2019年201英语（一）考研真题答案及解析

本文提供2019年201英语（一）考研真题答案及解析，以下为具体内容

1、Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. _1_ of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones _2_ on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. _3_ you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you _4_ can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate _5_ to civilization, one of which is to follow the land. When you find yourself well _6_ a trail, but not in a completely _7_ area, you have to answer two questions: Which _8_ is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. _9_, if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should _10_ see signs of people. If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be _11_ how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another _12_: Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. _13_, even in dense forest, you should be able to _14_ gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve _15_ the woods. Head toward these _16_ to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for _17_ light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution. _18_, assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the _19_ we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can _20_ you to civilization.

问题1

A、 Few

B、 More

C、 Some

D、 All

问题2

A、 put

B、 take

C、 run

D、 come

问题3

A、 Since

B、 Until

C、 Though

D、 If

问题4

A、 formally

B、 literally

C、 gradually

D、 relatively

问题5

A、 around

B、 away

C、 back

D、 next

问题6

A、 onto

B、 along

C、 across

D、 off

问题7

A、 unattractive

B、 unfamiliar

C、 unchanged

D、 uncrowded

问题8

A、 way

B、 point

C、 site

D、 place

问题9

A、 Instead

B、 Yet

C、 So

D、 Besides

问题10

A、 immediately

B、 eventually

C、 unexpectedly

D、 intentionally

问题11

A、 frightened

B、 annoyed

C、 surprised

D、 confused

问题12

A、 problem

B、 result

C、 view

D、 option

问题13

A、 Above all

B、 For example

C、 On average

D、 In contrast

问题14

A、 spot

B、 avoid

C、 bridge

D、 separate

问题15

A、 from

B、 under

C、 beyond

D、 through

问题16

A、 posts

B、 breaks

C、 shades

D、 links

问题17

A、 hidden

B、 mysterious

C、 artificial

D、 limited

问题18

A、 Finally

B、 Consequently

C、 Incidentally

D、 Generally

问题19

A、 memories

B、 belongings

C、 notes

D、 marks

问题20

A、 lead

B、 adapt

C、 restrict

D、 expose

2、Financial  regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“ Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England's top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism" In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing," said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism”. In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that "a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.

1.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the（  ） .2.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate（  ）.3.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be（  ）.4.The US and France examples are used to illustrate（  ）.5.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

问题1

A、enhance banker's sense of responsibility

B、help corporations achieve larger profits

C、build a new system of financial regulation

D、guarantee the bonuses of top executives

问题2

A、the conditions for generating quick profits

B、governments' impatience in decision-making

C、the solid structure of publicly traded companies

D、"short-termism" in economics activities

问题3

A、indirect

B、adverse

C、minimal

D、temporary

问题4

A、the obstacles to preventing short-termism

B、the significance of long-term thinking

C、the approaches to promoting long-termism

D、the prevalence of short-term thinking

问题5

A、Failure of Quarterly Capitalism

B、Patience as a Corporate Virtue

C、Decisiveness Required of Top Executives

D、Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers

3、Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades— is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA. The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges'own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention- so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students- who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill-feel they've gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students' and colleges' incentive seem to be aligned.

1.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?2.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?3.According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enable colleges to（  ）.4.What does the phrase "to be aligned" (Para.6) most probably mean?5.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by（  ）.

问题1

A、The change of course catalogs.

B、Students' indifference to GPAs.

C、Colleges' neglect of GPAs.

D、The influence of consumer culture.

问题2

A、To help freshmen adapt to college learning.

B、To maintain colleges' graduation rates.

C、To prepare graduates for a challenging future.

D、To increase universities' income from tuition.

问题3

A、obtain more financial support

B、boost their student enrollments

C、improve their teaching quality

D、meet local governments' needs

问题4

A、To counterbalance each other.

B、To complement each other.

C、To be identical with each other.

D、To be contradictory to each other.

