2021年201英语（一）考研真题答案及解析

本文提供2021年201英语（一）考研真题答案及解析，以下为具体内容

1、Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that involves short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problem. It （1）in young adulthood (between the ages of 20 and 30), levels out for a period of time, and then （2）starts to slowly decline as we age. But （3）aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the （4）of body fat around the abdomen, which often begin in middle age and continue into advanced age, are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the （5）  that lifestyle factors, such as the type of diet you follow and the type and amount of exercise you get throughout the years to maintain more lean muscle, might help prevent or （6） this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that （7）measurements of lean muscle, abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat (the type of fat you can see and grab hold of) from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and （8）that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people （9）higher measures of abdominal fat（10）worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years（11）.For women, the association may be（12）to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be （13）. Future studies could （14）these differences and perhaps lead to different（15）for men and women.（16） there are steps you can （17）to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental（18）. The two most generally recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your （19）of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style （20） that is high in fiber from whole grains, vegetables, and other plant foods and eliminates highly processed foods. If you carry extra belly fat, speak with your health care provider to determine a plan that is best for you.

问题1

A、pauses

B、return

C、peaks

D、fades

问题2

A、alternatively

B、formally

C、accidentally

D、generally

问题3

A、while

B、since

C、once

D、until

问题4

A、detection

B、accumulation

C、consumption

D、separation

问题5

A、possibility

B、decision

C、goal

D、requirement

问题6

A、delay

B、ensure

C、seek

D、utilize

问题7

A、modified

B、supported

C、included

D、predicted

问题8

A、devoted

B、compared

C、converted

D、applied

问题9

A、with

B、above

C、by

D、against

问题10

A、lived

B、managed

C、scored

D、played

问题11

A、ran out

B、set off

C、drew in

D、went by

问题12

A、superior

B、attributable

C、parallel

D、resistant

问题13

A、restored

B、isolated

C、involved

D、controlled

问题14

A、alter

B、spread

C、remove

D、explain

问题15

A、compensations

B、symptoms

C、demands

D、treatments

问题16

A、Likewise

B、Meanwhile

C、Therefore

D、Instead

问题17

A、change

B、watch

C、count

D、take

问题18

A、well-being

B、process

C、formation

D、coordination

问题19

A、level

B、love

C、knowledge

D、space

问题20

A、design

B、routine

C、diet

D、prescription

2、How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year's rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year's, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincoln shire have to subsidize the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain's railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalization may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

1.The author holds that this year's increase in rail passengers fares （  ）.2.The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for（  ） .3. It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators （  ）.4. If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face（  ）.5. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

问题1

A、will ease train operation's burden

B、has kept pace with inflation

C、is a big surprise to commuters

D、remains an unreasonable measure

问题2

A、car drivers

B、rail travelers

C、local investors

D、ordinary taxpayers

问题3

A、are offering compensations to commuters

B、are trying to repair relations with the unions

C、have failed to provide an adequate service

D、have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes

问题4

A、the loss of investment

B、the collapse of operations

C、a reduction of revenue

D、a change of ownership

问题5

A、Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?

B、Constant Complaining Doesn't Work

C、Can Nationalization Bring Hope?

D、Ever-rising Fares Aren't Sustainable

3、Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country's antipoverty program.In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They're already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs don't generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don't prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates. Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia's phase-in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.That's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what's good for people may also be good value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.

1.According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to （  ）.2.The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that （  ）.3.In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out （  ）.4.According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that （  ）. 5.What is the text centered on?

问题1

A、facilitate health care reform

B、help poor families get better off

C、improve local education systems

D、lower deforestation rates

问题2

A、cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the pool

B、CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles

C、antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers

D、economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation

问题3

A、its acceptance level of CCTs

B、its annual rate of poverty alleviation

C、the relation of CCTs to its forest loss

D、the role of its forests in climate change

问题4

A、it will benefit other Asian countries

B、it will reduce regional inequality

C、it can protect the environment

D、it can boost grain production

问题5

A、The effects of a program.

B、The debates over a program.

C、The process of a study.

D、The transferability of a study.

4、As a historian who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and – since I started posting them on Twitter – they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course, I need to concede that my collection of "Smiling Victorians" makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today's digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular "pearly whites" was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll's gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.

