2015年201英语（一）考研真题答案及解析

本文提供2015年201英语（一）考研真题答案及解析，以下为具体内容

1、Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is（1）a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has （2）. The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted （3） 1,932 unique subjects which （4） pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both （5）. While 1% may seem （6）, it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even （7） their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who （8） our kin.” The team also developed a "friendship score" which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.The study （9） found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now, （10）, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more （11） it. There could be many mechanisms working together that （12） us in choosing genetically similar friends （13） “functional kinship” of being friends with （14）! One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolving （15） than other genes. Studying this could help （16） why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major （17）  factor. The findings do not simply explain people's （18） to befriend those of similar （19） backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to （20） that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population. 

问题1

A、what

B、why

C、how

D、when

问题2

A、defended

B、concluded

C、withdrawn

D、advised

问题3

A、for

B、with

C、by

D、on

问题4

A、separated

B、sought

C、compared

D、connected

问题5

A、tests

B、objects

C、samples

D、examples

问题6

A、insignificant

B、unexpected

C、unreliable

D、incredible

问题7

A、visit

B、miss

C、know

D、seek

问题8

A、surpass

B、influence

C、favor

D、resemble

问题9

A、again

B、also

C、instead

D、thus

问题10

A、Meanwhile

B、Furthermore

C、Likewise

D、Perhaps

问题11

A、about

B、to

C、from

D、like

问题12

A、limit

B、observe

C、confuse

D、drive

问题13

A、according to

B、rather than

C、regardless of

D、along with

问题14

A、chances

B、responses

C、benefits

D、missions

问题15

A、faster

B、slower

C、later

D、earlier

问题16

A、forecast

B、remember

C、express

D、understand

问题17

A、unpredictable

B、contributory

C、controllable

D、disruptive

问题18

A、tendency

B、decision

C、arrangement

D、endeavor

问题19

A、political

B、religious

C、ethnic

D、economic

问题20

A、see

B、show

C、prove

D、tell

2、King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don't abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle? The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity. It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs' continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure. Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states. The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image. While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example. It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy's reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service–as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy's worst enemies. 

1.According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain（  ）.  2.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly （  ）.    3.Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4? 4.The British royals “have most to fear” because Charle （  ）.    5.Which of the following is the best title of the text?  

问题1

A、used turn enjoy high public support

B、was unpopular among European royals

C、cased his relationship with his rivals

D、ended his reign in embarrassment

问题2

A、owing to their undoubted and respectable status

B、to achieve a balance between tradition and reality

C、to give voter more public figures to look up to

D、due to their everlasting political embodiment

问题3

A、Aristocrats' excessive reliance on inherited wealth.

B、The role of the nobility in modern democracies.

C、The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.

D、The nobility's adherence to their privileges.

问题4

A、takes a rough line on political issues

B、fails to change his lifestyle as advised

C、takes republicans as his potential allies

D、fails to adapt himself to his future role

问题5

A、Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined

B、Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne

C、Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs

D、Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats

3、Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to say, going through a suspect's purse. The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier. Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution's prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn't ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom. But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now. 

1.The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to（  ）.2.The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of （  ）.  3.The author believes that exploring one's phone contents is comparable to （  ）.  4.In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that （  ）.  5.Orin Kerr's comparison is quoted to indicate that（  ）.

问题1

A、search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant

B、check suspects' phone contents without being authorized

C、prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents

D、prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones

问题2

A、tolerance

B、indifference

C、disapproval

D、cautiousness

问题3

A、getting into one's residence

B、handling one's historical records

C、scanning one's correspondences

D、going through one's wallet

问题4

A、principles are hard to be clearly expressed

B、the court is giving police less room for action

C、phones are used to store sensitive information

D、citizens, privacy is not effectively protected

问题5

A、the Constitution should be implemented flexibly

B、new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution

C、California's argument violates principles of the Constitution

D、principles of the Constitution should never be altered

4、The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings. “Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal's internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts. Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.” Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.”“Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.” Vaux says that Science's idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place.”

1.It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that（  ）.2.The phrase “flagged up” (Paragraph 2) is the closest in meaning to （  ）.  3.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may （  ）.  4.David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now （  ）.  5.Which of the following is the best title of the text?                    

