

D、Receiving training by professional associations.

问题3

A、non-professionals' sharp criticism

B、lawyers' and clients' strong resistance

C、the rigid bodies governing the profession

D、the stem exam for would-be lawyers

问题4

A、prevents lawyers from gaining due profits

B、keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares

C、aggravates the ethical situation in the trade

D、bans outsiders' involvement in the profession

问题5

A、flawed ownership of America's law firms and its causes

B、the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America

C、a problem in America's legal profession and solutions to it

D、the role of undergraduate studies in America's legal education

4、The US $3-million Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What's not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation's limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers, money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.

1.The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as（  ）.2.The critics think that the new awards will most benefit （  ）.  3.The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves （  ）.  4.According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the Nobels?5.The author believes that the new awards are（  ）.

问题1

A、a symbol of the entrepreneurs' wealth

B、a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes

C、a handsome reward for researchers

D、an example of bankers, investments

问题2

A、the profit-oriented scientists

B、the founders of the awards

C、the achievement-based system

D、peer-review-led research

问题3

A、the joint effort of modern researchers

B、controversies over the recipients' status

C、the demonstration of research findings

D、legitimate concerns over the new prizes

问题4

A、History has never cast doubt on them.

B、They are the most representative honor.

C、Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.

D、Their endurance has done justice to them.

问题5

A、harmful to the culture of research

B、acceptable despite the criticism

C、subject to undesirable changes

D、unworthy of public attention

5、“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.” In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission's 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2% years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.

1.According to Paragraph 1, what is the author's attitude toward the AAAS's report?2.Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to（  ）.3.According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests （  ）.  4.The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are （  ）.  5.Which of the following would be the best title for the text? 

问题1

A、Critical.

B、Appreciative.

C、Contemptuous.

D、Tolerant.

问题2

A、safeguard individuals' rights to education

B、define the government's role in education

C、retain people's interest in liberal education

D、keep a leading position in liberal education

问题3

A、an exclusive study of American history

B、a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects

C、the application of emerging technologies

D、funding for the study of foreign languages

问题4

A、supportive of free markets

B、biased against classical liberal ideas

C、cautious about intellectual investigation

D、conservative about public policy

问题5

A、Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”.

B、The AAAS's Contribution to Liberal Education.

C、Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”.

D、Progressive Policy vs. Liberal Education.

1、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:B;第3题:A;第4题:C;第5题:C;第6题:A;第7题:C;第8题:D;第9题:B;第10题:A;第11题:A;第12题:D;第13题:B;第14题:C;第15题:D;第16题:B;第17题:B;第18题:A;第19题:C;第20题:D;

