考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练（四百一十一）

本文提供考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练，以下为具体内容

1、Research suggests that British people are becoming increasingly detached from wildlife, the countryside and nature. Most people in the survey admitted they felt they were 1 touch with the natural world, 2 a third said they did not know enough about the subject to teach their own children. One in three people could not 3 an oak tree.This detachment has negative 4 for conservation. People simply won't rally round to save something they are not really 5 of. A major report last year already warned that Britain is among “the 6 nature-depleted countries in the world”.7 this is urban alienation at its most literal. Humans have 8 so decisively in the processes that create life on Earth 9 we are increasingly aware only of our own interventions, 10 not of the vast ecosystems that make them possible. Nature reminds us that we are a small part of something vast, 11, ever-evolving and infinitely precious. It reminds us that, as part of this 12. We are precious, too.13 all around us is self-destruction. Senior doctors and health charities warn that 14 drinking will kill 65,000 people over the next five years. They are asking urgently 15 a crackdown on cheap alcohol and 16 restrictions on the advertising of liquor to help to 17 the problem.The problem, however, seems existential to me. Many people are trying to 18 from themselves and their lives. 19, the measures work, simply making it harder for people to purchase their poison. But it's a strategy that makes a difference only 20 so many other aspects of a life have already gone wrong.

问题1

A、getting

B、keeping

C、losing

D、retaining

问题2

A、and

B、besides

C、moreover

D、while

问题3

A、identify

B、impair

C、illustrate

D、inhabit

问题4

A、continuity

B、consequences

C、sequences

D、controversy

问题5

A、aware

B、authoritative

C、concerned

D、considered

问题6

A、least

B、less

C、most

D、more

问题7

A、Hopefully

B、Unexpectedly

C、Presumably

D、Surely

问题8

A、interrupted

B、intervened

C、invaded

D、intrigued

问题9

A、as

B、it

C、which

D、that

问题10

A、and

B、as

C、nor

D、or

问题11

A、limited

B、definite

C、complex

D、distinctive

问题12

A、evolution

B、process

C、procedure

D、system

问题13

A、Moreover

B、Contradictory

C、Yet

D、Whilst

问题14

A、extra

B、heavy

C、massive

D、more

问题15

A、about

B、after

C、for

D、to

问题16

A、further

B、stricter

C、more

D、incredible

问题17

A、invert

B、avert

C、avail

D、reverse

问题18

A、move

B、escape

C、exile

D、resist

问题19

A、In the way

B、On the whole

C、As it is

D、To an extent

问题20

A、after

B、if

C、because

D、since

2、For a century, urban commotion has been treated as a moral failing of individuals. Fixing it will require systemic changes to environmental noise.What are your ears hearing right now? Maybe the bustling sounds of a busy office, or your partner cooking dinner in the next room. Whatever the texture of the sonic landscape of your life may be, beneath it all is the same omnipresent din: the sound of cars.That might seem benign, or perhaps even endearing—the sound of the bustle of the big city. But the din of vehicles, along with transit and industrial activity, is making people sick. People forget that noise pollution is still pollution. And noise pollution is everywhere.Unlike many other injuries, hearing damage is irreparable. It also functions differently. People tend to assume that hearing loss is akin to turning down the volume in one’s head—that everything just sounds quieter. But it’s more complex than that. Sound at certain frequencies just vanishes—birdsong, intelligible human speech, the gentle rustling of leaves, the crispy highs of brushes on jazz cymbals. People can avoid using earbuds excessively or attending loud concerts. But people do not necessarily have the ability to avoid high levels of environmental noise—it’s in their neighborhoods, near their schools, at their workplaces. That makes noise pollution a matter of bodily autonomy.Solving the environmental-noise problem has been difficult, partly because for more than a century anti-noise advocates have fought for the right to silence rather than the right to hear.Concerns about hearing loss largely focus on excessive noise exposure. But environmental noise is just as unsafe. People living in cities are regularly exposed (against their will) to noise above 85 decibels from sources like traffic, subways, industrial activity, and airports. That’s enough to cause significant hearing loss over time. If you have an hour- long commute at such sound levels, your hearing has probably already been affected. Urban life also sustains average background noise levels of 60 decibels, which is loud enough to raise ones blood pressure and heart rate, and cause stress, loss of concentration, and loss of sleep. Sirens are a particularly extreme example of the kind of noise inflicted on people every day: They ring at a sound-pressure level of 120 decibels—a level that corresponds with the human pain threshold, according to the World Health Organization.But since the turn of the 20th century, protecting human hearing has taken a back seat to securing quiet for those with means, and punishing those without. Noise-abatement laws transformed an objective concern about environmental and health conditions into a subjective fight over aesthetic moralism.1.According to the first paragraph, urban commotion is not related to____.2.The word “din” (Line 3, Paragraph 2 and Line 2, Paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to____.3.Which of the following is true of the hearing damage?4.We may infer from the sixth paragraph that____.5.What does the first sentence in the last paragraph mean?

