考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练（四百一十三）

本文提供考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练，以下为具体内容

1、The Earth’s daily clock, measured in a single revolution, is twenty-four hours. The human clock, 1, is actually about twenty-five hours. That’s 2 scientists who study sleep have determined from human subjects who live for several weeks in observation chambers with no 3 of day or night. Sleep researchers have 4 other surprising discoveries as well.We spend about one-third of our lives asleep, a fact that suggests sleeping. 5 eating and breathing, is fundamental life process. Yet some people almost never sleep, getting by on as 6 as fifteen minutes a day. And more than seventy years of 7 into sleep deprivation, in which people have been kept 8 for three to ten days, has yielded only one certain findings: Sleep loss makes a person sleepy and that’s about all; it causes no lasting ill 9. Too much sleep, however, may be 10 for you.These findings 11 some long-held views of sleep, and they raise questions about its fundamental purpose in our lives. In 12, scientists don’t know just why sleep is necessary.“We get sleepy, and when we sleep, that sleepiness is reversed,” Dr. Howard Roffwarg of the University of Texas in Dallas explains. “We know sleep has a function, 13 we feel it has a function. We can’t put our finger on it, but it must, 14 in some way, direct or indirect, have to do with rest and restitution.”Other scientists think sleep is more the result of evolutionary habit than 15 actual need. Animals sleep for some parts of the day perhaps because it is the 16 thing for them to do: it keeps them 17 and hidden from predators; it’s a survival tactic. Before the advent of electricity, humans had to spend at least some of each day in 18 and had little reason to question the reason or need for 19 But the development of the electroencephalograph and the resulting discovery in 1937 of dramatic 20 in brain activity between sleep and wakefulness opened the way for scientific inquiry in the subject.

问题1

A、however

B、furthermore

C、likewise

D、therefore

问题2

A、the

B、what

C、because

D、many

问题3

A、idea

B、feeling

C、sense

D、judgment

问题4

A、come up against

B、come down to

C、come up with

D、come up to

问题5

A、with

B、like

C、unlike

D、as

问题6

A、little

B、much

C、few

D、long

问题7

A、probe

B、investigation

C、research

D、examination

问题8

A、asleep

B、sleepy

C、active

D、awake

问题9

A、effects

B、affections

C、affects

D、impacts

问题10

A、useful

B、good

C、bad

D、harmful

问题11

A、challenge

B、deny

C、doubt

D、dispute

问题12

A、addition

B、fact

C、line

D、short

问题13

A、if

B、because

C、like

D、provided

问题14

A、at least

B、at most

C、at best

D、at worst

问题15

A、from

B、an

C、the

D、of

问题16

A、worst

B、best

C、only

D、natural

问题17

A、comfortable

B、calm

C、quiet

D、excited

问题18

A、coldness

B、warmth

C、darkness

D、shade

问题19

A、sleep

B、work

C、food

D、clothes

问题20

A、differences

B、similarities

C、resemblance

D、opposites

2、Research suggests that British people are becoming increasingly detached from wildlife, the countryside and nature. Most people in the survey admitted they felt they were 1 touch with the natural world, 2 a third said they did not know enough about the subject to teach their own children. One in three people could not 3 an oak tree.This detachment has negative 4 for conservation. People simply won't rally round to save something they are not really 5 of. A major report last year already warned that Britain is among “the 6 nature-depleted countries in the world”.7 this is urban alienation at its most literal. Humans have 8 so decisively in the processes that create life on Earth 9 we are increasingly aware only of our own interventions, 10 not of the vast ecosystems that make them possible. Nature reminds us that we are a small part of something vast, 11, ever-evolving and infinitely precious. It reminds us that, as part of this 12. We are precious, too.13 all around us is self-destruction. Senior doctors and health charities warn that 14 drinking will kill 65,000 people over the next five years. They are asking urgently 15 a crackdown on cheap alcohol and 16 restrictions on the advertising of liquor to help to 17 the problem.The problem, however, seems existential to me. Many people are trying to 18 from themselves and their lives. 19, the measures work, simply making it harder for people to purchase their poison. But it's a strategy that makes a difference only 20 so many other aspects of a life have already gone wrong.