试题解析：

1.应选[D]。考点：语法知识+常识
【试题解析】（1）空缺设计在“remember”的宾语从句中，在从句中作状语。（2）上文提到记忆力和清晰度不如过去（not what they used to be），而本句提到“突然无法记起片刻之前放钥匙的……”。（3）从常识角度看，“遗忘放钥匙的地点”“老熟人的名字”和“老乐队的名字”三个并列项是已经发生的“事件”（occurrences），即一般情况下，遗忘了摆放的“地方”。因此，选项［D］最佳。
2.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺的是分句的谓语动词，即“As the brain...”（随着大脑……）。（2）这一部分的意思与上文“记忆力和清晰度不如过去”（not what they used to be）照应，而又呼应着下文的“精力不集中”（loss of mental focus）。（3）应在［B］和［C］之间做判断，句子应该是“随着大脑的衰老”。此外，“fade” 侧重一个渐进的过程，原文介绍脑力的衰老和培养是一个渐进的“过程”（process）。综合这些线索，［B］ 最佳。
3.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺部分是从句中的连词，引导一个让步状语从句。（2）从句内容为“表面上无害”（innocent），主句内容为“实际上造成破坏性影响”（damaging），前后两者存在转折对比关系。（3）从句法角度看，连词“while”可以接不完整（包含省略成分）的分句，例如“Your missive, while complete in other regards, skirted the subject of cost.”（你的信件虽然在其他方面很周全，但却回避了成本问题。）（4）“while”的这种用法表示从句中所说的属实，但并不影响句子其他部分的真实性，尽管两种说法有些矛盾。所以，无论从语义角度考虑还是从句法角度考虑，［A］最佳。
4.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺形容词作定语修饰“impact”，是作者对某种影响的评价。（2）本题与上一题如出一辙。作者评价说“精力不集中表面上无害”，但“很可能造成不良影响”。换言之，空缺内容需要 “innocent”的反义表达。（3）下文提出了解决对策，说明这个空缺表达的是某一需要处理的问题。鉴于此，选项［C］最佳。
5.应选［C］。考点：句义理解+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺处为名词，被“professional, social, personal”三个形容词共同修饰。（2）文中多次提及“improve”（改善，改进）一词，其英语解释是“to make or become better”，该词包含“good，well”的义素，即“好，安泰，善”。综合这些分析，［C］最佳。
6.应选［A］。考点：句义理解+小品词
【试题解析】（1）空缺谓语动词，而且构成“...out”短语搭配。空缺前的“it”是形式主语，其具体内容由下文“that”从句阐述。（2）空缺的前一句是段落主题句，“事实上（actually），人们可以有所为”，那么本句就应该承接这种语气继续分析，即提供具体的事实性分析（turn out）。（3）上文提到神经学家，那么他们研究的结果如何呢？本句正好回答了这个问题。综合这些线索，选项［A］为最佳选择。
7.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺在分句中充当主语，即“思维的……改进认知功能”。（2）从语篇角度来看，作者反复提出了“锻炼、实践”的重要性。换言之，上下文的“exercise, practice, performance”等与其构成了照应关系。鉴于此，选项［C］最佳。本题的难点主要在于“workouts”是一个超纲词汇，但是这个题目也体现出考试对考生词汇能力的要求，即推测词义的能力。
8.应选［D］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺为名词，在句中充当宾语，即“锻炼改进了基本的认知……”（2）从上文来看，篇章侧重的是我们的认知能力“memory, clarity, mental focus”，这些属于“（认知）功能方面”。（3）从下文内容看，作者阐释的是“思考”（thinking）的过程以及智力方面的信息，而非“类型、标准、环境”等侧面。鉴于此，选项［D］最佳。
9.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺为名词，作表语，而且被“进行连接”（of making connections）所修饰。（2）“process”一词侧重于“（产生变化或作用的）过程”。下文正是对这种“过程”的阐释和分析。（3）最后一个自然段亦提供了照应信息，即“改进思维能力，发展优势”（developing strengths）。因此，选项［B］最佳。
10.应选［A］。考点：句子含义+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺为动词，构成不定式做后置定语修饰“ability”，即“……进行神经元联系的能力”。（2）从常识角度考虑，人类的智力比其他动物优越而且超常。（3）回顾上文信息，“大脑能力衰减”， 暗示着“过去曾经旺盛（超常）”，这也提供了明显的线索。（4） “excel”与空缺后面的介词“in”可构成搭配。综合这些考虑，［A］为最佳选择。
11.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺为表述逻辑关系的连接词，连接前后两个句子的对比关系。（2）上文提到“智力与遗传有关”，而下文陈述“能力可以增强或变化”，前后两者间显然是一种转折对比关系。因此，［A］ 最佳。
12.应选［D］。考点：逻辑关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺为介词短语，连接“智力提高和波动”与“努力锻炼”的关系。（2）在“however” 之前作者介绍了“智力的遗传性”（inherited），之后提出“智力可能通过努力和锻炼而提高”（effort and practice）的看法，再次肯定了锻炼作为导因的重要性。即：因为锻炼，所以会增强和波动。而且，空缺所在的句子侧重于因果关系的分析（because）。（3）在四个备选中，“according to”的含义为“按照，取决于”（depending upon），能够表达出这种因果关系（in response to）。鉴于此，［D］选项最佳。
13.应选［B］。考点：段间关系+小品词使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺为小品词（作副词）。（2）从短语搭配角度看，“take a step further”的含义为“采取进一步措施”。（3）上文第二段介绍了神经学家提出的加强锻炼的观点（exercise），本段段首的“Now”既表达了时间的递进关系，又预示下文将补充说明，即最后两个段落介绍的“训练程序”可视为第二段“a lot that can be done”的进一步发展。鉴于此，［B］最佳。
14.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺为名词，被形容词“mental”修饰，作“improve and regain”的宾语。（2）上文提到智力衰老（fades），思想不集中（loss of mental focus），需要提高认知功能（cognitive functions），那么这个程序的目的便是“增强智力的敏锐”（sharpness）。（3）下文提到改进“记忆力和注意力”（memory and attention skills），也在谈论智力的话题。很明显，若填入选项［C］，它将增强篇章的一致性和连贯性。
15.应选［D］。考点：句义理解+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）空缺为谓语动词。填入的动词应符合“...you to ... improve ... skills”（动词不定式）这一结构，意思为“程序……你增进智力”。（2）上文提到“程序实际上可以改进或重获智力”（actually）；下文提到“拓展优势”（to build on the strengths）。这些信息说明，“程序能够给使用者带来益处，帮助提高智力”。（3）选项［D］可理解为“to give the ability or opportunity for someone to do something”（使能够……）。鉴于此，［D］选项最佳。
16.应选［B］。考点：句子含义+短语搭配
【试题解析】（1）空缺为名词，构成“keeps…of”的搭配，而且说明“程序”与“进步”的关系。（2）整个句子的含义是，“跟踪记录进度，且给予详尽的信息反馈”，那么“给予信息反馈”的前提自然是“跟踪进度”。鉴于此，［B］最佳。
17.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+短语搭配
【试题解析】（1）空缺为介词（小品词），表达“反馈”与“表现和提高”之间的关系。（2）从搭配上看， 与“feedback”搭配的两个介词是“on”或“from”。（3）句义为“提供关于你的表现和改进方面的详尽反馈”，是通顺的。因此，［B］最佳。
18.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺为副词，修饰“modifies and enhances”，即“程序会……调整和改进”。（2）上文提到，智力锻炼是一个“过程”（a process），需要“反复实践”（practice），且改进是“系统性的” （systematically），这里作者强调介绍“调整和改进”的“连续性”。（3）从词义的色彩看，“constantly”是一个含有积极色彩的词汇，作者流露出对这一程序作用的肯定。综合这些信息，选项［A］最佳。
19.应选［C］。考点：句子含义+短语搭配
【试题解析】（1）空缺为介词（小品词），结构上与“build”搭配，意义为“……你正在获得的优势”，“to...on the strengths”不定式在分句中作目的状语。（2）作者在本段中强调了锻炼过程中的连续性 （constantly），过程的系统性（systematically），空缺后的介词“on”（继续）其实也在营造这种连续性。（3）从下文看，提到了不断提高（enhances）和增加（increase）耐力，因此，选项［C］最佳。
20.应选［D］。考点：作者态度+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）空缺为形容词，修饰“routine”，句义为“就像一个……的锻炼常规做法”。（2）纵观 全文，作者在字里行间流露出对这种训练程序的积极评价（the first, systematically, enhances等）。而空缺的形容词应该照应这种评价态度。（3）“effective”除了表达“有效、有力”之外，还暗示某种“事实性”存在。原文反复使用的“actually”也提供了有力的线索。鉴于此，［D］最佳。