问题1

A、personal moral breakdown

B、individual emotional state

C、city’s or town’s noise pollution

D、one’s clamorous surroundings

问题2

A、a main meal of the day served in the evening or at midday

B、a room that is comfortable and secluded

C、a very loud and unpleasant noise that lasts for some time

D、a small buoy used as a marker at sea

问题3

A、It can be repaired or made better.

B、It performs the same function.

C、It makes everything sound quieter.

D、It is caused by over-exposure to noise.

问题4

A、noise exerts its hazardous influence on people in cities and towns

B、noise above 85 decibels causes significant hearing loss over time

C、noise levels of 60 decibels raise one’s blood pressure and heart rate

D、sirens at the level of 120 decibels meet with the human pain threshold

问题5

A、Protecting human hearing used to be of priority in the past.

B、Obtaining quiet environment was once the first consideration.

C、Both safeguarding hearing and securing quiet are significant.

D、Neither protecting hearing nor acquiring quiet is of importance.

3、Beyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain. Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called “drives”: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud’s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modern suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new. “What I was seeing,” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.” Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. “Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “seeking” emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud’s psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes,” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it.” Perhaps it’s not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.

1.Freud believed that aggression and libido____2.Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?3.Jaak Panksepp’s study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive____4.According to Mark Solms, dreaming____5.It can be inferred that Freud and Darwin are similar in that their theories____

问题1

A、were the only two sources of psychic energy.

B、could sometimes surface in our conscious life.

C、affected our behaviour unconsciously.

D、could appear clearly in our dreams.

问题2

A、Emotion.

B、Lust.

C、Seeking.

D、Urge.

问题3

A、originates in the limbic system.

B、involves parts of the forebrain.

C、controls how we respond to stimulus.

D、exists in many other animals.

问题4

A、takes place during the whole sleeping period.

B、involves a primitive part of the brain known as the pons.

C、is closely related to the “seeking” emotion.

D、starts at the same time as libido appears.

问题5

A、have long been discredited.

B、provide good guide for further research.

C、are placed in the same category.

D、are concerned about human being.

4、The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.    To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.    The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.    We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.    Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”

1、The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England _____.2、It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders _____.3、The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay _____.4、The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often _____.5、The text suggests that early settlers in New England _____.

问题1

A、Puritan tradition dominated political life.

B、intellectual interests were encouraged.

C、Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.

D、intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.

问题2

A、experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.

B、brought with them the culture of the Old World

C、paid little attention to southern intellectual life

D、were obsessed with religious innovations

问题3

A、were famous in the New World for their writings

B、gained increasing importance in religious affairs

C、abandoned high positions before coming to the New World

D、created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England

问题4

A、influenced by superstitions

B、troubled with religious beliefs

C、puzzled by church sermons

D、frustrated with family earnings

问题5

A、were mostly engaged in political activities

B、were motivated by an illusory prospect

C、came from different backgrounds

D、left few formal records for later reference

5、The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot      1      its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law       2        justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that       3        the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.    Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be       4        as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not       5        by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself       6        to the code of conduct that       7        to the rest of the federal judiciary.    This and other similar cases       8        the question of whether there is still a       9        between the court and politics.    The framers of the Constitution envisioned law       10        having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions       11        they would be free to       12        those in power and have no need to       13        political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely       14        .    Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social       15        like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it       16       is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily       17        as unjust.    The justices must       18        doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves       19        to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,       20        , convincing as law.

