2016年201英语（一）考研真题答案及解析

本文提供2016年201英语（一）考研真题答案及解析，以下为具体内容

1、In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends,（1）those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can（2）  a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to （3）the marriage negotiations, or the young man's parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. （4）, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. （5）a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying（6）a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, （7）by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and （8）  prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, （9）cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and （10）a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the （11）. Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may（12）with them up to a year,（13）they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to （14）, but not common. Divorced persons are （15）with some disapproval. Each spouse retains（16）property he or she（17）into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is（18）equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice （19）up: The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry（20）the woman must wait ten months.

问题1

A、by way of

B、as well as

C、on behalf of

D、with regard to

问题2

A、adapt to

B、provide for

C、compete with

D、decide on

问题3

A、close

B、renew

C、arrange

D、postpone

问题4

A、In theory

B、Above all

C、In time

D、For example

问题5

A、Although

B、Lest

C、After

D、Unless

问题6

A、into

B、within

C、from

D、through

问题7

A、since

B、or

C、but

D、so

问题8

A、test

B、copy

C、recite

D、create

问题9

A、folding

B、piling

C、wrapping

D、tying

问题10

A、lighting

B、passing

C、hiding

D、serving

问题11

A、meeting

B、association

C、collection

D、union

问题12

A、grow

B、part

C、deal

D、live

问题13

A、whereas

B、until

C、for

D、if

问题14

A、obtain

B、follow

C、challenge

D、avoid

问题15

A、isolated

B、persuaded

C、viewed

D、exposed

问题16

A、wherever

B、however

C、whenever

D、whatever

问题17

A、changed

B、brought

C、shaped

D、pushed

问题18

A、divided

B、invested

C、donated

D、withdrawn

问题19

A、clears

B、warms

C、shows

D、breaks

问题20

A、while

B、so that

C、once

D、in that

2、France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.   Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That's a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.  The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.  The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.  The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.  In contrast to France's actions, Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charter's main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.   Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry. 

1.According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?2.The phrase “impinging on” (Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to（  ）.3.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?4.A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for（  ）.  5.Which of the following may be the best title of the text?

问题1

A、Physical beauty would be redefined.

B、New runways would be constructed.

C、Websites about dieting would thrive.

D、The fashion industry would decline.

问题2

A、indicating the state of

B、heightening the value of

C、losing faith in

D、doing harm to

问题3

A、The French measures have already failed.

B、New standards are being set in Denmark.

C、Models are no longer under peer pressure.

D、Its inherent problems are getting worse.

问题4

A、pursuing perfect physical conditions

B、caring too much about models' character

C、showing little concern for health factors

D、setting a high age threshold for models

问题5

A、A Challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body Ideals.

B、A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France.

C、Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty.

D、The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry.

3、For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.” Hill's pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don't make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorising “off-plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe's most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.

1.Britain's public sentiment about the countryside（  ）.2.According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being （  ）.  3.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?4.The author holds that George Osborne's preference （  ）.  5.In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of（  ）.

问题1

A、has brought much benefit to the NHS

B、didn't start till the Shakespearean age

C、is fully backed by the royal family

D、is not well reflected in politics

问题2

A、gradually destroyed

B、effectively reinforced

C、properly protected

D、largely overshadowed

问题3

A、Labour is under attack for opposing development.

B、The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building.

C、Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.

D、The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.

问题4

A、reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas

B、shows his disregard for the character of rural areas

C、stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis

D、highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure

问题5

A、the size of population in Britain

B、the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain

C、the town-and-country planning in Britain

D、the political life in today's Britain

4、“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist,“ That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.’’ But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders' money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies—at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company's products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial lab our-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.

1.The author views Milton Friedman's statement about CSR with（  ）.2.According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by （  ）.  3.The expression “more lenient”(Paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to （  ）.  4.When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record （  ）.  5.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?

问题1

A、uncertainty

B、skepticism

C、approval

D、tolerance

问题2

A、guarding it against malpractices

B、protecting it from being defamed

C、winning trust from consumers

D、raising the quality of its products

问题3

A、less controversial

B、more lasting

C、more effective

D、less severe

问题4

A、comes across as reliable evidence

B、has an impact on their decision

C、increases the chance of being penalized

D、constitutes part of the investigation

问题5

A、The necessary amount of companies' spending on it is unknown.