问题1

A、science intends to simplify its peer-review process

B、journals are strengthening their statistical checks

C、few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis

D、lack of data analysis is common in research projects

问题2

A、found

B、revised

C、marked

D、stored

问题3

A、pose a threat to all its peers

B、meet with strong opposition

C、increase Science's circulation

D、set an example for other journals

问题4

A、adds to researchers' workload

B、diminishes the role of reviewers

C、has room for further improvement

D、is to fail in the foreseeable future

问题5

A、Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.

B、Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect.

C、Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors' Desks.

D、Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science.

5、Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch's daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions.” Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. But “it's us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit.’’Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today's world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.

1.According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by（  ）.2.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that （  ）.  3.The author believes that Rebekah Brooks's defence （  ）.  4.The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows （  ）.  5.Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?

问题1

A、the consequences of the current sorting mechanism

B、companies' financial loss due to immoral practices

C、governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues

D、the wide misuse of integrity among institutions

问题2

A、Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime

B、phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions

C、Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge

D、more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking

问题3

A、revealed a cunning personality

B、centered on trivial issues

C、was hardly convincing

D、was part of a conspiracy

问题4

A、generally distorted values

B、unfair wealth distribution

C、a marginalized lifestyle

D、a rigid moral code

问题5

A、The quality of writings is of primary importance.

B、Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.

C、Common humanity is central to news reporting.

D、Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.

1、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:B;第3题:D;第4题:C;第5题:C;第6题:A;第7题:C;第8题:D;第9题:B;第10题:D;第11题:B;第12题:D;第13题:B;第14题:C;第15题:A;第16题:D;第17题:B;第18题:A;第19题:C;第20题:A;

试题解析：

1.应选［A］。考点：语法知识+常识
【试题解析】（1）本题较容易。空缺设计在“That is...”的表语从句中，需要一个关系代词，即“...a study...has concluded”。当然，本题的判断需要与下一题一起考虑。（2）在所提供的四个备选中，只有“what”从句法上看是可接受的，“what”既作为连词，连接“That is”与“a study...has concluded”，又做第二个从句中“concluded"的宾语。因此，选项［A］最佳。
2.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题容易。空缺的是第二个分句的谓语动词，“a study...”（一项研究……）。（2）从全文看，文章开门见山，第一段提出了中心议题，即“朋友之间存在如同远房表亲一样的‘相互关联’”。该段第一句介绍观点，第二句说明这一观点的提出者。（3）从第二段看，研究者是通过一项具体的科学研究得出的这一结论。据此，［B］最佳。
3.应选［D］。考点：小品词+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。解题关键在于对“subjects”一词的理解。空缺的是一个介词，“analysis conducted... subjects”，即“在某人身上做实验”。（2）下文的“The same people” 具体阐释了“subjects”的含义，其含义是实验对象或受试者。选项［D］最佳。
4.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。空缺一个谓语动词，“which...pairs”，定语从句关系词“which”指代“the study”，即“研究对这些受试者……”。换言之，定语从句说明研究分析的内容。（2）结合下文的内容看，文章只提到受试者在该研究中的情况，没有提到如何“寻找” “联系”这些受试者，所以只能在［A］和［C］之间选择。（3）那么，再从文章的宏线看，第一段就提到了“物以类聚”的观点——朋友之间的相似性和关联性的话题——文章侧重于某种相似性的比较。综合这些线索，选项［C］最佳。
5.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题较难。空缺为名词，与上文的“friends and unrelated strangers”照应。（2）解题时注意空缺与上文的照应关系。另外还需要从文章的第六段寻找线索，根据文章，“所有受试者都是从欧洲血统的人群中抽取出来的，研究人员还是采取措施确保研究对象中的朋友和陌生人都来自于同一族群”（第六段：a population of European extraction），这一信息本身就足以说明了无论是朋友还是陌生人都是某种“采样;抽样”。据此，选项［C］最佳。