问题1

A、emphasize

B、maintain

C、modify

D、recognize

问题2

A、when

B、lest

C、before

D、unless

问题3

A、restored

B、weakened

C、established

D、eliminated

问题4

A、challenged

B、compromised

C、suspected

D、accepted

问题5

A、advanced

B、caught

C、bound

D、founded

问题6

A、resistant

B、subject

C、immune

D、prone

问题7

A、resorts

B、sticks

C、loads

D、applies

问题8

A、evade

B、raise

C、deny

D、settle

问题9

A、line

B、barrier

C、similarity

D、conflict

问题10

A、by

B、as

C、though

D、towards

问题11

A、so

B、since

C、provided

D、though

问题12

A、serve

B、satisfy

C、upset

D、replace

问题13

A、confirm

B、express

C、cultivate

D、offer

问题14

A、guarded

B、followed

C、studied

D、tied

问题15

A、concepts

B、theories

C、divisions

D、conceptions

问题16

A、excludes

B、questions

C、shapes

D、controls

问题17

A、dismissed

B、released

C、ranked

D、distorted

问题18

A、suppress

B、exploit

C、address

D、ignore

问题19

A、accessible

B、amiable

C、agreeable

D、accountable

问题20

A、by all means

B、at all costs

C、in a word

D、as a result

1、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:A;第4题:B;第5题:A;第6题:C;第7题:D;第8题:B;第9题:D;第10题:A;第11题:C;第12题:D;第13题:C;第14题:B;第15题:C;第16题:A;第17题:B;第18题:B;第19题:D;第20题:A;