问题5

A、assessing its feasibility

B、analyzing the causes behind it

C、comparing different views on it

D、listing its long-run effects

4、This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identify, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?” What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “West world” and “Humans”.“Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced,” says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.” But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren't at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair. To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity's highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein's out-of-control monster. 

1.Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it（  ）.2.In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness（  ）.3.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles（  ）.4.The author's attitude toward Google's pledge is one of（  ）.5.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

问题1

A、fascinates AI scientists all over the world

B、has remained popular for as long as 200 years

C、involves some concerns raised by AI today

D、has sparked serious ethical controversies

问题2

A、helps explain artificial intelligence

B、can be misleading to robot making

C、inspires popular sci-fi TV series

D、is too limited for us to reproduce it

问题3

A、can hardly ever be found

B、is still beyond our capacity

C、causes little public concern

D、has aroused much curiosity

问题4

A、affirmation

B、skepticism

C、contempt

D、respect

问题5

A、AI's Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants

B、Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI

C、The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable

D、AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control

5、States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement, "businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”

1.The Supreme Court decision Thursday will（  ）.2.It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions（  ）.3.According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has（  ）.4.Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling（  ）.5.In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author（  ）.

问题1

A、endetter business' revolutions with states

B、put most online business in a dilemma

C、make more online shoppers pay sales tax

D、forces some states to cut sales tax

问题2

A、have led to the dominance of e-commerce

B、have cost consumers a lot over the years

C、were widely criticized by online purchases

D、were considered up favorable by states

问题3

A、hindered economic development

B、brought prosperity to the country

C、harmed fair market competition

D、boosted growth in states revenue

问题4

A、Internet entrepreneurs

B、Big-chain owners

C、Third-party sellers

D、Small retailers

问题5

A、gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences

B、describes the long and complicated process of its making

C、presents its main points with conflicting views on them

D、cities some cases related to it and analyzes their implications

1、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:B;第5题:C;第6题:D;第7题:B;第8题:A;第9题:C;第10题:B;第11题:C;第12题:D;第13题:B;第14题:A;第15题:D;第16题:B;第17题:C;第18题:A;第19题:D;第20题:A;

试题解析：第1题:

【选项释义】
A. Few 很少 B. More 更多
C. Some 一些 D. All 所有
【考查点】代词辨析和上下文关联。
【解题思路】由上文“GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones（GPS系统、数字地图和其他导航应用程序都可以在我们的智能手机上使用）”可知，此处应表示几乎没有人会不带手机直接走进树林，因此A选项Few“很少”正确。
【干扰项排除】
B、C、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】很少有人会不带手机就直接走进树林。

【选项释义】
A. put （~ on）穿上 B. take （~ on）承担
C. run （~ on）靠……运行 D. come （~ on）来吧
【考查点】固定搭配和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】由“batteries（电池）”可知，此处应表示手机靠电池运行，run on是固定搭配，意为“靠……运行”，因此C选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、D选项均不能和“batteries（电池）”相搭配。
【句意】但是手机是靠电池运行的，而电池消耗的速度比我们意识到的要快。

【选项释义】
A. Since 既然 B. Until 直到
C. Though 尽管 D. If 如果
【考查点】连词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】由“you get lost without a phone or a compass（你在没有手机和指南针的情况下迷路了）”和“a few tricks to help yo（有一些技巧可以帮助你）”可知，前一分句是后一分句的假设条件，因此D选项If“如果”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、C均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】如果你在没有手机和指南针的情况下迷路了。

【选项释义】
A. formally 正式地 B. literally 确实地
C. gradually 逐渐地 D. relatively 相对地
【考查点】副词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】and表示并列关系，由“you get lost without a phone or a compass（你在没有手机和指南针的情况下迷路了）”可知，此时应该是真的找不到方向，因此B选项literally“确实地”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、C、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】如果你在没有手机和指南针的情况下迷路了，你真的找不到北方。