6.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。空缺一个感情色彩形容词，做“seem”的表语，意思为“1%的相似性似乎……”。（2）“While”（尽管）引导的从句含否定意义，而主句是肯定句，才构成了对比关系。全句含义为：“尽管1%的相似基因看上去可能微不足道（insignificant），但遗传学家并不这么认为。”（3）在第五段，作者又对这项研究进行了评价，认为它“可圈可点”（第五段：remarkable）——与“insignificant”为反义照应。据此，选项［A］最佳。
7.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）本题较容易。空缺一个谓语动词，“people do not...cousins”（多数人没有远亲）。（2）本空与上一题解题思路如出一辙，“1%的相似性无足轻重”（第三段：insignificant）与“人们（不了解）‘远房亲戚’”之间存在相互阐释的逻辑关系。（3）再从下文的转折关系看，“人们选择与自己亲人相像的人作为朋友”（第三段：manage），虽然他们对此毫不知情。据此，选项［C］最佳。
8.应选［D］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。空缺从句的谓语动词，“who...our kin”（与我们的亲属……）。（2）从前后句判断，“选择了有些人作为朋友”，那么是什么样的朋友呢？根据篇章的一致性，“这些朋友是我们 的‘远房亲戚’（第一段：fourth cousins）”，与我们具有相似性。（3）从篇章的写作手法看，文章中多次使用 了“比较”“相似性”“雷同”等表达方式。据此，选项［D］最佳。
9.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】本题较容易。空缺一个副词，承接上段和本段内容。上文从交朋友的角度谈论，而本段从基因的角度对问题进行深入剖析——上下文表达了某种承接关系。选项［B］最佳。
10.应选［D］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）本题较难。空缺在句首，需要一个副词，而从所给的四个备选看，填入的可能是逻辑关系副词（［A］［B］［C］），也可能是语气副词（［D］）。（2）从空缺的上文看，“Why...”，提出了一个问题，下文应该进行因果分析，但是四个备选都未涉及因果关系，那么可以从语气方面考虑。（3）从上下句语气看，作者流露出的是一种不确定的或尝试性的语气，例如：“difficult to explain” “suggests” “could”，这些词项都表露出了某种主观推测语气。在下一段，作者又使用了类似的表达，例如“seem”。因此，选项［D］最佳。
11.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+小品词使用
【试题解析】（1）本题偏难。空缺一个介词，“it draws us to similar environments but there is more...it”，这个介词解释“more”和“it”的关系。句中的代词“it”为同一指代，即上文的“this similarity”， 第二个“it”不指代“environments”。（2）句子的大意是：“这种相似性（基因）吸引着我们去相似的环境，而且（由于）这种（基因）相似性还有许多其他的情形”——下文便阐释了许多“机制”。这样理解，符合上文 “why”引导的因果分析，也符合下文承接的信息。（3）如果从“相关性或关联性”角度考虑，可以在［A］和［B］之间挑选。但如果考虑上下文因果关系的承接，那么选项［B］最佳。注意，在“draw... to”搭配中的 “to”与“more to it”中的“to”，两个“to”的词性一样，但含义不同。
12.应选［D］。考点：逻辑关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题较容易。空缺定语从句中的谓语动词，“There could be many mechanisms working together that       us in choosing…” （可能还有很多共同作用的机制……我们选择与自己基因类似的人作为朋友）。（2）空缺语句的上下文在分析原因和影响，若填入因果关系的表达，便增强了语句之间的连贯性。此外，第11题也提供了线索。故此，选项［D］最佳。
13.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。题目的难点在于理解空缺前后语句的意义。（2）空缺前面为“‘基因相似’的朋友”，后面是“功利亲属”，两者之间是相互排斥的对比关系，因此选项［B］最佳。
14.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题较难。空缺一个名词，“with...”短语修饰上文的“friends”。（2）其实，“friends with...”部分是“functional kinship”的附加信息，这两者相互解释。“functional”的英文解释是“intended to be useful and practical”。那么，四个备选中，选项［C］的词义是对此最佳的解释。
15.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。空缺一个比较级的副词，修饰“evolving”。（2）根据下文线索，“过去3万年里人类进化速度加快”（picked pace），前后句是某种承接关系，因此，［A］最佳。
16.应选［D］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题较容易。空缺一个动词，构成“help...why...”。（2）该段给予这项研究很高的评价（第五段：remarkable），而本句在阐释研究基因进化速度的意义，即“有助于人们理解人类进化速度加快的原因”。（3）其实，本题与第7题的“know”如出一辙。从常识角度思考，求索自然、认知自然是英文文化价值观的重要部分。据此，选项［D］最佳。
17.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。空缺在独立主格“with environment being a major...factor”中，形容词修饰“factor”一词。（2）主句的含义是“人类的进化加快了速度”，而独立主格部分分析原因：“环境起了作用。”（3）这篇文章中作者多次使用了因果表达，这也是这类科技文章的主要写作手法。综合这些信息，选项［B］最佳。
18.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题较容易。空缺一个名词，前面由“people's”修饰，后面由不定式“to befriend...” 修饰。（2）“人们……与自己种族背景相似的人交朋友”，这到底是什么情况？根据上文的信息，“人们选择朋友”（manage to select），“（某些因素）促使人们选择朋友”（第五段：drive us in choosing）。再从［A］ 看，“tendency”侧重“often，likely”的含义，正好符合上下文主观推测的语气（could, seem等）。综合这些线索，选项［A］最佳。
19.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题较容易。空缺形容词修饰“backgrounds”。（2）根据下文，“研究中的受试者都来自于同一族群”（第六段：the same population）。（3）从常识看，基因相似最大的可能是来自于同一族群。而且篇首便提到了“ biologically related”的信息。据此，选项［C］最佳。
20.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）本题较难。空缺一个动词，在“to...that”结构中。（2）句子的意思是：尽管所有的受试者都是从欧洲血统的人群中抽取出来的，研究者还是采取措施确保研究对象中的朋友和陌生人来自于同一族群。（3）“see that”是一个固定搭配，相当于“see to it that”。因此，选项［A］最佳。