试题解析：

1.C
【解析】分析空格所在句子的结构可知，空格处要填一个动词，与后面的名词touch构成动宾结构，空格所在部分的句意为“……他们觉得自己正在与大自然 联系。”本段首句是主旨句，提到British people are becoming increasingly detached from wildlife（英国人越来越远离野生动物、乡村和大自然），后面两句具体论证远离大自然的表现，所以空格所在短语be touch的意思应是“失去联系”，四个选项中只有选项C losing符合句意，故为正确答案。
2.D
【解析】该句空格处需要填写一个连词来连接前后两个分句。前半句的句意为“调查中的大多数人承认，他们觉得自己正在与自然界失去联系”，后半句的句意为“三分之一的人表示他们对这个主题了解得不够多……”，由此可知前后两句存在逻辑关系，且most和a third之间存在对比关系。四个选项中只有选项D while“（对比两件事物）然而”符合句意，故为正确选项。
3.A
【解析】本题空格处要填一个动词，和后面的名词短语an oak tree构成动宾关系本句的句意为“每三个人中就有一个橡树。”前一句提到有三分之一的人觉得对大自然这个主题了解得不够多，即一些人对于橡树的认知，与本段主旨一致，因此下一句即空格所在句意思应为“每三个人中就有一个不认识橡树”，四个选项中只有选项identify“认出，识别”符合句意，故为正确答案。
4.B
【解析】本题考查名词辨析，空格所在部分的句意为“这种疏离对环境保护有负面的_”。空格处的名词被negative修饰，四个选项中只有选项B consequences可以被negative修饰，意为“……的负面后果”，故选项B为正确答案。
5.A
【解析】本题空格处要填一个形容词，与后面的介词of构成固定搭配，空格所在句的句意为“人们不会团结起来拯救他们并没有真正的事情”，空格后的of和定语从句的先行词something构成介宾关系，四个选项中，选项A aware“（强调感官对外界事物的）意识”与of搭配可以构成短in be aware of，意为“意识到”，修饰something，代入原文后逻辑通顺，故为答案。
6.C
【解析】本题空格处要填一个副词，修饰形容词nature-depleted空格所在句的句意为“去年的一份重要报告已经发出警告，说英国是世界上自然资源枯竭的国家之一。”句子表述的是在全世界范围内进行比较，英国属于其中之一，那么可知此处应使用最高级来描述其是最好的或是最差的，上文提到英国人远离大自然，所以此处应该是最差的，四个选项中，选项C most“最（大，多）”修饰形容词nature-depleted，表示“自然资源枯竭最严重的”，符合句意，故为答案。
7.D
【解析】本题空格处要填一个副词修饰整个句子，空格所在句的句意为“_这是明显的城市异化”。本句中的this指代的是前文的内容，即英国人越来越远离大自然这一现状及其影响，本句是现象背后的本质。从at its most literal看出，前后的现象一本质关系非常明确，因此需要一个表达其明确关系的副词来连接，四个选项中选项D Surely无疑，必定，代入原文符合句意，故为答案。
8.B
【解析】本题空格处要填一个不及物动词充当该句的谓语动词。本句的句意为“人类如此果断地（大自然）在地球上创造生命的进程……”，that定语从句修饰processes，其中create life （创造生命）本来是大自然的选择，但是本句的主语是humans，所以本句表达的含义是人类“干扰了”大自然的选择，且空格所在句中有提示词interventions（干预），四个选项中能够表达这个意思的只有选项B intervened“干涉，干预”，故为答案。
9.D
【解析】本句是复合句，前半句句意为“人类如此果断地干预了（大自然）在地球上创造生命的进程”，后半句的句意为“我们越来越多地仅仅是意识到我们自己的干预……没有意识到使这些干预成为可能的庞大的生态系统”。由此可以看出，前半句讲述的是人类的干预行为，后半句讲述的是人类干预所造成的后果，所以本句是一个结果状语从句， 连接词应该是so... that...，选项D that符合句意，为正确答案。
10.A
【解析】本题空格处要填一个连词连接前后两个分句。前半句句意为“……我们越来越多地仅仅是意识到我们自己的干预”，后半句句意为“没有意识到使这些干预成为可能的庞大的生态系统”。由此可知，前后两句为同一个原因导致的两个不同的结果，为并列结构，需要填入一个表达肯定意思的并列连词，选项A and符合句意，故为答案。
11.C