【选项释义】
A. around 围绕 B. away 离开
C. back 回到 D. next 下一个
【考查点】副词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】由“get lost（迷路）”可知，此处应表示有一些方法可以帮助你回到“civilization（文明世界）”，即有人烟的地方，因此C选项back“回到”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】如果你在没有手机和指南针的情况下迷路了，你真的找不到北方，有一些技巧可以帮助你导航回到文明世界，其中之一就是沿着陆地走。

【选项释义】
A. onto 到……之上 B. along 沿着
C. across 穿过 D. off 离开
【考查点】介词辨析和上下文关联。
【解题思路】上文说到在迷路时有一些方法可以帮助你，所以此处也应该是在讲迷路时的情况，off a trail指离开道路，即迷路的意思，因此D选项off“离开”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、C选项均不能表示“迷路”。
【句意】当你发现自己迷路了。

【选项释义】
A. unattractive 不吸引人的 B. unfamiliar 不熟悉的
C. unchanged 未改变的 D. uncrowded 不拥挤的
【考查点】形容词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】but表示转折关系，由“When you find yourself well off a trail（当你发现自己迷路了）”可知，此处应表示虽然迷路了，但也并不是在完全不熟悉的地方，因此B选项unfamiliar“不熟悉的”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、C、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】但不是在一个完全陌生的地方。

【选项释义】
A. way 道路 B. point 观点
C. site 场所 D. place 地方
【考查点】名词辨析和上下文关联。
【解题思路】由上文“When you find yourself well off a trail（当你发现自己迷路了）”可知，此处应表示要找到下坡的路，因此A选项way“道路”正确。
【干扰项排除】
B、C、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】在这个特定的地方，哪条路是下坡？

【选项释义】
A. Instead 相反 B. Yet 仍然
C. So 所以 D. Besides 此外
【考查点】副词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】空格前说到“Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water（人类绝大多数生活在山谷中，依靠淡水供应）”，空格后句意为“如果你下山，沿着水走，你会发现人类的迹象”，由此可知此处存在因果逻辑关系，因此C选项So“所以”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、D选项均不能表示因果逻辑。
【句意】所以，如果你下山。

【选项释义】
A. immediately立刻 B. eventually 最终
C. unexpectedly 意外地 D. intentionally 有意地
【考查点】副词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】if表示条件关系，由“if you head downhill, and follow any H₂O you find（如果你下山，沿着你找到的水一直走）”可知，该假设导致的结果是最终会找到人类的迹象，因此B选项eventually“最终”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、C、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】所以，如果你下山，沿着你找到的水一直走，你最终会看到有人的迹象。

【选项释义】
A. frightened 害怕的 B. annoyed 生气的
C. surprised 惊讶的 D. confused 困惑的
【考查点】形容词辨析和上下文关联。
【解题思路】上文说到在迷路时有一些方法可以帮助你，所以发现一些熟悉的景色能帮助你恢复方位时应该是很惊讶的，因此C选项surprised“惊讶的”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】如果你以前探索过这个地区，留意熟悉的景色——你可能会惊讶地发现一块独特的岩石或一棵树能如此迅速地恢复你的方位。

【选项释义】
A. problem 问题 B. result 结果
C. view 观点 D. option 选择
【考查点】名词辨析和上下文关联。
【解题思路】上文说到迷路时的一个方法是往下坡走，所以此处应表示另一个可以选择的方法，即爬到高处，因此D选项option“选择”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、C选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】另一个选择：爬到高处，寻找人类居住的迹象。

【选项释义】
A. Above all 首先 B. For example 例如
C. On average 平均 D. In contrast 相比之下
【考查点】词组辨析和上下文关联。
【解题思路】上文说到另一个选择是爬到高处寻找人类居住的迹象，由“roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve（道路、火车轨道和人们开辟的其他路径）”可知，这些都是“人类居住迹象”的具体例子，因此B选项For example“例如”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、C、D选项均不能表示举例。
【句意】例如，即使在茂密的森林中。