1.According to paragraph 1, the author's posts on Twitter（  ）.2.What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?3.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?4.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was（  ）.5.Which of the following questions does the text answer?

问题1

A、changed people's impression of the Victorians

B、highlighted social media's role in Victorian studies

C、re-evaluated the Victorians notion of public image

D、illustrated the development of Victorian photography

问题2

A、They are in popular use among historians.

B、They are rare among photographs of that age.

C、They mirror 19th-century social conventions.

D、They show effects of different exposure times.

问题3

A、Their inherent social sensitiveness.

B、Their tension before the camera.

C、Their distrust of new inventions.

D、Their unhealthy dental condition.

问题4

A、a deep-root belief

B、a misguided attitude

C、a controversial view

D、a thought-provoking idea

问题5

A、Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs.

B、Why did the Victorians start to view photographs.

C、What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period.

D、How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm.

5、From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals'. That's why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the Internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill — in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight.At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017. The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission's authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either.The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals' streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism.”In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC's attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission's power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order. That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC's abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.

1.There has long been concern that broadband provides would（  ）.2.Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the FCC（  ）.  3.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?4.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decision （  ）.  5.What does the author argue in the last paragraph?

问题1

A、bring web-based firms under control

B、slow down the traffic on their network

C、show partiality in treating clients

D、intensify competition with their rivals

问题2

A、sticks to an out-of-date order

B、takes an anti-regulatory stance

C、has issued a special resolution

D、has allowed the states to intervene

问题3

A、It protects against unfair competition.

B、It engages in anti-competitive practices.

C、It is under the FCC's investigation.

D、It is in pursuit of quality service.

问题4

A、focuses on trivialities

B、conveys an ambiguous message

C、is at odds with its earlier rulings

D、is out of touch with reality

问题5

A、Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.

B、The FCC should be put under strict supervision.

C、Rules need to be set to diversify online services.

D、Broadband providers' rights should be protected.

6、In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don't involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. One common application? Preventing electronic security breaches, which, rather than eliminating IT jobs, actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers, because they help firms prevent hacking attempts.Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. “There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does, ” says Pedro Domingo, author of The Master Algorithm: How the quest for the Ultimate learning Machine Will Reambe Our World and a computer science 1.（  ） One company that's doing this is called Blendoor. It usesanalytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.More effective marketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. 2.（  ） These are “tools that help people use data, not a replacement for people,” says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping the environment Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies, meanwhile, can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk. “Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much,” says Domingos, 3.（  ）Improved accuracy“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics which makes data more valuable,“ says Winston. It “helps people make smarter decisions.” 4.（  ）Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. “If they fail first and then you fix them, it’s very expensive,” says Domingo's.“ 5."（  ） .”

问题1

A、I replaces the boring parts of your job. If you’re doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn’t have time for.

B、One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit. This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.

C、There are also companies like Acquisto, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like AdWords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.

D、You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for employees to go to.

E、Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or they would charge them too little and then it would cost [the company] money.

F、We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond human scale.

G、AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates.

问题2

A、I replaces the boring parts of your job. If you’re doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn’t have time for.

B、One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit. This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.

C、There are also companies like Acquisto, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like AdWords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.

D、You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for employees to go to.

E、Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or they would charge them too little and then it would cost [the company] money.

F、We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond human scale.

G、AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates.

问题3

A、I replaces the boring parts of your job. If you’re doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn’t have time for.

B、One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit. This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.

C、There are also companies like Acquisto, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like AdWords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.

D、You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for employees to go to.

E、Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or they would charge them too little and then it would cost [the company] money.

F、We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond human scale.

G、AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates.

问题4

A、I replaces the boring parts of your job. If you’re doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn’t have time for.

B、One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit. This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.

C、There are also companies like Acquisto, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like AdWords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.

D、You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for employees to go to.

E、Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or they would charge them too little and then it would cost [the company] money.

F、We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond human scale.

G、AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates.

问题5

A、I replaces the boring parts of your job. If you're doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.

B、One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit. This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.

C、There are also companies like Acquisto, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like AdWords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.

D、You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useful for employees to go to.

E、Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or they would charge them too little and then it would cost [the company] money.

F、We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond human scale.

G、AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates.