2、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:A;第3题:D;第4题:B;第5题:A;

试题解析：

1.应选［C］。考查考生把握文章重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题可以定位在第一段。根据文章，“提前找工作”（upfront work search）这一概念本身就是“让失业者尽快找到工作”。（2）第二段提到“头几天花在找工作上”（spent looking for work, not looking to sign on）。而且，福利制度“不要求失业者努力找工作”（demands too little effort ... to find work）并且“纵容懒惰”（subsidises laziness），因此财政大臣提出了改革，就是要求“求职者积极求职”。（3）根据第四段，如果推进新方案，求职者“以积极找工作为条件方能领取救济金”（conditional on actively seeking a job）。综合这些信息，选项［C］最能表达财政大臣改革的动机。

2.应选［A］。考查考生推测文中词义的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题可以定位在第二自然段。根据句子，“最初的七天应该花在主动找工作上，不要只指望登记后领取救济金”（not looking to sign on）。（2）第一段提到“‘找工作’方案”（scheme）要求失业者进行登记（register for）。其实“sign on”与“register for”是同义阐释关系。鉴于此，［A］最佳。

3.应选［D］。考查考生把握文章重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题直接定位在第二段段末。文章提到，财政大臣改革的“动机”（motivated）是“保护纳税人，减少成本，保证最有资格的失业者获得救济”，即所谓的“公平性”（fundamental fairness）。（2）从第三段看，作者认为所有失业者都面对困境（hurting），救济金微乎其微（minimal），且都需要救济， 这些分析实际上在驳斥“公平性”的提法。（3）选项［D］中的“passion”对应于原文中的“motivated”。鉴于此，［D］的表述最贴近原文信息。

