考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练（四百二十）

本文提供考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练，以下为具体内容

1、States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement, "businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”1.The Supreme Court decision Thursday will（  ）.2.It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions（  ）.3.According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has（  ）.4.Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling（  ）.5.In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author（  ）.

问题1

A、endetter business' revolutions with states

B、put most online business in a dilemma

C、make more online shoppers pay sales tax

D、forces some states to cut sales tax

问题2

A、have led to the dominance of e-commerce

B、have cost consumers a lot over the years

C、were widely criticized by online purchases

D、were considered up favorable by states

问题3

A、hindered economic development

B、brought prosperity to the country

C、harmed fair market competition

D、boosted growth in states revenue

问题4

A、Internet entrepreneurs

B、Big-chain owners

C、Third-party sellers

D、Small retailers

问题5

A、gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences

B、describes the long and complicated process of its making

C、presents its main points with conflicting views on them

D、cities some cases related to it and analyzes their implications

2、bound 

A、 n. 出身背景，学历，经历；背景；不显眼的位置，幕后；底色，底花，底子

B、 n. 答复，回答；答案

C、 adj. 一定会，很可能会；受约束（必须做某事），有义务；因…受阻；正旅行去，准备前往；v. 跳跃着跑；形成…的边界；n. 蹦跳；跳跃

D、 n. 蚂蚁

3、budget 

A、 n. 律师；代理人

B、 adj. 价格低廉的；花钱少的；v. 谨慎花钱，把…编入预算；n. 预算

C、 n. 重要人物；平常人

D、 v. 吸引，使喜爱，引起……的好感；招引；引起（反应）；吸引

4、The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.    Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.    More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.    What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.    As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.1、The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries _____.2、It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system _____.3、A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _____.4、The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _____.5、According to the last paragraph , development of education _____.

问题1

A、is subject groundless doubts

B、has fallen victim of bias

C、is conventional downgraded

D、has been overestimated

问题2

A、challenges economists and politicians

B、takes efforts of generations

C、demands priority from the government

D、requires sufficient labor force

问题3

A、the Japanese workforce is better disciplined

B、the Japanese workforce is more productive

C、[C]the U.S workforce has a better education

D、the U.S workforce is more organize

问题4

A、when people had enough time

B、prior to better ways of finding food

C、when people on longer went hung

D、as a result of pressure on government

问题5

A、results directly from competitive environments

B、does not depend on economic performance

C、follows improved productivity

D、cannot afford political changes

5、Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored anti-smoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.1、According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as ____.2、Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should ____.3、In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to ____.4、Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors ____.5、The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is ____.

问题1

A、a supplement to the social cure

B、a stimulus to group dynamics

C、an obstacle to school progress

D、a cause of undesirable behaviors

问题2

A、recruit professional advertisers

B、learn from advertisers’ experience

C、stay away from commercial advertisers

D、recognize the limitations of advertisements

问题3

A、adequately probe social and biological factors

B、effectively evade the flaws of the social cure

C、illustrate the functions of state funding

D、produce a long-lasting social effect

问题4

A、is harmful to our networks of friends

B、will mislead behavioral studies

C、occurs without our realizing it

D、can produce negative health habits

问题5

A、harmful

B、desirable

C、profound

D、questionable

1、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:B;第5题:D;

试题解析：

1.本题为细节题，根据题干关键字“the Supreme Court decision Thursday”定位到原文第一段“States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that ...” 前半句已经明确提出各州的在线购物可能要交税，对应选项C，原词“online”加“shoppers”是对“purchase”的同义替换。其他三个选项均为提及。

2.根据题干“learned”可知本题为推理题，根据关键字“the overruled decisions”定位到原文第二段的两句，大意为“州政府抱怨以前的政策使每年税收损失惨重，因此以前的政策很难再收取网上营业税”两句表示出的意思都是对州政府的不利，对比四个选项，得出答案D，州政府认为原政策对州会不利，因此驳回这项决定会对州有利，为正话反说。
3.本题为细节题，根据题干关键词“Justice Anthony Kennedy”“the physical presence rule”定位到原文第四段的第二句和第三句，大意为实体店规定导致州政府税收亏损，接着下一句Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.” 该规定限制了各州长期繁荣，并妨碍市场参与者参与公平竞争。对比四个选项，C 选项为“破坏了公平市场竞争”和原文“competing”“market participants”一一对应，为正确答案。

4.根据题干“likely”得出本题为推理题，利用关键词“welcome the Supreme Court ruling”定位到原文第五段第一句“The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since...”对于大公司来说这项规定是一种胜利，因为……只需找到关键词“big chain”即可选出B选项：大型连锁公司。
5.本题为主旨题，需找出作者的相应观点与论证，根据题干关键词“In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday”回顾每段首尾句，推测每段大意。第一段讲述最高法院通过了征收在线营业税的决定，第二段介绍之前的裁决及后果是对州政府不利的，第三段介绍了原来裁决涉及到的案例，第四段陈列了法官的观点，即以前的裁决是有问题的，第五段主要讲述新判决会对大型连锁超市产生有利的影响，第六段讲述新裁决对州外卖价的影响，第七段表示新的判决得到零售界的肯定，因此本文的思路为：首段引出新判决，二三四段列举相关案例，五六七段对其影响进行讲述，对比四个选项，得出D：作者在讲述这个判决时引用了相关案例并分析了它们的影响。

2、试题答案：C

3、试题答案：B

4、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:B;第3题:B;第4题:C;第5题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