问题1

A、getting

B、keeping

C、losing

D、retaining

问题2

A、and

B、besides

C、moreover

D、while

问题3

A、identify

B、impair

C、illustrate

D、inhabit

问题4

A、continuity

B、consequences

C、sequences

D、controversy

问题5

A、aware

B、authoritative

C、concerned

D、considered

问题6

A、least

B、less

C、most

D、more

问题7

A、Hopefully

B、Unexpectedly

C、Presumably

D、Surely

问题8

A、interrupted

B、intervened

C、invaded

D、intrigued

问题9

A、as

B、it

C、which

D、that

问题10

A、and

B、as

C、nor

D、or

问题11

A、limited

B、definite

C、complex

D、distinctive

问题12

A、evolution

B、process

C、procedure

D、system

问题13

A、Moreover

B、Contradictory

C、Yet

D、Whilst

问题14

A、extra

B、heavy

C、massive

D、more

问题15

A、about

B、after

C、for

D、to

问题16

A、further

B、stricter

C、more

D、incredible

问题17

A、invert

B、avert

C、avail

D、reverse

问题18

A、move

B、escape

C、exile

D、resist

问题19

A、In the way

B、On the whole

C、As it is

D、To an extent

问题20

A、after

B、if

C、because

D、since

3、bulk 

A、 adj. 性感的，妩媚的，英俊的，诱人的；吸引人的，令人愉快的；有吸引力的

B、 v. 使某物加大（或加厚、加重）；n. 预算，主体，大部分；体积，大（量）；巨大的体重

C、 n. 观众，听众；读者；会见，觐见，进见

D、 adj. 声音的；录音的

4、Text 3 ①As a historian, who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past., I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). ②I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. ③People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. ④They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience oflaughter. ①Of course, I need to concede that my collection of “Smiling Victorians” makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. ②How do we explain this trend? ①During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. ②The thought ofholding afixedgrin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the  norm. ①But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. ②Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we mustlookelsewhere for an explanation of whyVictorians stillhesitatedtosmile. ①One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. ②“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. ③A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular “pearly whites” was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was notguaranteed). ①A toothy  grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming  look for properly bred persons.②Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be "nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever". 1、According to Paragraph 1, the author ’ s  posts  on Twitter______. 2、What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected? 3、What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s? 4、Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was ______ . 5、Which of the following questions does the text  answer?

问题1

A、changed people’s impression of the Victorians

B、highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies

C、re-evaluated the Victorian’s notion of public image

D、illustrated the development of Victorian photography

问题2

A、They are in popular use among historians.

B、They are rare among photographs of that age.

C、They mirror 19th-century social conventions.

D、They show effects of different exposure times.

问题3

A、Their inherent social sensitiveness.

B、Their tension before the camera.

C、Their distrust of new inventions.

D、Their unhealthy dental condition.

问题4

A、a deep-root belief

B、a misguided attitude

C、a controversial view

D、a thought-provoking idea

问题5

A、Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?

B、Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?

C、What made photography develop in the Victorian period?

D、How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?

5、The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.    Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.    More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.    What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.    As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.1、The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries _____.2、It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system _____.3、A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _____.4、The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _____.5、According to the last paragraph , development of education _____.

问题1

A、is subject groundless doubts

B、has fallen victim of bias

C、is conventional downgraded

D、has been overestimated

问题2

A、challenges economists and politicians

B、takes efforts of generations

C、demands priority from the government

D、requires sufficient labor force

问题3

A、the Japanese workforce is better disciplined

B、the Japanese workforce is more productive

C、[C]the U.S workforce has a better education

D、the U.S workforce is more organize

问题4

A、when people had enough time

B、prior to better ways of finding food

C、when people on longer went hung

D、as a result of pressure on government

问题5

A、results directly from competitive environments

B、does not depend on economic performance

C、follows improved productivity

D、cannot afford political changes

1、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:B;第3题:C;第4题:C;第5题:B;第6题:A;第7题:C;第8题:D;第9题:A;第10题:C;第11题:A;第12题:B;第13题:B;第14题:A;第15题:D;第16题:B;第17题:C;第18题:C;第19题:A;第20题:A;