【解析】本题空格处要填一个形容词，和vast“庞大的”，ever-evolving“不断发展的”，precious“珍贵的”三个形容词并列，并且保持语意一致。既然大自然是庞大的且不断发展的，那么其结构一定是复杂的，故选项C complex“复杂的”符合句意，故为答案。
12.D
【解析】本题空格处要填一个名词，作介词as的宾语。本句句意为“它提醒我们，作为这个的一部分，我们也是宝贵的。”本段第二句指出人类干预和生态系统之间的关系；第三句指出我们是不断发展的和无比珍贵的事物的一小部分，这也是生态系统的规律。由此可知，本段旨在强调生态系统和人类之间的关系，空格处所填名词应和生态系统相关。选项D system“系统”，即生态系统，代入原文后符合句意，逻辑通顺，故为正确答案。
13.C
【解析】本题空格处要填一个副词修饰整个句子。空格前的第三段最后一句提到“作为这个系统的一部分，我们也是宝贵的”，本句句意为“我们周围到处都是自我毁灭”。前后两句明显不是顺承关系，而是转折关系，所以此处需要填入一个表示转折关系的副词，选项C Yet含有转折意味，符合句意，故为答案。
14.B
【解析】本题空格处要填一个形容词修饰drinking，从句的句意为“……在未来五年内，_饮酒将导致6.5万人死亡”，结合选项，可导致死亡的只能是过量饮酒。选项B heavy意为“（在数量或程度上）超出一般的，比一般严重的”，heavy drinking即“过量饮酒，酗酒”，符合句意，故为答案。
15.C
【解析】本题空格处要：填一个介词和动词ask搭配，并且和a crackdown构成动宾结构，空格所在分句的句意为“他们对廉价酒进行紧急打击（They are asking urgently a crackdown on cheap alcohol），”前一句提到酗酒会导致死亡，本句的廉价酒也是导致死亡的原因，所以需要对其进行打击，而且形势迫在眉睫，所以资深医生和健康慈善机构应该是呼吁或者提倡人们杜绝廉价酒。四个选项中，选项C (ask) for意为“请求，恳求（给予）”，符合句意，故为答案。
16.A
【解析】本题空格处要填一个形容同修饰restrictions。本句的前半句意思是“他们迫切要求对廉价酒进行打击”，空格所在句的句意为“并限制酒类广告……，”由此可知，打击廉价酒和限制酒类广告都是针对问题所采取的措施，而且两者是递进关系。四个选项中，选项A further意为“更进一步的”，符合句意，故为正确选项。
17.B
【解析】本题空格处要填一个动词，与名词problem构成动宾结构。空格后的problem指代前文中的heavy drinking will kill 65,000 people （酗酒将导致6.5万人死亡），由常识可知，既然是problem就需要“解决”或者“避免”。四个选项中只有选项B avert意为“防止，避免（危险、坏事）”，符合句意，故为正确答案。
18.B
【解析】本题空格处要填一个不及物动词，与介词from一起和短语themselves and their lives构成动宾关系。空格所在句的句意为“许多人正试图自己和自己的生活”，前文提到酗酒和廉价酒会导致很多人死亡，空格所在句讲述的是人们酗酒的原因，即人们可能会选择用酗酒的方式来逃避生活，选项B escape (from)表示“（从不愉快或危险处境中）逃避，摆脱”，符合句意，故为答案。
19.D
【解析】本题空格处要填一个短语作状语，修饰整个句子。空格所在句的句意为“这些措施是奏效的，但仅仅是让人们更难购买到‘毒害’自己的东西而已。”由此可知，作者认为前面提到的两种措施（measures）并不能完全解决问题，只是（simply）在某种程度上起到一定的作用，即仅增加了人们购买“毒害”自己的东西的难度而已。故选项D To an extent“在一定程度上”，符合句意，故为答案。
20.A
【解析】本题空格处要填一个连接词来连接前后两个分句，空格前的分句句意为“这是一种会产生影响的策略”，空格后的句意为“只有在生活的其他许多方面都已经出现问题_”，本句强调的是前后句发生的顺序。最后一段第二句提到这些措施起到的作用仅仅是让人们更难购买到“毒害”自己的东西而已，不会立刻见效，那么本句中的make a difference（有影响）不会发生在other aspects of a life have already gone wrong（许多其他方面都出现问题）之前，由此可知，make a difference发生在other aspects of a life have already gone wrong之后，四个选项中只有选项A（only）after “（仅仅）在之后”代入原文，符合句意，故为答案。