【选项释义】
A. spot 发现 B. avoid 避免
C. bridge 弥合 D. separate 分离
【考查点】动词辨析和上下文关联。
【解题思路】For example表示举例，说明空格处应和上文的“look for signs（寻找迹象）”语义相近，即在茂密的森林中也应该能够发现这些迹象，因此A选项spot“发现”正确。
【干扰项排除】
B、C、D选项均不能和“look for signs（寻找迹象）”相对应。
【句意】例如，即使是在茂密的森林中，你也应该能够发现由于道路、火车轨道和人们开辟的其他路径而造成的林木线间隙。

【选项释义】
A. from 来自 B. under 在……之下
C. beyond 超出 D. through 穿过
【考查点】介词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】由“carve（开辟）”和“woods（森林）”可知，路径应该是穿过森林开辟出来的，因此D选项through“穿过”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、C选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】例如，即使是在茂密的森林中，你也应该能够发现由于道路、火车轨道和人们在森林中开辟的其他路径而造成的林木线间隙。

【选项释义】
A. posts 岗位 B. breaks 缺口
C. shades 背阴处 D. links 联系
【考查点】名词辨析和上下文关联。
【解题思路】上文说到应该能够发现由于道路、火车轨道和人们开辟的其他路径而造成的林木线间隙，所以空格处应该和上文的“gaps in the tree line（林木线间隙）”相对应，即朝这些间隙走去，因此B选项breaks“缺口”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、C、D选项均不能和“gaps in the tree line（林木线间隙）”相对应。
【句意】朝这些缺口走去，找到一条出路。

【选项释义】
A. hidden 隐藏的 B. mysterious 神秘的
C. artificial 人造的 D. limited 有限的
【考查点】形容词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】空格处作定语修饰“light sources（光源）”，such as表示对light sources的举例，“fires and streetlights（火堆和路灯）”都是人造的光源，因此C选项artificial“人造的”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、D选项均不能和“fires and streetlights（火堆和路灯）”相对应。
【句意】在晚上，扫描地平线上的人造光源，如火堆和路灯，然后朝着光污染的光亮处走。

【选项释义】
A. Finally 最后 B. Consequently 结果
C. Incidentally 偶然地 D. Generally 通常地
【考查点】副词辨析和上下文关联。
【解题思路】上文介绍了迷路时可以选择的几种方法，所以此处表示顺承，介绍最后一种情况，因此A选项Finally“最后”正确。
【干扰项排除】
B、C、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】最后，假设你在人类经常出没的地方迷路了。

【选项释义】
A. memories 回忆 B. belongings 财产
C. notes 记录 D. marks 标记
【考查点】名词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】由“an area humans tend to frequent（人类经常出没的地方）”可知，在人类常去的地方，地面上肯定会留下许多标记，因此D选项marks“标记”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、C选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】最后，假设你在一个人类经常出没的地方迷路了，寻找我们在地貌上留下的标记。

【选项释义】
A. lead 引领 B. adapt 适应
C. restrict 限制 D. expose 暴露
【考查点】动词辨析和句间逻辑。
【解题思路】由“Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features（路标、轮胎痕迹和其他特征）”可知，这些标记可以指引我们回到有人烟的地方，因此A选项lead“引领”正确。
【干扰项排除】
B、C、D选项均不符合此处的语义逻辑。
【句意】路标、轮胎痕迹和其他特征可以引导你到达文明世界。
【参考译文】
今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统、数字地图和其他导航应用程序都可以在我们的智能手机上使用的世界。很少有人会不带手机就直接走进森林。但是手机是靠电池运行的，而电池消耗的速度比我们意识到的要快。如果你在没有手机和指南针的情况下迷路了，你真的找不到北方，有一些技巧可以帮助你导航回到文明世界，其中之一就是沿着陆地走。
当你发现自己迷路了，但不是在一个完全陌生的地方，你必须回答两个问题：在这个特定的地方，哪条路是下坡？最近的水源在哪里？人类绝大多数生活在山谷中，依靠淡水供应。所以，如果你下山，沿着你找到的水一直走，你最终会看到有人的迹象。
如果你以前探索过这个地区，留意熟悉的景色——你可能会惊讶地发现一块独特的岩石或一棵树能如此迅速地恢复你的方位。
另一个选择：爬到高处，寻找人类居住的迹象。例如，即使是在茂密的森林中，你也应该能够发现由于道路、火车轨道和人们在森林中开辟的其他路径而造成的林木线间隙。朝这些缺口走去，找到一条出路。在晚上，扫描地平线上的人造光源，如火堆和路灯，然后朝着光污染的光亮处走。
最后，假设你在一个人类经常出没的地方迷路了，寻找我们在地貌上留下的标记。路标、轮胎痕迹和其他特征可以引导你到达文明世界。