试题解析：

1.A
【解析】本题考查逻辑关系，根据上下文的意思以及提示词actually，以判断出本句与上句是转折关系。所以，正确答案是A。
2.B
【解析】本题考查逻辑关系。句子的谓语是is，空格处缺的必然是一个连词或关系词。what是关系代词，在从句中作宾语；because是连词，表示原因。根据前后句的逻辑关系，正确选项是B。在本句中，what引导的这个表语从句比较复杂。who study sleep是定语从句，修饰主语scientists ；定语从句who live for several weeks...day or night 修饰先行词 human subjects。
3.C
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。四个选项中可以和with no of搭配的只有idea和sense。idea意为“念头，想法，主意”；sense意为“由刺激产生的感觉或知觉”。根据上下文，符合句意的是C。句意是：“接受试验的人在观察室里住几个星期，感觉不到白天和黑夜。”
4.C
【解析】本题考查短语辨析。come up against意为“突然或意外碰到困难或反对等”；come down to意为“归结为”；come up with意为“提出，拿出，发现”；come up to意为“比得上，达到”。C符合句意，故为正确答案。句意是：“睡眠研究者们还提出了其他令人惊讶的发现。”
5.B
【解析】本题考查介词用法。空格处的介词体现的是sleeping和eating and breathing的关系。从上下文得知“睡眠是最重要的生命过程”。根据我们的常识，吃饭、呼吸和睡眠一样重要。
6.A
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。根据前文的提示almost never sleep.我们可直接选出正确答案A。句意是：然而一些人几乎从来不睡觉，一天只睡15分钟就可以了
7.C
【的析】本题考查近义词辨析。四个选项都可以和into搭配，都含“调查，研究，探索”的意思。probe是新闻用语，指广泛而彻底的调查；investigation指详尽的调查；以弄清事实真相；research指科学家为了发现新的事实从原始资料开始进行的调查或研究；examination强调详细观察或检验某事以求了解其真实情况。据此C符合句意。
8.D
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。根据上文sleep deprivation和下文sleep loss的提示，可知正确答案为D。
9.A
【解析】本题考查习惯搭配。空格所在句的意思是：“在七十多年对睡眠丧失的研究中，让人们不睡觉，时间是从三天到十天，得出了一个肯定的结果：睡眠损失让人犯困，仅此而已；没有长期的副作用或负面影响。”ill effects是习惯搭配，意为“副作用，负面影响”。
10.C
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。根据上下文和常识，可以首先排除useful和good，bad后面跟名词或代词时，常见的搭配是to be bad for sb./sth. ；harmful后面跟名词或代词时，常见的搭配是to be harmful to sb./sth.。所以，正确答案是C。
11.A
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。challenge意为“质询（某人某事的合法性、正确性）”；deny意为“否认；否定；拒绝相信”；doubt意为“怀疑，拿不准”；dispute意为“争论，辩论；驳斥”。根据上下文的意思.正确答案是A。
12.B
【解析】本题考查逻辑关系。in与四个选项都可构成短语。in addition意为“又，另外”，表示递进；in fact意为“事实是，事实上”，表示转折；in line意为“成一直线，成一排”；in short意为“总之”，表示总结。根据上下文的意思，正确答案是B。
13.B
【解析】本题考查逻辑关系。此处要求弄清“我们知道睡眠的职能”和“我们感觉到了睡眠的作用”的逻辑关系。根据上下文的意思，正确答案是B。
14.A
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。at least意为“至少”；at most意为“最多”；at best意为“充其量，至多”；at worst 意为“在最坏/最不利的情况下”。根据常识和上下文，我们知道睡眠和休息复原是有关系的。所以，首先排除 B和C。这里讨论的是睡眠与休息复原的关系，不存在什么最坏最好情况的假设，所以D也排除。正确答案是A。句意是：“虽然我们不能准确地指出睡眠的功用，但它肯定至少在某些方面，与休息和复原有者直接或间接的关系。”
15.D
【解析】本题考查逻辑关系。than前后的结构必然是平行对称的。所以可以很容易地补全了空格前省略掉的词，即：the result，当然也很容易地选出正确答案D。句意是：“其他一些科学家认为，与其说睡眠是进化习惯的结果，倒不如说是实际需要的结果。”
16.B
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。根据下文“睡觉使它们__，躲开食肉动物”，我们可选出正确答案B。相关部分的意思是：“动物在一天中的某些时候睡觉，可能是因为睡觉对于它们来说是最好的事，……”
17.C
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。首先可以排除excited（兴奋的），因为根据上下文和常识.睡眠不可能使动物兴奋、激动。根据下文提示hidden from predators（躲开食肉动物），it’s a survival tactic（这是一条生存策略），可以推断正确答案是C。
18.C
【解析】本题考查上下文推理，根据上文“在发明电以前”和常识.可以直接选出正确答案C。相关部分的意思是：“在发明电以前，人们至少在每天的某些时候不得不生活在黑暗中。”
19.A
【解析】本题考查上下文推理句意是：“在发现电以前，人们至少在每天的某些时候不得不生活在黑暗中，所以人们没什么理由去质疑__的原因和需要。”根据上下文和常识，四个选项中最符合句意的是A。
20.A
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。句意是：“但是，脑电图仪的发展，以及人们1937的发现——大脑活动在睡眠状态和清醒状态下存在着巨大的__，——为睡眠这一课题的科学研究开辟了道路。”根据上下文，四个选项中最符合句意的是A。