2、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:A;第5题:A;

试题解析：

1.B
【解析】题目是关于第一段中城市喧嚣的表述。题目问根据第一段内容，城市喧嚣与_无关。原文指出：一个世纪以来，城市喧嚣一直被视为是个人道德缺失的表现。解决这个问题需要使环境噪声发生系统性的改变。由此可以判断城市喧嚣与人们的道德缺失、环境噪声等有关，这些因素都可以导致城市喧嚣。只有选项B individual emotional state“个人的情绪状态”在文中没有提到，是正确答案。
2.C
【解析】题目问第二段第三行和第三段第二行的din是什么意思。该词所在句子为beneath it all is the same omnipresent din: the sound of cars （在这一切的背后都是同样无处不在的_：汽车的声音）以及 But the din of vehicles, along with transit and industrial activity, is making people sick...noise pollution is everywhere （但是汽车的_，以及运输和工业活动，正在使人们生病……噪声污染无处不在）。我们可以推断出这个词与声音、噪声是同义词或近义词，而最接近这个意思的是选项C“一种持续一段时间的、非常响亮而令人不快的声音”。
3.D
【解析】题目问关于听力损伤哪个选项是正确的，本题涉及多处细节与原文的一致性。文章第六段第一句话提到Concerns about hearing loss largely focus on excessive noise exposure，大意是，对听力损失的关注主要集中在过度接触噪音上。选项D“它是由过度接触噪声引起的”与此信息一致，是正确选项。
4.A
【解析】题目是对第六段内容的推理判断。选项A“噪声对城镇居民的危害很大”，这一结论可以从第六段的整体内容中推断出来。原文指出，环境噪声也同样不安全。然后分别说明了不同分贝值的噪音对人的伤害。因此选项A是对原文内容的正确推断。
5.A
【解析】题目问最后一段的第一句话是什么意思。文章最后一段第一句话指出“但自二十世纪以来，保护人类听力已被置于次要地位，对那些有办法的人来说确保安静才是更重要的，而没有办法的人只能受噪音的折磨了”。只有选项A“在过去，保护人类的听力是最重要的”与原文内容相吻合，为正确选项。

3、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:C;第3题:B;第4题:C;第5题:B;

试题解析：

1.C
【解析】根据文章开头部分，弗洛伊德认为，进攻性和性欲这两种欲望都是无意识的，它们促成我们的行为却不经过清醒的大脑的思考；它们只以伪装的形式出现在我们的梦境中。因此B和D都不对，而C是对的。原文说除了寻找食物和避免疼痛这两种基本的动物本能外，弗洛伊德还发现了两种他称之为“欲望”的精神力量的来源：进攻性和性欲。所以A也不对。
2.C
【解析】根据第一段结尾部分，弗洛伊德所称的“性欲（libido）”，现代称谓对它进行了变异，有时称为“追求（seeking）”，故C是正确选项。A是所有欲望的现代统称；B和D也都不对。
3.B
【解析】第二段第二句是本段的主题句：尽管像其他欲望一样，它也产生自大脑的边缘系统，它还涉及到更高的脑力功能部位，即前脑的某些部分。所以潘塞普用一只老鼠所做的试验就是证明这一点，故选B。
4.C
【解析】第三段结尾处：当萨姆斯对梦深入研究时，发现参与做梦的主要结构实际上是前盖区，即潘塞普认为是“追求”感情所在的部位，也就是弗洛伊德所说的“性欲”的根源部位。C符合这个意思，是正确答案。B符合文章的意思，但不是本题所问的内容；A和D与文章意思不符。
5.B
【解析】根据文章最后一段，潘塞普说：“弗洛伊德应该与生活在基因发现之前的达尔文相提并论。弗洛伊德为我们提供了一幅关于大脑器官的图像。我们需要谈论它，发展它，验证它。”这就是说，弗洛伊德的理论虽然不完善，但它为以后的研究提供了指导；而达尔文虽然生活在基因发现之前，但他的理论对于基因研究也提供了先导性的作用。所以两者在这方面是相同的，可推知B是正确答案。

4、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:B;第3题:D;第4题:A;第5题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

根据第一段第2句可知，“在美洲殖民地中，没有任何地方比新英格兰地区，更重视对知识的追求""。也就是说17世纪的新英格兰鼓励人们对知识的兴趣，所以B选项为正确答案。第一段第3句指出：“在美国的精神生活中，新英格兰的领袖们确定了清教徒传统的基本主题和关注对象，这一传统逐渐占据了主导地位。”由此可知，是政治家主导了清教徒传统，而不是清教徒传统主导了政治家的生活，所以A是正反混淆。第一段只谈及政治家确立了清教徒的基本主题，没有提到政治是否受益于知识学术研究，所以C选项是无中生有。D选项中提到的“自由的氛围”在原文中也没有提及，故排除。