B、Companies' financial capacity for it has been overestimated.

C、Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.

D、It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.

5、There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future,” the paper's publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there's plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper—printing presses, delivery trucks—isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a time when online-only competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way.“ Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you're going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as a blunder," he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? “I wouldn't pick a year to end print,” he said. “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they'd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you're overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.” In other words, if you're going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year—more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.“It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.”

1.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to（  ）.2.Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should（  ）.  3.It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product” （  ）.  4.Peretti believes that, in a changing world （  ）.  5.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?

问题1

A、the increasing online ad sales

B、the pressure from its investors

C、the complaints from its readers

D、the high cost of operation

问题2

A、make strategic adjustments

B、end the print edition for good

C、seek new sources of readership

D、aim for efficient management

问题3

A、helps restore the glory of former times

B、is meant for the most loyal customers

C、will have the cost of printing reduced

D、expands the popularity of the paper

问题4

A、traditional luxuries can stay unaffected

B、cautiousness facilitates problem-solving

C、aggressiveness better meets challenges

D、legacy businesses are becoming outdated

问题5

A、Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once.

B、Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand.

C、Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion.

D、Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good.

1、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:A;第5题:C;第6题:A;第7题:C;第8题:C;第9题:D;第10题:B;第11题:D;第12题:D;第13题:B;第14题:A;第15题:C;第16题:D;第17题:B;第18题:A;第19题:C;第20题:A;