2、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:A;第3题:B;第4题:D;第5题:C;

试题解析：

1.应选［D］。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题较易。根据题干明示，出处定位在前两段。（2）根据文章，“卡洛斯本来坚持不退位，但最终收回自己的话”（abdicate, eat his words），原因是“尴尬的丑闻”（embarrassing scandals）。选项［D］正是这些信息的概括。

2.应选［A］。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题较难。据题干提示，定位在第三段。（2）根据文章，“超越政治，所以受拥戴” （第三段第一句承上启下：transcendence），那么这个“超越政治”的含义是什么呢？就是指上段的“超越 ‘单纯’的政治立场，国家统一的象征”（rise above, unity）。此外，下文的“没有争议的、受拥戴的公众物”（non-controversial but respected）也是这种“超越”的具体表现（embody）。（3）从篇章的一致性看，下文所提查尔斯的问题也正是他对君主这种形象作用的无知（non-controversial and non-political），这从反面衬托出君王地位的重要性（status）。因此，选项［A］最佳。

3.应选［B］。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。题干中的“odd”与第四段中“bizarre”意思照应。（2）根据文章，在现代社会条件下，“这些贵族家庭若仍是象征性的核心，就很奇怪了”（the symbolic heart of modern democratic states）。（3）在第七段讨论查尔斯的问题时，作者再次提到王室的作用（a service）。鉴于此， 选项［B］最佳。

4.应选［D］。考查考生把握句间和段间关系的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。据题干信息出处可定位在最后两段，这两段围绕着“British royals” 和“Charles”话题展开。第六段提出英国王室应该从西班牙王室吸取教训，第七段分析担心的原因。（2）具体而言，“英国女王努力维持君主制的形象”（granny style），“公主和王子都有正业”（Princes and princesses），换言之，他们努力维护和适应正面形象（the right image）。（3）与之形成对比的是，查尔斯“生活奢侈，从贵族等级的视角去看世界，对君王的角色无知”（failed to understand）。更重要的是，“他不知道君主本人才是君主制度最大的敌人”（worst enemies）。换言之，选项［D ］表达出了有关查尔斯的信息。

5.应选［C］。考查考生把握全文中心主旨的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题偏易。着眼全文，文章从西班牙国王卡洛斯退位开篇，转而讨论欧洲君主制度的变化，最后谈到英国王室面临的危机。（2）就中心词而言，全文围绕“monarchs”展开，讨论君主制度的利弊和未来。综合这些信息，选项［C］最佳。