根据第二段第2句后半部分，“我们可以将最初的清教徒们视为适应新大陆环境的欧洲文化传承者”，这里，“最初的清教徒们”就是题目关键词“新英格兰人（New Englanders）”，欧洲文化相对于新世界而言就是“旧大陆（Old World）的文化”，所以B选项为正确答案。文中没有提及新英格兰的早期历史是否和平，故排除选项A。第二段第2句提到southern intellectual life，但原文是说我们对美国南部精神文化生活的研究，而非英格兰人开展研究，因此无法得出“新英格兰人对美国南部的精神生活漠不关心”的结论，故选项C错误。选项D中的关键词innovations出现在第二段第1句中，但原文是说研究新英格兰人通常要从研究清教徒创新的神学思想开始，并不能推断出新英格兰人沉迷于宗教革新。

第三段第3句指出：“这些人大量撰写、出版书籍，在新旧大陆都有读者，这给新英格兰带来了热衷于知识教育的氛围。”，“这些人”就是前文提到的“早期的牧师和政治领袖”，故D选项为正确答案。虽然该句话提到这些人大量撰写和出版书籍，但没有提及他们因为自己的著作而在新大陆闻名，故选项A错误。第三段第2句提到有学识的牧师来到马萨诸塞的教堂，但并没有交代这些牧师在宗教事务中获得日益重要的地位，所以B选项是无中生有。再根据第2句，约翰·温思罗普到波士顿之前曾是皇室官员，但这只是个例，不能说明所有的牧师和政治领袖都是放弃高官名位来到美国的，C选项是以偏概全，故排除。

第四段第2、3句指出，工匠或农民的观点并不具有太大的思想性，他们的思想中往往有一种传统的迷信色彩。下文以裁缝约翰·戴恩为例，证明这些没受过什么教育的工匠农民的思想易受迷信的影响，所以A是正确答案。文中没有提及受教育程度低的人受到宗教信仰的困扰，选项B是无中生有。sermon一词来自第四段第6句，原文是说人们会对戴恩的经历感到纳闷，而不是戴恩自己对布道感到困惑，更不是讲那些未受过良好教育的新英格兰人都对布道感到困惑，所以C选项也是无中生有。frustrated一词来自第四段第5句“对性的困惑、经济挫折（frustrations）和宗教期望全都涌现出来”。文中仅仅说戴恩有经济挫折，没有说大部分受教育程度低的新英格兰人都有收入困难，所以D选项是过度推导。

文章第三段提到来到新大陆的部分早期移民在英格兰接受过良好的教育；第四段开头又提到大多数新英格兰人并没有接受过良好的教育，他们往往受传统迷信思想的影响。也就是说新英格兰的移民中不仅有良好的人，也有许多没受过良好教育的人。所以早期的新英格兰人有着不同的知识背景（different intellectual backgrounds），C选项为正确答案。A选项：“政治活动”来自第一段和第三段的political leaders，但这两段并不能代表全文主题，只能说明有政治家来到了新英格兰。A选项说“大多数新英格兰的早期移民参与了政治活动”是以偏概全。同时，第四段第1句强调大多数（most）新英格兰人其实没有受过什么教育，而且第五段也强调来到新英格兰的很多人（many settlers）只是为了生存，而不是从事政治活动。B选项：illusory是“虚幻”的意思，全文没有信息表明早期的新英格兰人大多是受到虚幻前景的激励而来到新大陆的。D选项：根据第四段第2句设置的干扰项，该句指工匠和农民几乎没有给我们留下可供分析的文学作品，我们不能主观推导出早期移民留下的记录很少。而且第三段中也提到新英格兰的牧师和政治领袖撰写和出版了大量作品，这些都可供后人研究，故选项D错误。

5、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:A;第3题:B;第4题:D;第5题:C;第6题:B;第7题:D;第8题:B;第9题:A;第10题:B;第11题:A;第12题:C;第13题:C;第14题:D;第15题:A;第16题:C;第17题:A;第18题:C;第19题:D;第20题:D;