试题解析：

1.应选［B］。考点：语法知识+短语搭配
【试题解析】（1）本题比较容易。空缺连接的是“parents and his friends”与“those”，指示代词“those”在此指代“parents and his friends”，即“女方的亲友”。空缺少一个连接词，空缺前后为平行结构。（2）根据文章，指的是男方的家人朋友“以及”女方的家人朋友，男女双方在此为并列关系。因此，选项［B］最佳。
2.应选［D］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。空缺是第一个分句的谓语动词，即“man can...spouse”（男的……伴侣）。（2）从空缺部分看，代入四个备选意义似乎是通顺的，但是，下文谈到“父母可能帮助选择” （choice），而且“年轻人几乎没有发言权”（little）。这说明了空缺内容与全句的重点“选择、决定”有关——全句内容保持一致性。因此，选项［D］最佳。
3.应选［C］。考点：句子含义+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。空缺一个不定式作宾语补语，即“ask his parents to...negotiations”（请求父母……提亲）。（2）根据文章，“自己做了决定”“请求父母安排提亲”——即事先的计划或准备。 而下文谈到“在选择之后，父母进行调查”（investigate）。（3）动词“arrange”侧重“make plans or preparations”，符合原文句子内容的先后顺序。因此，选项［C］最佳。
4.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题较难。空缺一个状语成分，对后面整个句子的内容进行限制。（2）从本段作者的语气来看，作者大量使用了表述可能性的词汇，如likely，can，may等，说明作者在进行某种主观的推测。（3）空缺处的上文分析了男方的可能情况（can decide on），而下文分析女方的可能情况（may veto）。这些都是主观推断。（4）从语气的角度看，选项［A］侧重“idea, reasoning”，即“女方否决一桩婚事”只是理论上的情况，言外之意是这种可能性并不太大，而篇末提到女性在婚姻方面遭受某些偏见的看法也印证了这一看法。综合这些信息，选项［A］最佳。
5.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】本题比较容易。空缺一个连词连接前后两个分句，即说明“spouse has been selected”与“family investigates”的关系。第一个分句使用了现在完成时，第二个分句使用了一般现在时，那么第二个分句的动作发生在第一个分句的动作之后，即“在做出选择‘之后’，再进行调查”。据此，选项［C］最佳。
6.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+小品词使用
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。空缺一个介词，连接“marrying”和“a good family”。“marrying”不论理解为“嫁”或“娶”，这个介词都表达方向性，即“与好的家庭结亲”。（2）短语搭配“marry into”的含义是“结婚后成为……的一员；靠结婚获取”。下文谈到“新人与父母共同居住”的字眼以及双方财产的分割问题，与此构成了照应。因此，选项［A］最佳。
7.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）本题比较容易。空缺一个连词，连接“Formerly it lasted...”（过去婚礼持续三天）与“by the 1980s it more commonly lasted…”（到了20世纪80年代，婚礼常常持续……）。（2）这两个分句在对比两个时段的情况，存在转折关系。因此，选项［C］正确。
8.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题较难。空缺一个动词，空缺后为“prayers of blessing”。（2）考虑整个句子内容与宗教相关，“僧侣通常会做简短的诵经，并为新人祈福”，理解了“prayer”的意思是“祷文，祷词”，当然 ［C］最恰当。
9.应选［D］。考点：常识+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。空缺一个现在分词，空缺后为“...threads...around...wrists”（把丝线……手腕上）。（2）从常识角度看，丝线“系”在手腕上是正常的做法。因此，选项［D］最恰当。
10.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）本题有一定难度。空缺的现在分词与“cutting” “tying”构成了平行结构，共同充当着“involve”的宾语，即“理发、系带子和……”。空缺的宾语是“蜡烛”。（2）若只看宾语“蜡烛”，那么四个备选都可以接受。但是，考虑下文“around a circle”（围成一圈）的限制，选项［B］是最佳选择。
11.应选［D］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。空缺一个名词做“to bless”的宾语（祝福……）。（2）根据文章，“传递蜡烛的目的是为了祝福这对新人”，文章谈论的就是谈婚论嫁，当然空缺应与主旨相关。据此，选项［D］ 最佳。
12.应选［D］。考点:句际关系+短语搭配
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。空缺在分句的谓语动词部分“may...with them”（可能与女方父母……）”。（2）从整个句子的内容看，“新人搬往女方父母处，……直到建好新房”，主要的话题讲述“生活和住所”，因此，选项［D］符合原文话题。
13.应选［B］。考点:逻辑关系+连词使用
【试题解析】（1）本题比较容易。空缺在第二个分句句首，需要一个表达逻辑关系的连词，即“…they can build a new house”。（2）根据文章，整个句子谈论新人住所的话题，侧重点在于时间的发展，即“up to a year” “new”。“新婚夫妇会搬来和女方的父母居住一年，直到他们在附近建好自己的新房为止”。据此， 选项［B］最佳。
14.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）本题难度稍大。空缺一个动词构成不定式作表语，即“Divorce is...easy to…”。（2）第三段主要介绍有关离婚的话题。根据文章，“离婚合法，且容易……”，下文提到“离婚不常见，且会受到某些人的谴责”（disapproval）。空缺内容交代的是“离婚是合法的且容易获得（批准）”。动词“obtain”侧重“通过努力获得”，故选项［A］最佳。
15.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+语法结构
【试题解析】（1）本题难度较大。空缺一个过去分词构成谓语部分，即“Divorced persons are…”。（2）本题需要考虑三点：其一，句子含义为“离婚者会受到……”；其二，空缺之后的介词 “with”与动词的搭配；其三，整个段落在谈论人们对离婚所持的看法和评价。综合这些要求，选项［C］是最佳选择。
16.应选［D］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。空缺部分的主句为“spouse retains” “retains”的宾语为“property he or she brought”，其中，“he or she brought”为“property”的定语从句。这个空缺部分充当限定词，修饰 “property”。（2）从下文看（jointly-acquired property），整个句子谈论的重点是财产。综合语法和语义，选项［D］最佳。
17.应选［B］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。空缺在“ he or she…into the marriage ”，而这一部分充当 “property”的定语从句，即“他（她）……婚姻的财产”。（2）从语法角度看，四个备选都可以与“into”构成搭配，所以需要从意义上考虑。根据下文，“婚后共同取得的财产要均分”（jointly-acquired），由此可知，整个句子讨论的是婚前或婚后财产的分割问题。（3）本空缺讨论的是婚前“带来”的财产，因此，选项［B］最佳。
18.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。本空缺与上文两个问题的解题思路一致，即整个句子谈论婚姻财产的话题。空缺需要一个过去分词，构成“property is…”。（2）根据上文，“婚前财产可以保留”（retain），而“共同挣来的财产可以均分”。思考本题时，除了读懂整个句子含义，还需要明确空缺后“equally”一词的限制。（3） “divide”一词侧重的就是均分。因此，［A］正确。
19.应选［C］。考点：句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】（1）本题比较容易。空缺一个谓语动词，说明人们对于离婚者持有的性别偏见，即 “prejudice...”。（2）根据下文冒号后的内容，人们在对待离婚问题的态度上，对女性持有强烈的偏见 (women must wait ten months)，换言之，空缺要反映出这一偏见的存在。选项［C］正好表达出原文的内容。
20.应选［A］。考点：句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。空缺一个连词，连接“男性等待时长”与“女性等待时长”。（2）从原文看，“不用等待”与“等待十个月”之间存在对比关系。因此，选项［A］最佳。