3、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:C;第3题:A;第4题:D;第5题:B;

试题解析：

1.应选［B］。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。据题目顺序，出处定位在第一段。（2）根据文章，“最高法院将裁定：警察在逮捕疑犯时，在没有搜查令的情况下，是否可以检查手机的内容”（search the contents of a mobile phone）。（3）根据篇章一致性原则，下文就“手机的内容”展开讨论（contents of a smart phone），说明手机内容是一个关键概念。据此，选项［B］最佳。

2.应选［C］。考查考生把握作者态度和评价的能力。
【试题解析】（1）据题干“California's argument”提示，出处定位在第二段和第三段。（2）根据文章， “若最高法院采纳了加州的建议，那就谨慎过头了”（recklessly modest），言外之意便是加州的建议并不可取。（3）此外，第四段作者直白说明“加州的观点毫无说服力”（lame）。第七段作者认为“法官们不应该完全轻信加州的观点”。综合这些信息，选项［C］最佳。

3.应选［A］。考查考生把握句间和段间关系的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。根据四个备选提供的信息，出处可定位在第四段。（2）作者首先否定了加州所提的观点，即“检查智能手机中的内容就像搜查钱包”（similar to say, going through a suspect's purse），之后针对性提出“检查智能手机就像搜查私人住宅”（like entering his or her home），之后给出这种提法的理由，手机中有许多私密的内容。据此，选项［A］最佳。

4.应选［D］。考查考生把握言外之意的推理能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。题干明示，出处定位在第五、六段。（2）从第五段看，“敏感信息是正常生活的一个部分，公民有保护私人信息私密性的权利，通过宪法禁止不合理的搜查”（to protect their digital privacy），言外之意便是“保护私密信息很重要”。（3）那么实际情况是什么呢？根据第六段，“在实际情况下，划分‘合理性’的界限很难”（challenge），“虽然获取搜查令并不难，但最高法院给警察留出余地，警察享有自由的特殊情况”（entitled to more freedom），言外之意便是：这种做法会造成不合理的搜查，因此数字化隐私也就无法有效得到保护。鉴于此，选项［D］最佳。

5.应选［B］。考查考生把握句间、段间关系的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。根据题干人名提示，出处定位在第七段。（2）段首第一句对加州观点的评价是上文已经谈到的旧信息，起到承上启下的作用，不是作者在本段的论点。本段的论点是：“新技术需要对宪法条款的创新” （novel applications）。为了说明这个观点，作者通过引用法，即题干中 “comparison”（比较相似性）的所指——就像法律对汽车已经有明确的规定，法院也必须明确如何将《宪法第四修正案》适用于数字化信息。鉴于此，选项［B］最佳。

4、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:C;第5题:A;

试题解析：

1.应选［B］。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题较容易。据题干提示，出处定位第一段。（2）根据文章，《科学》杂志“增加了一轮额外的数据检查”（第一段：adding an extra round of statistical checks）。而且，“这一政策效仿了其他杂志的做法”（similar efforts）。（3）本文的关键词是“统计审查”（statistical reviews）。鉴于此，选项［B］最佳。

2.应选［C］。考查考生在语境中推测词义的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。依据题干定位在第二段。（2）根据上下文，“flag”在此做动词，“将手稿做了……”。目的是让期刊的编辑或者其他人仔细审阅（scrutiny）。（3）从“flag”的核心词义“旗帜” 看，其延伸含义应该是“插旗子、挂旗子”；小品词“up”表示“完成”。因此，选项［C］最佳。

3.应选［D］。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题较容易。根据题干“Giovanni Parmigiani, the establishment, the SBoRE” 提示定位在第四段。（2）根据文章，“委员会起到顾问的作用”（advisory），“编辑审查统计委员会的创建意义深远"（lasting），“可能会有更多的期刊模仿《科学》杂志的做法”（model）。鉴于此，选项［D］最佳。

4.应选［C］。考查考生把握言外之意的推理能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。根据题干“Vaux”提示，出处定位在最后一段。（2）根据文章，沃克斯认为，“统计误差在公开发表的研究中随处可见，令人忧虑。研究人员应该提高自己的标准，但期刊也应该采取强硬路线，聘请具备统计能力的评审员和能够审查该过程的编辑”——这种做法有其优点（has some merit），但也有不足（but a weakness is），即“依赖编辑审查统计委员会”（it relies on the board of reviewing editors），言外之意便是“有改善的余地”，鉴于此，选项［C］最佳。