根据第一段第2句中的however, the conventional view that is wrong可知，作者在转折词后清楚地表达了自己的观点，即那种认为“教育应该是促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的最首要因素之一”的传统观点是错误的。由此可知，贫穷国家教育的重要性被高估了。所以D选项是正确答案。文中没有提到贫穷国家对教育重要性产生“质疑”或者“偏见”，故选项A.B均排除。C选项“被低估了"与原文内容截然相反，故也排除。

第一段第3句building new educational systems...would require two or three generations表达的意思是：创立新的教育体制，让足够多的人接受教育以推动经济发展需要两代或三代人来完成。选项B与此表达一致，原文中的require two or three generations与选项中的takes efforts of generations是同义替换。故正确答案是B。第一段第1句提到，经济学家及政治家们误解了教育与经济发展之间的关系，但没有提及构建新的教育体系对经济学家和政治家是挑战，故排除选项A。文中没有提到教育系统的构建需要政府给予优先权（priority），选项C也排除。选项D是根据putting enough people through them设置的干扰项，enough people在文中指新的教育体系培养出来的促进经济发展的人才，不是建立新的教育体系所需要的劳动力，故排除选项D。

根据第二段第3句，“在全球，不管过去还是现在，日本一直是汽车组装生产力最高的国家（leader in automotive-assembly productivity）”，也就是说日本工人的生产效率要高于美国工人，所以B选项是正确答案。文中没有提到美国工人和日本工人的组织性和纪律性，故排除选项A和D，根据第二段第2、4句，美国工人被嘲讽没有受过良好教育（poorly educated），美国工厂的生产率大约是日本同行的95%（about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts），可以明显看出是美国工人的教育水平不如日本工人。所以C选项是正反混淆，也要排除。

第四段第2句为主题句，即教育在经济得到发展后才能实现。C选项的“不挨饿”说明经济得到了发展，也就是说，当人们不挨饿，经济发展起来之后，教育就出现了，所以c选项和原文表达含义相同，为正确答案。A选项：time这个单词来自第四段第4、5句，但实际上这两句话是为了证明第2句，即“经济持续增长也会促进（promote）教育事业的发展”A选项是例子本身，不是主题，而且A选项“有时间”并不能证明经济得到发展，所以A选项错误。B选项：表述与原文刚好相反，把prior to改为after就正确了。D选项：第四段第2句说“即使政府不强迫发展教育，经济持续增长也会促进教育事业的发展”，由此可知，教育的产生并不是对政府施加压力的结果，故排除选项D。

第五段第2句指出：“竞争的环境推动我们的祖先实现这一生产潜力，他们反过来又有能力获得更多的教育机会。”即：竞争的环境→生产率的发展一教育发展（development of education），所以C选项说教育发展“发生在生产效率提高之后”符合文意，故为正确答案。同时选项A说教育发展“直接源自竞争的环境”是错误的，因为中间还有生产率发展这一环节。第五段第2句还说明教育的发展需要依赖于经济表现，所以B选项是正反混淆。根据D选项关键词political changes可以定位到末段第4句，“政治改革（political changes）或许只能靠更广泛的正规教育去实现”，因此，正规教育的发展可以推进或支持政治变革，所以D选项也是正反混淆。

5、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:B;第3题:A;第4题:C;第5题:D;

试题解析：第1题:

文章首段包含了两方面的内容，作者先简单介绍Peer pressure，再引出Tina Rosenberg在她的新书Join the Club中对于peer pressure的看法，这篇文章是以一篇书评的形式出现。而题目“根据第一段，同伴压力的出现常常是…”问的仅仅是同伴压力，并无涉及到Tina Rosenberg或者她的新书，因此答案则应主要涉及文章对于peer pressure的介绍，而非Tina对于peer pressure的看法。首段第三句说“(同伴压力)通常引起不好的事情，如酗酒，嗑药，乱交”，故答案选D，说明同伴压力出现导致的结果，这里的答案使用了同义替换的方式。

根据题干关键词“public-health advocates”可以定位到第三段最后一句话“Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure”,即应该向广告商学习，这里主要是对于短语“take a page from”的理解，答案选B。

根据题干“在作者看来，Rosenberg的书没能…”，所选答案是要找出作者看来这本书的缺点是什么。文章第四段第一句话说“但是，在…方面，Rosenberg不太有说服力”，紧接着说“Join the Club中太多无关的细节，而对于使同伴压力能产生如此大作用的社会和生物因素并未做足够的探究”，这句话充分说明了在作者心目中这本书的不足在哪儿，故答案选A。

这是一道细节题。文章第五段首句告诉我们peer groups确实会对行为产生很大的影响，第二句具体说明影响的内容，即好的习惯和不好的习惯都会通过社会交际在朋友圈中传递，最后一句则对这种影响进行了总结，“这是同伴压力的细微表现，我们无意识地模仿日常所见到的行为”。而分析题干和选项，我们发现该题是对“imitation of behavior”进行归纳，回到原文，找到“我们无意识地模仿日常所见到的行为”，答案即刻清晰，这里是对unconsciously一词进行了释义，因此C选项正确。

这道题考查作者对于peer pressure所能带来的影响的态度，作者通过最后一段第一句话首先向我们表明他对“专家和其他官方人员是否能成功选择同伴来引导他们的行为朝好的方向发展”的不肯定，接下来以教师指导学生的例子为说明，得出结论“The tactic never really works.”(这个策略从来没有真正起作用)。通过作者的这样一番描述，可以看出，作者对于peer pressure是否能有效果是质疑的，故答案选D。