2、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:D;第3题:B;第4题:C;第5题:B;

试题解析：

1.细节题。题目中明确出题段落(According to Paragraph 1)及相应的信息点(one motive in imposing the new rule)，因此，答案来源句则为第一段的第三句(The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution 这个规则主要目的是让银行家为不良风险负责以及修复公众对金融机构的信任)，那么答案基本就很容易提取出来。选项中的“sense of responsibility”则对应到句中的“enhance banker's sense of responsibility（增加银行的责任），其他的选项则与最佳选项无缘，在定位区间中没有相应的信息。

2.细节题。题干中的定位信息在“Alfred Marshall”上，直接定位到第二段的第二句，定位信息里的“this impatience”则是回指第二段首句的"short-termism"，故信息点则为"short-termism"，所以最佳选项则为"short-termism" in economic activities，而其他选项在定位信息中未提及。  
3.细节题。此题的定位信息为题干的“transient investment”，直接定位到第三段的第二句“Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty”，从四个选项的褒贬正负来看indirect、minimal和temporary为中性的表述，只有B选项的adverse为明确的负面表达，意思为“不利的”，与原文中的“hinder”对应上。 
4.例证题。根据题干的具体信息定位，美国和法国的例子是用来支撑什么论点。原文的第五、六段则提供了具体的信息，第五段中美国延迟发放才上任一年左右的高管绩效津贴，继而促进缓解“短期主义”盛行的现状；第六段则提及在法国持股两年以上者拥有更大的选票权。所以，最佳选项应为“促进长期主义的方法”。
5.主旨题。题干中的title为标题题的信息，所以此题考查的是文章的主旨大意。B选项里的patience可以对应到全文中反复出现的主题词"short-termism"和"long-termism"，corporate本身在文章中出现多次，所以B选项为最佳标题，体现主旨大意；其余选项均不能概括全文，故排除。

3、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:A;第3题:A;第4题:C;第5题:B;

试题解析：

1.细节题。根据题干中的关键词grade inflation可以定位到首段第一句话，此句话的句子主干：“Grade inflation is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education.”题干中的 be regarded as对应原文中的is considered，题干中的the cause of（后边接结果）与原文中的a product of （前边接结果）都表示因果关系。选项D中consumer是原文中的复现，其他选项都不具备干扰性，因此答案选择D。

2.细节题。根据题干中的关键词，我们只能定位到文章的第二段，但是第二段讲的是grade forgiveness具体是什么，并没有提及它的目的，然后接下来看第三段的首句，出现了this little-known practice指的就是grade forgiveness，而且题干中的the original purpose对应原文中的第三段第二句话：“When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.”A选项中的freshmen是原词复现，help对应原文中的give them a second chance，adapt to对应原文中的struggled in their transition to，college learning对应原文中的college-level courses。因此答案为A。
3.细节题。根据题干中的关键词paragraph 5、grade forgiveness和colleges可以定位到第五段的第一句，即grade forgiveness能够满足学生的需求，但是对应选项并没有对应的答案，所以接着往下看，提到了国家基金与他们的成功有关，得到更好的分数意味着拿到更多的钱。选项A中的financial support指的就是state funds。因此答案为A。
4.猜词题。根据题干，可以定位到第六段最后一句话：“On this, students' and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.”所以解题的关键是找到this指代的内容。This指代的是前一句话，即：因为学生和家长都希望通过大学学历来找工作，所以学校的最佳利益是尽可能地把学生培养成有能力胜任的人，或者至少看起来是那样。由此可以得出学生和学校的目标是一致的，选项C中的 be identical with表示的是“与……相同”，因此答案为C。
5.主旨题。题干的字面意思是作者是通过什么样的方式来检验grade forgiveness的实践操作，但是是考查文章的主旨，属于主旨题。阅读每段的段落大意句，可以得出文章主要讲解的是grade forgiveness的原因。因此答案为B。