2、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:A;第4题:B;第5题:A;第6题:C;第7题:D;第8题:B;第9题:D;第10题:A;第11题:C;第12题:D;第13题:C;第14题:B;第15题:C;第16题:A;第17题:B;第18题:B;第19题:D;第20题:A;

试题解析：

1.C
【解析】分析空格所在句子的结构可知，空格处要填一个动词，与后面的名词touch构成动宾结构，空格所在部分的句意为“……他们觉得自己正在与大自然 联系。”本段首句是主旨句，提到British people are becoming increasingly detached from wildlife（英国人越来越远离野生动物、乡村和大自然），后面两句具体论证远离大自然的表现，所以空格所在短语be touch的意思应是“失去联系”，四个选项中只有选项C losing符合句意，故为正确答案。
2.D
【解析】该句空格处需要填写一个连词来连接前后两个分句。前半句的句意为“调查中的大多数人承认，他们觉得自己正在与自然界失去联系”，后半句的句意为“三分之一的人表示他们对这个主题了解得不够多……”，由此可知前后两句存在逻辑关系，且most和a third之间存在对比关系。四个选项中只有选项D while“（对比两件事物）然而”符合句意，故为正确选项。
3.A
【解析】本题空格处要填一个动词，和后面的名词短语an oak tree构成动宾关系本句的句意为“每三个人中就有一个橡树。”前一句提到有三分之一的人觉得对大自然这个主题了解得不够多，即一些人对于橡树的认知，与本段主旨一致，因此下一句即空格所在句意思应为“每三个人中就有一个不认识橡树”，四个选项中只有选项identify“认出，识别”符合句意，故为正确答案。
4.B
【解析】本题考查名词辨析，空格所在部分的句意为“这种疏离对环境保护有负面的_”。空格处的名词被negative修饰，四个选项中只有选项B consequences可以被negative修饰，意为“……的负面后果”，故选项B为正确答案。
5.A
【解析】本题空格处要填一个形容词，与后面的介词of构成固定搭配，空格所在句的句意为“人们不会团结起来拯救他们并没有真正的事情”，空格后的of和定语从句的先行词something构成介宾关系，四个选项中，选项A aware“（强调感官对外界事物的）意识”与of搭配可以构成短in be aware of，意为“意识到”，修饰something，代入原文后逻辑通顺，故为答案。
6.C
【解析】本题空格处要填一个副词，修饰形容词nature-depleted空格所在句的句意为“去年的一份重要报告已经发出警告，说英国是世界上自然资源枯竭的国家之一。”句子表述的是在全世界范围内进行比较，英国属于其中之一，那么可知此处应使用最高级来描述其是最好的或是最差的，上文提到英国人远离大自然，所以此处应该是最差的，四个选项中，选项C most“最（大，多）”修饰形容词nature-depleted，表示“自然资源枯竭最严重的”，符合句意，故为答案。
7.D
【解析】本题空格处要填一个副词修饰整个句子，空格所在句的句意为“_这是明显的城市异化”。本句中的this指代的是前文的内容，即英国人越来越远离大自然这一现状及其影响，本句是现象背后的本质。从at its most literal看出，前后的现象一本质关系非常明确，因此需要一个表达其明确关系的副词来连接，四个选项中选项D Surely无疑，必定，代入原文符合句意，故为答案。
8.B
【解析】本题空格处要填一个不及物动词充当该句的谓语动词。本句的句意为“人类如此果断地（大自然）在地球上创造生命的进程……”，that定语从句修饰processes，其中create life （创造生命）本来是大自然的选择，但是本句的主语是humans，所以本句表达的含义是人类“干扰了”大自然的选择，且空格所在句中有提示词interventions（干预），四个选项中能够表达这个意思的只有选项B intervened“干涉，干预”，故为答案。
9.D
【解析】本句是复合句，前半句句意为“人类如此果断地干预了（大自然）在地球上创造生命的进程”，后半句的句意为“我们越来越多地仅仅是意识到我们自己的干预……没有意识到使这些干预成为可能的庞大的生态系统”。由此可以看出，前半句讲述的是人类的干预行为，后半句讲述的是人类干预所造成的后果，所以本句是一个结果状语从句， 连接词应该是so... that...，选项D that符合句意，为正确答案。
10.A
【解析】本题空格处要填一个连词连接前后两个分句。前半句句意为“……我们越来越多地仅仅是意识到我们自己的干预”，后半句句意为“没有意识到使这些干预成为可能的庞大的生态系统”。由此可知，前后两句为同一个原因导致的两个不同的结果，为并列结构，需要填入一个表达肯定意思的并列连词，选项A and符合句意，故为答案。