1、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:A;第4题:B;第5题:A;第6题:A;第7题:C;第8题:B;第9题:A;第10题:C;第11题:D;第12题:B;第13题:C;第14题:D;第15题:D;第16题:B;第17题:D;第18题:A;第19题:A;第20题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

【选项释义】
A. pauses 暂停 B. returns 返回
C. peaks 达到高峰 D. fades 逐渐消失
【考查点】动词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】and then表示顺承关系，由“slowly decline（慢慢下降）”可知，要先达到峰值才会开始下降，因此C选项peaks“达到高峰”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】它在成年初期达到峰值，在一段时间内达到稳定水平，然后随着年龄的增长开始慢慢下降。

【选项释义】
A. alternatively 二者择一地 B. formally 正式地
C. accidentally 偶然地 D. generally 通常
【考查点】副词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】空格处修饰动词start，流动智力随着年龄增长开始下降是一个普遍的情况，因此D选项generally“通常”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、C选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】它在成年初期达到峰值，在一段时间内达到稳定水平，然后通常随着年龄的增长开始慢慢下降。

【选项释义】
A. while 尽管 B. since 由于
C. once 一旦 D. until 到……为止
【考查点】连词辨析和句间逻辑
【解题思路】由“aging is inevitable（衰老不可避免）”和“scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be（科学家们发现大脑功能的某些变化可能并非不可避免）”可知，inevitable和may not be二者语义相反，while表示让步关系，因此A选项while“尽管”正确。
【干扰项排除】
B、C、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】虽然衰老是不可避免的，但科学家们发现，大脑功能的某些变化可能并非如此。

【选项释义】
A. detection 侦查 B. accumulation 积累
C. consumption 消耗 D. separation 分离
【考查点】名词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】and表示并列关系，“muscle loss（肌肉流失）”和“body fat around the abdomen（腹部脂肪）”相互并列，所以空格处应该指腹部脂肪的堆积，因此B选项accumulation“积累”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、C、D选项均不能和“muscle loss（肌肉流失）”相并列。
【句意】一项研究发现，肌肉流失和腹部周围脂肪堆积与流动智力下降有关。

【选项释义】
A. possibility 可能性 B. decision 决定
C. goal 目标 D. requirement 要求
【考查点】名词辨析和上下文关联。
【解题思路】This指代上一句的研究发现，本句继续介绍研究发现表明的内容，上文说到“肌肉流失和腹部周围脂肪堆积与流动智力下降有关”，所以生活方式因素应该是可能有助预防流动智力下降的，因此A选项possibility“可能性”正确。
【干扰项排除】
B、C、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】这表明生活方式因素可能有助于预防这种下降。

【选项释义】
A. delay 延迟 B. ensure 保证
C. seek 寻求 D. utilize 利用
【考查点】动词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】or表示并列关系，由“prevent（预防）”可知，空格处应该是指生活方式因素有可能预防或延缓下降，因此A选项delay“延迟”正确。
【干扰项排除】
B、C、D选项均不能和“prevent（预防）”相并列。
【句意】这表明生活方式可能有助于预防或延缓这种类型的下降。

【选项释义】
A. modified 修改 B. supported 支持
C. included 包括 D. predicted 预测
【考查点】动词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】that引导定语从句修饰data，表示研究人员查看了什么样的数据，“measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat（瘦肌肉群和腹部脂肪测量结果）”是属于这些数据里的，因此C选项included“包括”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】研究人员查看了包括4000多名中老年男性和女性的瘦肌肉群和腹部脂肪测量结果的数据。

【选项释义】
A. devoted 把……用于 B. compared 将……与……相比
C. converted 把……转化为…… D. applied 把……应用于……
【考查点】动词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】and提示并列，“looked at（查看）”和空格处互相并列，由此可知此处表示“将这些数据与6年期间报告的流体智力变化进行了比较”，compare to是固定搭配，意为“将……与……相比”，因此B选项compared“比较”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、C、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】研究人员查看了4000多名中老年男性和女性的数据，包括对瘦肌肉群和腹部脂肪的测量，并将这些数据与6年期间报告的流体智力变化进行了比较。

【选项释义】
A. with 带有…… B. above 在……上面
C. by 通过 D. against 与……相反
【考查点】介词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】“higher measures of abdominal fat（更高的腹部脂肪含量）”作后置定语修饰people，表示有着更高腹部脂肪的中年人，with可以体现某种状态，因此A选项with“带有……”正确。
【干扰项排除】
B、C、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】腹部脂肪含量越高的中年人。