4.应选［B］。考查考生概括文内重要信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题可以定位在第三自然段。（2）概括段意，失业者心情不愉快（don't skip...），经济上和心理上窘迫（psychologically），被排除在正常人的工作环境之外（environment）。无论如何，失业毕竟不是一件令人愉快的事。（3）在福利制度改革之后，失业者必须有条件地领取救济金（conditional），失去了保险（no insurance）。综合这些信息，选项［B］的表述最佳。

5.应选［A］。考查考生把握言外之意的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题可直接定位在第四段末。在现行福利制度下，即便救济金显得慷慨，但有助于失业者防范风险（against the risk）。在改革后，救济金微乎其微（the least generous），失业者要想领取救济金还要遵从许多附带条件（conditional）。而关键的问题是，失业者在未失业前的工作过程中对国民保险是有所贡献的（national insurance contributions），现在就连这种应该享有的权利都没有了（no fundamental right, no entitlement）。（2）关于条件的问题，作者在第一段就埋下了伏笔，“对失业者提出了许多要求和条件”（only if...）。鉴于此，选项［A］是最合理的推测。

3、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:B;第3题:C;第4题:D;第5题:C;

试题解析：

1.应选［D］。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题定位在第二段。该段第二句提到“最好的律师挣了许多钱，吸引学生们挤入法学院”（tempting, pile into)。（2）从更大的语境看，篇章的切入点就是美国法律界“与经济相关”的话题（spending, costs 等）。据此，选项［D］最佳。

2.应选［B］。考查考生对文章重要信息的识别能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题定位在第三自然段，该段话题是“教育费用昂贵”（excessive costs）。段中分析了三个造成费用增加的原因，即“四年的非法学本科学习”（some unrelated subject）、“三年的法学研究生学习”（three-year law degree）、“参加费用昂贵的培训”（expensive preparation）。（2）再从第四段解决方案的针对性来看，其一是“开设本科法学”（to study law as an undergraduate degree），其二是“学生无须参加培训”（do not need the extra training）。综合以上信息，选项［B］恰当地反映了文章信息。

3.应选［C］。考查考生把握文章重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题定位在第四自然段第二句。原文提到“州级机构太保守，没有实施改革方案” （too conservative）。（2）还需要综合第五段的内容，“监管机构中的反对者坚持认为，不允许圈外人介入”（opponents of change among the regulators insist）。综合这两点，选项［C］最佳。

4.应选［D］。考查考生把握文章重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题可定位在第五段。本题表面上在考查考生对“guild-like”的推测能力，实则考查考生概括文章的能力。第五段提到“除了个别地区，非律师不拥有股份"（non-lawyers），“排除圈外人”（keeping outsiders out）”。（2）在第六段，作者针对性地提出了解决方案，即“行业对外开放”（allowing, liberalizing, America should follow)等。（3）其实，作者在第三段就埋下了伏笔，“一个学生需要非法律本科学位，在被授权的法学院学习三年硕士课程以及参加培训”，目的就是为了说明“进入圈内”是一个艰难的过程。综合这些信息，选项［D］最佳。

5.应选［C］。考查考生把握文章中心大意的能力。
【试题解析】（1）纵观全文结构，文章使用了两种逻辑——因果分析和问题解决。（2）文章始终一致性地谈论一个问题：“美国法律行业中的费用”话题。（3）比较所给出的四个选项，选项［C］无论从概念上、立场上还是写作思路上是本文的最佳概括。

4、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:B;第3题:A;第4题:D;第5题:B;

试题解析：

1.应选［C］。考查考生识别重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）定位于第一段，该段提到一系列新奖项重奖研究者（lucrative awards for researchers）。（2）在第三段作者重申，某些人想要重奖在科研中取得成就的研究者（to better reward those）。（3）“奖励”与“研究者”是本文的关键词。鉴于此，选项［C］最佳。

2.应选［B］。考查考生理解重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）定位在第二段，段落中罗列了某些科学家对新奖项的各种批评意见（a handful of scientists）。其中有“幕后人士的暗箱操作，以自我宣传”（an exercise in self-promotion）的内容，换言之， 创立者可以从中受益。（2）从资金提供者的角度看，某些人想要吸引眼球（Some want to shock），以达到自我宣传的作用。鉴于此，选项［B］最佳。