11.C
【解析】本题空格处要填一个形容词，和vast“庞大的”，ever-evolving“不断发展的”，precious“珍贵的”三个形容词并列，并且保持语意一致。既然大自然是庞大的且不断发展的，那么其结构一定是复杂的，故选项C complex“复杂的”符合句意，故为答案。
12.D
【解析】本题空格处要填一个名词，作介词as的宾语。本句句意为“它提醒我们，作为这个的一部分，我们也是宝贵的。”本段第二句指出人类干预和生态系统之间的关系；第三句指出我们是不断发展的和无比珍贵的事物的一小部分，这也是生态系统的规律。由此可知，本段旨在强调生态系统和人类之间的关系，空格处所填名词应和生态系统相关。选项D system“系统”，即生态系统，代入原文后符合句意，逻辑通顺，故为正确答案。
13.C
【解析】本题空格处要填一个副词修饰整个句子。空格前的第三段最后一句提到“作为这个系统的一部分，我们也是宝贵的”，本句句意为“我们周围到处都是自我毁灭”。前后两句明显不是顺承关系，而是转折关系，所以此处需要填入一个表示转折关系的副词，选项C Yet含有转折意味，符合句意，故为答案。
14.B
【解析】本题空格处要填一个形容词修饰drinking，从句的句意为“……在未来五年内，_饮酒将导致6.5万人死亡”，结合选项，可导致死亡的只能是过量饮酒。选项B heavy意为“（在数量或程度上）超出一般的，比一般严重的”，heavy drinking即“过量饮酒，酗酒”，符合句意，故为答案。
15.C
【解析】本题空格处要：填一个介词和动词ask搭配，并且和a crackdown构成动宾结构，空格所在分句的句意为“他们对廉价酒进行紧急打击（They are asking urgently a crackdown on cheap alcohol），”前一句提到酗酒会导致死亡，本句的廉价酒也是导致死亡的原因，所以需要对其进行打击，而且形势迫在眉睫，所以资深医生和健康慈善机构应该是呼吁或者提倡人们杜绝廉价酒。四个选项中，选项C (ask) for意为“请求，恳求（给予）”，符合句意，故为答案。
16.A
【解析】本题空格处要填一个形容同修饰restrictions。本句的前半句意思是“他们迫切要求对廉价酒进行打击”，空格所在句的句意为“并限制酒类广告……，”由此可知，打击廉价酒和限制酒类广告都是针对问题所采取的措施，而且两者是递进关系。四个选项中，选项A further意为“更进一步的”，符合句意，故为正确选项。
17.B
【解析】本题空格处要填一个动词，与名词problem构成动宾结构。空格后的problem指代前文中的heavy drinking will kill 65,000 people （酗酒将导致6.5万人死亡），由常识可知，既然是problem就需要“解决”或者“避免”。四个选项中只有选项B avert意为“防止，避免（危险、坏事）”，符合句意，故为正确答案。
18.B
【解析】本题空格处要填一个不及物动词，与介词from一起和短语themselves and their lives构成动宾关系。空格所在句的句意为“许多人正试图自己和自己的生活”，前文提到酗酒和廉价酒会导致很多人死亡，空格所在句讲述的是人们酗酒的原因，即人们可能会选择用酗酒的方式来逃避生活，选项B escape (from)表示“（从不愉快或危险处境中）逃避，摆脱”，符合句意，故为答案。
19.D
【解析】本题空格处要填一个短语作状语，修饰整个句子。空格所在句的句意为“这些措施是奏效的，但仅仅是让人们更难购买到‘毒害’自己的东西而已。”由此可知，作者认为前面提到的两种措施（measures）并不能完全解决问题，只是（simply）在某种程度上起到一定的作用，即仅增加了人们购买“毒害”自己的东西的难度而已。故选项D To an extent“在一定程度上”，符合句意，故为答案。
20.A
【解析】本题空格处要填一个连接词来连接前后两个分句，空格前的分句句意为“这是一种会产生影响的策略”，空格后的句意为“只有在生活的其他许多方面都已经出现问题_”，本句强调的是前后句发生的顺序。最后一段第二句提到这些措施起到的作用仅仅是让人们更难购买到“毒害”自己的东西而已，不会立刻见效，那么本句中的make a difference（有影响）不会发生在other aspects of a life have already gone wrong（许多其他方面都出现问题）之前，由此可知，make a difference发生在other aspects of a life have already gone wrong之后，四个选项中只有选项A（only）after “（仅仅）在之后”代入原文，符合句意，故为答案。