【选项释义】
A. lived 生活 B. managed 管理
C. scored 得分 D. played 玩耍
【考查点】动词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】由“measures of fluid intelligence（流体智力测试）”可知，测量智力是会得出具体分数的，此处表示他们的得分更低，因此C选项scored“得分”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】腹部脂肪含量越高的中年人得分越低。

【选项释义】
A. ran out 耗尽 B. set off 出发
C. drew in 吸引 D. went by 时间流逝
【考查点】固定搭配和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】由“as the years（随着时间）”可知，此处表示随着时间的流逝，go by是固定搭配，意为“时间流逝”，因此D选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、C选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】他们发现，随着时间的推移，腹部脂肪含量较高的中年人在流体智力测试中的得分更低。

【选项释义】
A. superior 优于的 B. attributable 可归因于的
C. parallel 平行的 D. resistant 有抵抗力的
【考查点】形容词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】空格处所在句子用分号隔开，分号前说的是免疫系统对于女性的作用，后文是用男性来进行比较，由说免疫系统对于男性的变化没什么作用。前后是相反的观点，所以免疫系统对女性是有影响的，be attributable to是固定搭配，意为“可归因于……”，因此B选项attributable“可归因于的”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、C、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】对于女性来说，这种联系可能是由于腹部脂肪过多导致的免疫力变化。

【选项释义】
A. restored 被恢复 B. isolated 被孤立
C. involved 与……有关 D. controlled 被控制
【考查点】动词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】由“the association may be attributable to changes in immunity（这种联系可能是由于免疫力变化）”可知，此处与其形成对比，表示对男性来说免疫系统与此无关，因此C选项involved“与……有关”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】在男性中，免疫系统似乎与此无关。

【选项释义】
A. alter 改变 B. spread 展开
C. remove 去掉 D. explain 解释
【考查点】动词辨析和上下文关联。
【解题思路】these differences指的是上句中男性和女性的流动智力得分，与腹部脂肪堆积所致的免疫力变化有关与无关的区别。现有研究只发现了这种区别，而背后的原因还没有得到解释，只能寄希望于未来的相关研究。因此D选项explain“解释”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、C选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】人们希望未来的研究能够解释这些差异。

【选项释义】
A. compensations 补偿 B. symptoms 症状
C. demands 要求 D. treatments 治疗
【考查点】名词辨析和上下文关联。
【解题思路】由these differences所指的免疫力与流体智力间二者间的关联在男性和女性中体现不同和“lead to（促成）”可知，此处表示会促成针对女性和男性的不同疗法，因此D选项treatment“治疗”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、C选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】人们希望未来的研究能够解释这些差异，或许会促成针对女性和男性的不同疗法。

【选项释义】
A. Likewise 同样地 B. Meanwhile 与此同时
C. Therefore 因此 D. Instead 代替
【考查点】副词辨析和上下文关联。
【解题思路】上句说的是对未来研究的期待，本句为目前可采取的措施，前后两句呈现研究的不同方面，体现对比关系，即期待未来进一步研究的同时，目前也可以采取一些措施，二者可同时进行，因此B选项Meanwhile“与此同时”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、C、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】同时，随着年龄的增长，你可以采取一些步骤来帮助减少腹部脂肪。

【选项释义】
A. change 改变 B. watch 观看
C. count 计数 D. take 采取
【考查点】动词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】you can前面省略了定语从句关系词that，从句修饰steps，表示可以采取一些步骤来帮助减少腹部脂肪，take steps to do是固定搭配，意为“采取措施做某事”，因此D选项take“采取”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、C选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】同时，随着年龄的增长，你可以采取一些步骤来帮助减少腹部脂肪。

【选项释义】
A. well-being 健康 B. process 过程
C. formation 形成 D. coordination 协调
【考查点】名词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】由“physical and mental（身体和精神的）”可知，此处表示身体和精神健康，因此A选项well-being“健康”正确。
【干扰项排除】
B、C、D选项均不能和“physical and mental（身体和精神的）”相搭配。
【句意】与此同时，随着年龄的增长，你可以采取一些措施来帮助减少腹部脂肪，保持瘦肌肉群，以保护你的身体和精神健康。