5.应选［A］。考查考生把握全文中心主旨的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。从全文的关键词看，“Science” “statistics” “papers”都包括在选项[A]内。（2）从全文的宏线看，《科学》杂志审查发表流程增加了统计学审查环节，探讨了当下发表的科学论文中存在的数据分析问题以及影响。选项［A］为全文中心的表述。

5、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:A;第5题:B;

试题解析：

1.应选［A］。考查考生把握句间、段间关系的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题较难。题干明示定位在前两段。（2）根据第一段，伊丽莎白谈道：“诚信在那么多机构中缺失，令人不安”（unsettling）。这是她所担心的问题。那么，造成问题的原因是什么呢？那就是 “社会认可的‘分拣机制’出现了问题”，即整体价值观对利益的偏向，对创造了社会的人的忽视（the people who create the society）。换言之，伊丽莎白担心的就是“‘分拣机制’带来的结果”。（3）根据第二段，作者举例阐释说明第一段的观点，即哪些机构，缺失的是什么道德宗旨。（4）从篇章更大的语境来看，作者在第五段重申了“分拣机制”的影响。综合这些信息，选项［A］最佳。

2.应选［D］。考查考生把握言外之意的推理能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。题干明示出处在第三段，该段话题文眼为“电话窃听的问题十分广 泛”。在进行推论时需紧扣这个话题。（2）根据文章，“窃听案审判，说明诚信缺失的问题仍广泛存在” （the wider issue），言外之意便是“窃听问题广泛存在”。（3）此外，“记者们已经窃听了 5,500人的手机，这是产业规模的窃听”（industrial scale），而且，“事件正在披露之中”（unfolds）。综合这些信息，选项［D］ 最佳。

3.应选［C］。考查考生把握作者态度和评价的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。据题干“Brooks”可定位在第三、四、六段。需要考生综合各段所给信息判断。（2）根据第三段，“布鲁克斯被判无罪，但这却反映了广泛的问题”（wider issue），言外之意便是：其中必有其他原委。（3）根据第四段，“布鲁克斯在审判中的辩词（terms）发生在道德缺失的背景之下”（frames），“所披露的事实令人吃惊，布鲁克斯对发生的事情知之甚少，没有想去过问”（astonishing revelations），简言之，“她成功辩护的核心便是她对此一无所知”（she knew nothing）。（4）第六段重申“对记者获取新闻的途径，布鲁克斯没有问过，也未给过指示——亦没有接收过任何有迹可循的、有记录的回答”。综合这些内容，选项［C］最佳。

4.应选［A］。考查考生把握作者态度和评价的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题偏易。据题干“collective doctrine”可定位在第五段。（2）根据文章，“对现在这一代人来说，集体信条早已是：社会‘分拣机制’就该是利润，关键词语是效率、灵活性、股东价值、用户体验、创造财富、销售、震撼力、发行量，而忽视了公正、公平、包容、均衡和问责”（mattered，degraded to the margin）。（3）其实，与“collective doctrine”相关的“sorting mechanism”也是文章的关键词，从第一段作者就对这个“分拣机制”进行了批判。鉴于此，选项［A］是最佳的概括。

5.应选［B］。考查考生把握言外之意的推理能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题偏难。根据题干明示，定位在第六段。（2）作者在该段批评了《世界新闻》的价值观，“其宗旨不是增进读者的理解，公平对待所写的内容或揭露共通的人性，而是不惜践踏生命以追求销量和震撼力”（to promote, to be fair, or to betray）。这些内容可以用“moral awareness”来概括。之后，再次提到了布鲁克斯女士的所作所为就是这种价值观的体现。（3）从段落间的一致性看，第五段作者暗示了“公正、公平、包容、均衡和问责”的重要性，而这些概念可概括为［B］中的“Moral awareness”。（4） 从全文一致性看，本文以《世界新闻》为例，分析了道德沦丧造成的不良影响。综合这些信息，选项［B］ 最佳。