2、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:D;第3题:B;第4题:C;第5题:A;

试题解析：第1题:

1.应选［A］。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。题干明示定位在第一段。（2）根据文章，“法国时尚界已经失去了界定女性形体美的绝对权力”（define），“雇用超瘦的模特走秀将是非法行为”（ultra-thin）。其言外之意便是“标准会被重新规定”。（3）第一段主要谈论的是“physical beauty”，选项［A］包含段落的文眼。（4）“define”这一概念是本文的重要关键词。基于这些线索，选项［A］最佳。

2.应选［D］。考查考生在语境中推测词义的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题有一定难度。题干明示定位在第二段。（2）从构词法看，“impinge”与“impact”（影响）同源，意思比较接近。（3）根据文章，段首重点句陈述“这些措施有若干令人振奋的目的” （motives），上下文侧重分析“影响”（influence），而“有些对个人健康……的外貌标准将被重新规定”也就通顺了，换言之，“外形标准影响了健康”。（4）下文又提到“有些模特已经饿死了”，说明“impinge”应该是一种负面的影响。综合这些判断，选项［D］最佳。

3.应选［B］。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）由于原文多处出现了“fashion industry”，所以，只能依据题目的顺序，尝试着将本题定位在第四、五、六段，再对应备选进行甄别。（2）第四段介绍法国严厉的惩罚措施。第五段分析了时尚界的固有问题，提出了“制定自愿标准”（voluntary standards）的方案，暗示法国的解决方案未必可行。第六段便提出了针对固有问题的解决方案：“丹麦的做法与法国不同”（rules and sanctions），具体说，“修订了伦理纲领”（revised），有了新的实施办法。综合这些内容，选项［B］是最佳概括。

4.应选［C］。考查考生把握言外之意的推理能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题偏难。根据题干专有名词“CFW”定位在第六段。（2）根据文章，“丹麦的时尚产业界上个月同意了关于模特的年龄、身体状况和其他特征的规定和制裁行动”（health），“新修订的纲领规定：我们意识到时尚产业对人们形体类型目标的影响”（impact），根据纲领，“主要实施手段是拒绝设计师和经纪机构参加由丹麦时尚学院主办的哥本哈根时装周”。这些语句的言外之意是：设计师（designer）会受到惩罚（不能参加CFW），因为设计师忽视了时尚业对人们观念的影响，而这些观念又涉及健康。（3） “健康因素”是作者在本文反复提到的关键词概念。综合这些信息，选项［C］最佳。

5.应选［A］。考查考生把握全文中心主旨的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中，需要综合原文各段话题、全文写作思路以及作者的写作目的综合判断。（2）从文章谈论的关键词概念看，“时尚界”“外形”“典型（典范）”是本文讨论的重点概念。（3）文章开门见山提出中心议题：法国时尚产业界已经失去了界定（define）妇女形体美的绝对权力。继而通过许多国家的实情作为事实支撑。最后作者给出了自己的看法：提高审美观念。（4）对比四个备选的合理性，选项［A］是本文的最佳标题。

3、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:A;第3题:C;第4题:B;第5题:C;

试题解析：

1.应选［D］。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。虽然题干“sentiment”一词出现在原文第三段段首，但根据题目顺序，出处应定位在第一段。（2）根据文章，英国人民将“乡村”与皇室、莎士比亚、国民保健制度并列选为英国最让他们自豪的东西(rate)，但“这种观点得到的政治支持有限”(limited political support)。（3）第一段提到“政治性支持”只是一个伏笔，下文第三段谈到政党对乡村建设的态度，末尾又谈及结合左派和右派的建议。据此，选项［D］表达出了作者的言外之意。