3.应选［A］。考查考生把握论点和论据的能力。
【试题解析】（1）题干“Higgs boson”明示定位在第四段。原文提到“哪些人获奖，忽视哪些人，人们难免有争议”，但这只是一个例证，目的是为了说明破折号前面的观点，即“现代研究的合作性质”（collaborative）。（2）该段主题句（第一句）提出观点，即“理应担忧其分配方式”（legitimate concerns），那么哪些方面值得担忧呢？正是研究中研究者合作的性质。之后，使用了生命科学作为非代表性例证，“but”之后便是代表性的典型例证了（题干中：a typical case）。（3）关于如何解决问题，只能交给时间决定（Time...has given them legitimacy）。综合这些信息，选项［A］最佳。

4.应选［D］。考查考生识别重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）其实本题与上一题如出一辙，定位在第四段。该段提到“人们对包括诺贝尔奖在内的奖项有合理的担心"（legitimate concerns），但“诺贝尔是个富人，有权支配自己的财富，时间已经证明了一切”（has given them legitimacy）。这个观点与我们文化中“顺其自然”的提法颇为相似。（2）其实，在第五段末也流露出这种“顺其自然”的基调。鉴于此，选项［D］最佳。

5.应选［B］。考查考生把握作者写作基调的能力。
【试题解析】（1）可定位在最后一段。原文提到“尽管存在批评意见，多数人愿意接受奖励”（would accept），“关注科学是好事情”（It is fair），“怀感恩之心接受奖励是明智的”（It is wise）。（2）从更高层次看，表达批评意见的只有第二段，文章没有使用很大的篇幅分析批评者的观点。（3）篇章开头的 “interesting”一词，其实已经埋下了赞同的伏笔。因此，选项［B］最佳。

5、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:B;第5题:A;

试题解析：

1.应选［A］。考查考生把握作者态度的能力。
【试题解析】（1）可定位在第一段。篇首第一句提到认为报告“值得称道”（deserves praise），但是“however”转折之后才是作者的评论：“没有解决危机的本质”（failure）以及“弊大于利”（more harm than good）。（2）此外，第四段（Unfortunately）、第五段（routinely）以及第六段（obscuring）都流露出作者的批评态度。鉴于此，选项［A］最佳。

2.应选［D］。考查考生把握文章重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）定位在第二段，题干中“influential figures”与原文“leading congressional Democrats and Republicans”对应，题干中的“required”照应原文的“asking”。当然，上一题出处在第一段，而下一题出处在第三段，那么本题很可能出处在第二段。（2）原文提到要求“AAAS明确美国可能采取的行动”（identify actions），以“保证美国在文科教育方面的领先地位”（to "maintain national excellence..."）。（3）此外，“liberal education”是本文作者谈论的关键词。鉴于此，选项［D］最佳。

3.应选［C］。考查考生把握文章重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）根据题干和选项判断，题干中“suggests”应该理解为“建议”，而不是“暗示”。本题可定位在第三段。（2）根据原文，报告支持“全民教育”（full literacy），“强调历史和政体研究”（stresses），“鼓励使用新技术”（new digital technologies）。（3）此外，所设计的课程应提高学生的能力，“有效沟通”（effectively），以“解决当今的问题”（challenges of the day）。这些内容也影射了当今社会通信科技手段的作用。鉴于此，选项［C］最佳。

4.应选［B］。考查考生理解言外之意的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题可定位在第五段（只包含一个长句）。原文提到教授们一方面“把某些领域看成是适合的研究对象”（the proper subject of study），另一方面“把保守的或者是古典的自由主义思想排除在研究领域之外”（outside the boundaries of routine），“甚至还认为这些研究不合法”（legitimate, investigation）。这种做法显然出于某种偏见。（2）作者写作第五段的目的是利用教授作为例子来阐释第四段末提及的“宣扬左派思想”（left-liberal propaganda）这一狭隘的观点。（3）其实，篇首就已经提出报告“没能处理本质”（address），而篇末呼应“搅浑了问题的深度和广度”，这些信息同样暗示出教授的做法不妥。综合这些信息，选项［B］是最合理的推断。

5.应选［A］。考查考生把握文章中心大意的能力。
【试题解析】作者首先褒扬AAAS的报告（The Heart of the Matter）对文科教育的重视，并马上指出了它的缺陷——未能解决危机的本质（the true nature of the crisis）。第二段介绍报告出台的背景。第四、五段分析了报告存在的问题：未能触及本质（never gets to the heart of the matter）。第六段评论性总结。综合这些信息，［A］最佳。