3、试题答案：B

4、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:B;第3题:D;第4题:A;第5题:A;

试题解析：第1题:

第一段②句指出，作者将微笑的维多利亚人的照片发布到推特上后，它们持续引发热议。随后③④句具体阐述：人们惊讶地发现，维多利亚时代的人玩得很开心而且确实会笑；人们注意到维多利亚时代的人似乎突然变得更有人情味儿了。这都表明人们对维多利亚时代人的印象发生了改变，A正确。

根据题干关键词Victorian portraits he has collected定位至第二段①句。该句指出，我收集的“微笑的维多利亚人”只占了1840至1900年间大量的肖像照的极小一部分，故B正确。

根据题干关键词kept the Victorians from smiling和 in the 1890s定位至第四段末句。该句指出，19世纪90年代时，自然的微笑已比较容易捕捉，人们拍照时不笑另有他因。第五段继而提出一种可能解释“露齿笑显得有失尊严”并借由古箴言追溯时代背景“当时牙科学尚未诞生，人们的牙齿卫生状况极差”。可见，90年代的人拍照不笑是因为“微笑会暴露牙齿的不健康状态，有失尊严”，D正确。

题干问及作者引用马克·吐温之言的目的，应到马克·吐温的话语之外寻找作者观点，由此锁定第六段首句。该句首先指出，露齿笑有失身份，也即拍照时不应该笑，随后对比两类人（drunks，tramps，and music hall performers vs properly bred persons）指出，粗俗之人才会咧嘴大笑，而（大笑）这种举止与教养良好的人并不相称。再结合马克·吐温的例子“尽管他喜欢纵情大笑，却认为拍照时微笑是愚蠢之举”，可见“在维多利亚时代，拍照时不得微笑的观念已根深蒂固、深入人心，A正确。