2.应选［A］。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题稍难。题干明示定位在第二段，注意题干中“now”的限制。题干中的“achievements ”（成就）是对第二段“the creation of national parks and green belts”的概括。“achievements”一词也流露出作者对这一组织成绩的欣赏。（2）根据文章，“该组织拯救自然之美，提供休闲空间”（to save, to provide），这些都是该组织过去取得的成就。但是，“公园和绿化带再也不能产生乡村了”（don't make），“每年混凝土吞噬更多的乡村”（every year, consumes），这两点是现在的情形（作者使用了一般现在时）。这些语句的言外之意便是：乡村已经逐渐被毁了。（3）此外，“破坏乡村”始终是整篇文章的宏观线索。据此，选项［A］最佳，其中“gradually”照应原文“every year”，而“destroy”照应原文“consume”。

3.应选［C］。考查考生把握言外之意的推理能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题偏难。题干明示定位在第三段。该段主要谈论各党派对建设乡村的态度。（2）根据文章，“英国独立党意识到自己的机会来了”（sensing its chance），“才支持保护乡村的请愿者”（sided with，pleading）。而“其保护英国乡村的运动让很多当地的保守党十分恐慌”。那么，言外之意便是：这一党派（Ukip） 一反常态，开始支持保护乡村，认为这是一个机会——即可能另有所图。选项［C］ 最佳。

4.应选［B］。考查考生把握作者态度和评价的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。根据题干中的“George Osborne”，定位在第五段。（2）根据文章， “在游说团体的压力下，奥斯本赞同在乡村建新房，建设购物中心”（favours）。作者对此的评价是“这是偏见”（biased）。那么，偏见在哪里呢？下文解释道：“乡间小镇和村落已经发展起来，而且总是在发展。如果在这些地方的边沿建设，而且尊重其特色，这些地方就发展得最好。而现在为什么要去破坏乡村呢？” （respects their character）。这些语句的言外之意便是：奥斯本忽视了乡村过去这些年发展的成就，忽视了乡村按照自身特色发展得很好。据此，选项［B］最佳。

5.应选［C］。考查考生把握作者态度和评价的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。题干明示定位在最后一段（第六段）。（2）根据文章，“开发应该是有规划的，而非听之任之”（development should be planned），这说明作者赞成规划。其实，第三段就批判了保守党赞同“规划外”建造的内容。（3）此外，作者对50多年的城乡规划持欣喜态度（enviable rural coherence）。综合这些内容，选项［C］最佳。

4、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:B;第5题:A;

试题解析：

1.应选［B］。考查考生把握作者态度和评价的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题比较容易。据题目顺序以及题干专有名词的提示，定位在第一段。（2）在第一段，作者先以弗里德曼对公司社会责任的评价作为引子开头，弗里德曼认为：“公司只有一个且唯一的一个社会责任，即利用资源并从事旨在增加利润的活动”（one and only one, to increase its profits）。作者认为：“即便接受了弗里德曼的观点，并把公司的社会责任政策看成浪费股东的金钱， 情况可能也不是绝对清楚的”（waste, may not be absolutely clear-cut）。作者使用的是一种委婉的手法对弗里德曼的观点进行了否定。（3）此外，作者写作本文的目的就是说明“在公司社会责任方面的花销是值得的”，并不是一种浪费，反而可以增加公司的价值（下文的“光环效应”）。（4）选项［B］中的“skepticism”侧重对“断言、坚称”（claims）或“观点”（statements）正确性或真实性的否定。 因此，选项［B］最佳。

2.应选［C］。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）题干明示定位在第二段。题干的“helps a company”是原文“add value to their businesses”的转化。（2）具体需要参考下文三个方面的内容：其一，“消费者可能把公司的社会责任的开支作为公司产品质量高的一个‘信号’"（signal, high quality），说明消费者信任产品质量；其二，“消费者可能愿意把购买一家公司的产品作为向该企业赞助的公益活动而进行的一种间接的捐赠”（good causes）；其三，“公司善行得到消费者更大的尊重”（greater consideration）。概括这三个方面的内容，选项［C］最佳。