4、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:B;第4题:A;第5题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

1.通过题干Mary Shelly's novel Frankenstein及题文同序原则可定位至文章第一段，在该段尾句，fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come. 此句中ethical questions可同义替换题干中的concern。故选C。
2.观点细节题。可通过关键词consciousness回文定位至原文第四段尾句部分：we are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there. 可知我们将意识注入机器的能力是有限的，因为没有好的理论可以解释。
3.根据题干关键词可定位至文章第三段：当下，人工智能的思维还不能达到人类的精密程度，让机器去预设每一种驾驶情形是一个困难的编程问题。由此说明，去解决人工智能所带来的道德问题，是在人类的能力范围之外的。
4.态度题，根据题干中的the author's attitude, Google's pledges回文定位到第八段，开头while转折，while the statement is vague，与vague相反的即是观点，所以表示正向情感的词即是正解。affirmation表示确定。
5.主旨题。本文首段通过引用Mary Shelley的书引出本文要探讨的话题：新技术所引发的道德问题。特别是在最后一段指出AI所涉及的道德问题已经触手可及。全篇复现了AI和conscience这两个关键词，所以答案选C。

5、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:B;第5题:D;

试题解析：

1.本题为细节题，根据题干关键字“the Supreme Court decision Thursday”定位到原文第一段“States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that ...” 前半句已经明确提出各州的在线购物可能要交税，对应选项C，原词“online”加“shoppers”是对“purchase”的同义替换。其他三个选项均为提及。

2.根据题干“learned”可知本题为推理题，根据关键字“the overruled decisions”定位到原文第二段的两句，大意为“州政府抱怨以前的政策使每年税收损失惨重，因此以前的政策很难再收取网上营业税”两句表示出的意思都是对州政府的不利，对比四个选项，得出答案D，州政府认为原政策对州会不利，因此驳回这项决定会对州有利，为正话反说。
3.本题为细节题，根据题干关键词“Justice Anthony Kennedy”“the physical presence rule”定位到原文第四段的第二句和第三句，大意为实体店规定导致州政府税收亏损，接着下一句Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.” 该规定限制了各州长期繁荣，并妨碍市场参与者参与公平竞争。对比四个选项，C 选项为“破坏了公平市场竞争”和原文“competing”“market participants”一一对应，为正确答案。

4.根据题干“likely”得出本题为推理题，利用关键词“welcome the Supreme Court ruling”定位到原文第五段第一句“The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since...”对于大公司来说这项规定是一种胜利，因为……只需找到关键词“big chain”即可选出B选项：大型连锁公司。
5.本题为主旨题，需找出作者的相应观点与论证，根据题干关键词“In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday”回顾每段首尾句，推测每段大意。第一段讲述最高法院通过了征收在线营业税的决定，第二段介绍之前的裁决及后果是对州政府不利的，第三段介绍了原来裁决涉及到的案例，第四段陈列了法官的观点，即以前的裁决是有问题的，第五段主要讲述新判决会对大型连锁超市产生有利的影响，第六段讲述新裁决对州外卖价的影响，第七段表示新的判决得到零售界的肯定，因此本文的思路为：首段引出新判决，二三四段列举相关案例，五六七段对其影响进行讲述，对比四个选项，得出D：作者在讲述这个判决时引用了相关案例并分析了它们的影响。