试题解析：第1题:

从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“____法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C：maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。

从第三段可以看出，文章认为法院和政治之间应该是有界限的。所以这里应该是当法官像政治家一样行事，模糊了二者之间的区别时，就失去了其作为法律卫士的合法性。只有A. when表示这个意思。

第二段给的具体事例说明，法官出现在政治活动中会使法官形象受损，影响他们独立、公正的名声。只有B，weaken能表示这个意思。

空前信息显示，法官出席政治活动会让法院的审判受到影响，人们就会认为其审判不公正，所以选D，be accepted as...“被认为是”。

空所在的语境为：产生这样的问题，部分原因在于“法官没有____道德规范”。后一句话说，至少法院应该遵守行为规范，这显然是进一步说明上一句话。所以上一句是说法官没有受到道德规范的约束，选C，bound约束。

根据解析5可以看出，这里应该是说遵守行为规范，subject与to连用，表示“服从某物，受……支配”。故本题选B。

分析句子结构可知，这里是由that引导的定语从句修饰说明前面的行为规范，是说法院也应当遵守适用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。apply to “适用于”符合题意。resort to “求助于”;stick to “坚持(原则等)”语意不通。

空所在的语境为，类似这样的案例提出了这样一个问题：法院和政治之间是否还存在着界限。提出问题，产生问题只能选raise。

根据第8题可知，空内应填line，“界限”。barrier “障碍”，similarity“相似性”，conflict“冲突”都不合题意。

根据句意，宪法的起草者们预想的是将司法从政治中分出来，让其享有独立的权力。envision as “将……想象成……”。所以选B。

本题考察逻辑搭配。本选项答案的确定需结合前句意思，制宪者旨在使法律不受政治的任何影响，这样一来，法官就可以免受掌权者的影响了。此空就是考察由此所带来的结果，故选A。

此题承接上题，可知法律不受政治的影响，从而法官也不用担心掌权者(those in power)。upset意为“使心烦，颠覆，扰乱”，在本题中可引申为“惩戒”，符合题意。

此题承接上题, 结合句意, 可知该半句主要表达“法官也无需政治支持了。”选项C最符题意。

此题考察词义辨析。原句表达“我们的法律体系是法律完全不受政治的影响，是因为这两者是紧密的”结合句意思，D选项最合题意.

此题考察词义辨析。文中说“宪法具有政治性，是因其的选择都是植根于诸如自由，财产之类的基本社会...中。”自由，财产是西方社会的一些基本社会理念或概念，故选A。

此题考察词义辨析。首先分析该句，可知空白处添加上一动词可构成一定语从句，限定“the law”。其次，文中语境表达“当法律处理社会政策决策问题时，...的法律不可避免的具有政治性。四个选项中，C为最佳答案。

此题考察词义辨析。可由文中语境得知，该半句主要表达“这也就解释了为何背离思想路线的决策被看作是不公正的，从而被轻易的……”。结合语境，以及四个选项的意思，可知A选项最佳。

此题考察词义辨析。由文中语境可知该句主要表达“法官必须...有关法庭(裁决的)公正合理的质疑。”四个选项中，仅C选项符合题意。

本题考察短语搭配及相似短语辨析。四个选项均可与to连用，其中accessible to 易接近的;可归属的;可得到的可归因的amiable to可亲，多指人和蔼可亲，易于接近agreeable to欣然同意的;适合的，适宜的accountable to对……负责，此题的理解需承接整个句, 首先此空所在后半句乃一方式状语，承接前半句说明法官怎样来解决有关法庭(裁决的)公正合理的质疑。将此四个选项分别代入，可得出正确答案D，法官只有对行为准则负责，也即是遵循一定的行为准则才可确保其裁决的公正与合理。

此题考察逻辑搭配。此句承接上句，旨在说明由此带来的结果，也即是文中所说的“...使得裁决看起来完全不受政治的影响，如法律一般令人信服。”结合四个选项意思，可知选D。