本文首段介绍作者发现“不少维多利亚人面带微笑的照片”，第二段陈述事实“当时的肖像照中，面带微笑者仅占少数，多数被拍摄者姿势僵硬、表情淡漠”并提出问题“如何解释这一现象？”，第三至六段分别阐释了三个原因“早期的相机曝光时间过长，人们难以保持微笑；当时人们牙齿卫生极差，露齿笑有失尊严；社会普遍认为露齿笑有失身份、缺乏教养”。综合可知，全文旨在剖析“为何大部分维多利亚时代的人拍照不笑/表情严肃”（第二段段末问句即为文章主题），A正确。

5、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:B;第3题:B;第4题:C;第5题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

根据第一段第2句中的however, the conventional view that is wrong可知，作者在转折词后清楚地表达了自己的观点，即那种认为“教育应该是促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的最首要因素之一”的传统观点是错误的。由此可知，贫穷国家教育的重要性被高估了。所以D选项是正确答案。文中没有提到贫穷国家对教育重要性产生“质疑”或者“偏见”，故选项A.B均排除。C选项“被低估了"与原文内容截然相反，故也排除。

第一段第3句building new educational systems...would require two or three generations表达的意思是：创立新的教育体制，让足够多的人接受教育以推动经济发展需要两代或三代人来完成。选项B与此表达一致，原文中的require two or three generations与选项中的takes efforts of generations是同义替换。故正确答案是B。第一段第1句提到，经济学家及政治家们误解了教育与经济发展之间的关系，但没有提及构建新的教育体系对经济学家和政治家是挑战，故排除选项A。文中没有提到教育系统的构建需要政府给予优先权（priority），选项C也排除。选项D是根据putting enough people through them设置的干扰项，enough people在文中指新的教育体系培养出来的促进经济发展的人才，不是建立新的教育体系所需要的劳动力，故排除选项D。

根据第二段第3句，“在全球，不管过去还是现在，日本一直是汽车组装生产力最高的国家（leader in automotive-assembly productivity）”，也就是说日本工人的生产效率要高于美国工人，所以B选项是正确答案。文中没有提到美国工人和日本工人的组织性和纪律性，故排除选项A和D，根据第二段第2、4句，美国工人被嘲讽没有受过良好教育（poorly educated），美国工厂的生产率大约是日本同行的95%（about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts），可以明显看出是美国工人的教育水平不如日本工人。所以C选项是正反混淆，也要排除。

第四段第2句为主题句，即教育在经济得到发展后才能实现。C选项的“不挨饿”说明经济得到了发展，也就是说，当人们不挨饿，经济发展起来之后，教育就出现了，所以c选项和原文表达含义相同，为正确答案。A选项：time这个单词来自第四段第4、5句，但实际上这两句话是为了证明第2句，即“经济持续增长也会促进（promote）教育事业的发展”A选项是例子本身，不是主题，而且A选项“有时间”并不能证明经济得到发展，所以A选项错误。B选项：表述与原文刚好相反，把prior to改为after就正确了。D选项：第四段第2句说“即使政府不强迫发展教育，经济持续增长也会促进教育事业的发展”，由此可知，教育的产生并不是对政府施加压力的结果，故排除选项D。

第五段第2句指出：“竞争的环境推动我们的祖先实现这一生产潜力，他们反过来又有能力获得更多的教育机会。”即：竞争的环境→生产率的发展一教育发展（development of education），所以C选项说教育发展“发生在生产效率提高之后”符合文意，故为正确答案。同时选项A说教育发展“直接源自竞争的环境”是错误的，因为中间还有生产率发展这一环节。第五段第2句还说明教育的发展需要依赖于经济表现，所以B选项是正反混淆。根据D选项关键词political changes可以定位到末段第4句，“政治改革（political changes）或许只能靠更广泛的正规教育去实现”，因此，正规教育的发展可以推进或支持政治变革，所以D选项也是正反混淆。