【选项释义】
A. level 水平 B. love 热爱
C. knowledge 知识 D. space 空间
【考查点】名词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】由“maintaining or increasing（维持或提高）”可知，此处表示维持或提高你的有氧运动水平，因此A选项level“水平”正确。
【干扰项排除】
B、C、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】强烈推荐的两种生活方式是维持或提高你的有氧运动水平。

【选项释义】
A. design 设计 B. routine 惯例
C. diet 饮食 D. prescription 处方
【考查点】名词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】由“high in fiber（高纤维）”和“eliminates highly processed foods（不吃深加工食品）”可知，此处表示遵循一种饮食方式，因此C选项diet“饮食”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、D选项均不能和“high in fiber（高纤维）”与“eliminates highly processed foods（不吃深加工食品）”相对应。
【句意】有两种强烈推荐的生活方式，一是保持或增加有氧运动水平，二是遵循地中海式饮食，这种饮食富含纤维，不吃深加工食品。
【参考译文】
流动智力是一种与短期记忆有关的智力，以及为了解决新问题而进行快速、逻辑和抽象思考的能力。它在青年时期达到顶峰，在一段时间内稳定下来，然后随着我们年龄的增长开始慢慢下降。虽然衰老是不可避免的，但科学家们发现，大脑功能的某些变化可能并非如此。
一项研究发现，肌肉流失和腹部周围脂肪堆积与流动智力下降有关。这表明生活方式可能有助于预防或延缓这种类型的衰退。
研究人员查看了4000多名中老年男性和女性的数据，包括对瘦肌肉群和腹部脂肪的测量，并将这些数据与6年期间报告的流动智力变化进行了比较。他们发现，随着时间的推移，腹部脂肪含量较高的中年人在流动智力测试中的得分更低。
对于女性来说，这种联系可能是由于腹部脂肪过多导致的免疫力变化；在男性中，免疫系统似乎与此无关。希望未来的研究能够解释这些差异，或许会促成针对女性和男性的不同疗法。
与此同时，随着年龄的增长，你可以采取一些措施来帮助减少腹部脂肪，保持瘦肌肉群，以保护你的身体和精神健康。有两种强烈推荐的生活方式，一是保持或增加有氧运动水平，二是遵循地中海式饮食，这种饮食富含纤维，不吃深加工食品。

2、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:B;第3题:C;第4题:D;第5题:D;

3、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:C;第5题:A;

试题解析：第1题:

1. 【正确答案】B
【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干关键信息 CCT programs和aim to可以定位到原文第二段。该段第二句提到“Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs , these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty”,即这些社会援助项目被称为有条件现金转移(CCTs),旨在减少不平等,打破贫困循环。由此可知,CCT项目有两个目的:一是减少不平等，二是改善贫困,B项是对第一个目的的同义改写,即帮助贫困家庭改善现状,故选B。

2.【试题答案】D
【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键信息the study based on the area in Mexico可以定位到原文第四段。该段第三句提到“The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico.that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view”，即先前唯一一项基于墨西哥某个地区的因果关系分析研究支持传统观点。根据该段第一句可知，传统观点是“economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty” ,即经济增长可能与环境退化有关,而保护环境有时与更严重的贫困有关。由此可知,这一研究是为了表明经济增长倾向于导致森林毁坏，故选D。

3.【试题答案】C
【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干关键信息Ferraro 和intends to可以定位到原文第五段。该段第二句提到“Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia's poverty alleviation program was affecting deforestation”,即费拉罗想知道印尼的扶贫计划是否影响到森林砍伐,故选C。

4.【试题答案】C
【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键词Indonesia可以定位到原文第六段。该段最后一句话提到“…we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation”,即CCT项目与森林砍伐减少30%有关。由此可知,CCT项目能够保护环境,故选C。

5.【试题答案】A
【试题解析】 主旨大意题。本文讨论的核心问题是CCT项目对环境起到的积极作用，而没有提到争论观点,故选A。研究只是为了证明CCT项目与森林砍伐率之间的关系,不是本文的核心内容，故排除C、D项。

4、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:B;第3题:D;第4题:A;第5题:A;

5、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:B;第3题:B;第4题:D;第5题:A;

6、试题答案：第1题:G;第2题:C;第3题:E;第4题:B;第5题:D;