3.应选［D］。考查考生在语境中推测词义的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题比较容易。题干明示定位在第四段。（2）根据构词法，词根“len”的含义为 “loose”（宽松，松弛），当然“lenient”一词的含义与之相关。（3）为了理解包含“lenient” 一词的句子的含义，从而推测“lenient”的含义，可先理解下一个自然段的内容。根据文章，研究的结论是：起诉人的确受到公司社会责任记录的影响。在正常情况下，记录好的公司所受处罚要更低（第五段：lower than the typical punishment）。那么，再看第四段内容，大致的意思就是：社会责任计划全面的公司所受的处罚较轻。据此，选项［D］最佳。

4.应选［B］。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。根据题干“CSR record”，定位在第五段。其实，本题的解题思路与上一题如出一辙。（2）根据文章，“研究的结论是：起诉人的确好像受到被调查公司在社会责任记录的影响”（seem to be influenced）。选项［B］转述了原文的含义。第五段中所引用的“one researcher”也支持了这个观点。（3）此外，文中反复强调的“光环效应”，也可以证明选项［B］的正确性。

5.应选［A］。考查考生把握言外之意的推理能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题偏难。题干明示定位在六段。（2）根据文章，“研究者不能回答公司应该在社会责任方面具体花费多少的问题”（does not answer）。（3）关于在社会责任上的花费问题是文章讨论的重要话题（第一段：create monetary value），那么在挑选备选时应该从这一角度入手。选项［A］表达了原文的言外之意。

5、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:A;第3题:B;第4题:C;第5题:D;

试题解析：

1.应选［D］。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中，定位在第一、二段。文章第一段陈述的就是题干“ending its print edition”的内容，原因在第二段。（2）根据文章，“甩掉纸质印刷有许多诱因”(plenty of incentive)，“印刷一份报纸需要的基础设施包括印刷的机器、送报的卡车，相当昂贵”(expensive)。（3）此外，第三段又提到了“管理费用昂贵”(Overhead)的字眼。综合这些信息，选项［D］最佳。

2.应选［A］。考查考生把握言外之意的推理能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。依据题目顺序，本题可定位在第三、四段。（2）皮拉提认为，“马上淘汰纸质版是一个错误”（第三段：mistake）。那么应该怎样做呢？ “不要把时间浪费在脱离纸质印刷业务上” （第四段：getting out of the print business），“除非着手用正确的方法来做这件事”（第四段：the right way）。“方法”即是战略和策略。（3）换言之，“努力找到一种方法来加速那一转变过程才有意义”（第四段：that transition）“转型” 即调整。综合这些内容，《纽约时报》应该找到方法加速转变，即选项［A］的内容。

3.应选［B］。考查考生把握言外之意的推理能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题难度适中。题干定位在第五、六段。（2）根据文章，“如果提高《纽约时报》的价格，就可以把它做成一个‘传承性产品’ ”（第五段：raise prices, legacy product） 。这便提出了“传承性产品”的概念，即《纽约时报》就是这样的一个产品。（3）再根据“（做成传承性产品）这种方法可行”（第六段：the idea goes），“最忠实的读者仍将得到他们喜爱的产品——即‘传承性产品’ ”（第六段：The most loyal customers），“如果你多付钱来购买纸质印刷品。你就会感觉到好像自己在帮扶该报纸”（第六段: overpaying, helping），换言之，这便是针对迷恋上纸制品的读者定制的“传承性产品”。（4）其实，作者在第四段就提到了“不能得罪忠实客户”的字眼。综合这些内容，选项［B］最佳。

4.应选［C］。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题比较容易。定位在第七段。（2）根据文章，“《纽约时报》有传承业务反而不是优势”（luxury），“在变化的形势下，多一些锐意进取的做法更好”（better to be more aggressive）。（3）其实，第六段所述的“提高纸制品价格、加速转变”都与“积极进取”相关。综合这些内容，选项［C］最佳，“aggressiveness”对应原文的“aggressive”，“challenges” 对应原文的“situations”。

5.应选［D］。考查考生把握全文中心主旨的能力。
【试题解析】（1）本题偏难，需要结合文章关键词、作者态度以及全文写作思路综合判断。（2）首先， 全文探讨的话题是《纽约时报》纸质品的生存问题。选项［D］满足这一条件。（3）文章第一、二段介绍了 《纽约时报》打算终止纸制版并分析原因。第三、四段提出不能马上终止纸制品并给出理由。第五、六、七段提出为了迎接转型应该采取的锐意进取的方案（将纸质品做成一个传承产品）。选项［D］概括了这些要点。