2021年201英语（一）模拟题及详解（二）

本文提供2021年201英语（一）模拟题及详解，以下为具体内容

1、Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. ___1___ the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly  ___2___ to live shorter lives. This suggests that  ___3___ bulbs burn longer, that there is an  ___4___ in not being too terrifically bright.    Intelligence, it  ___5___ out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow  ___6___ the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual  ___7___ — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to  ___8___ .    Is there an adaptive value to ___9___ intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance ___10___ at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real ___11___ of our own intelligence might be. This is ___12___ the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.    Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would ___13___ on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, ___14___ , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that ___15___ animals ran the labs, they would test us to ___16___ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really ___17___ , not merely how much of it there is. ___18___ , they would hope to study a ___19___ question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? ___20___ the results are inconclusive.

问题1

A、Suppose

B、Consider

C、Observe

D、Imagine

问题2

A、tended

B、feared

C、happened

D、threatened

问题3

A、thinner

B、stabler

C、lighter

D、dimmer

问题4

A、tendency

B、advantage

C、inclination

D、priority

问题5

A、insists on

B、sums up

C、turns out

D、puts forward

问题6

A、off

B、behind

C、over

D、along

问题7

A、incredible

B、spontaneous

C、inevitable

D、gradual

问题8

A、fight

B、doubt

C、stop

D、think

问题9

A、invisible

B、limited

C、indefinite

D、different

问题10

A、upward

B、forward

C、afterward

D、backward

问题11

A、features

B、influences

C、results

D、costs

问题12

A、outside

B、on

C、by

D、across

问题13

A、deliver

B、carry

C、perform

D、apply

问题14

A、by chance

B、in contrast

C、as usual

D、for instance

问题15

A、if

B、unless

C、as

D、lest

问题16

A、moderate

B、overcome

C、determine

D、reach

问题17

A、at

B、for

C、after

D、with

问题18

A、Above all

B、After all

C、However

D、Otherwise

问题19

A、fundamental

B、comprehensive

C、equivalent

D、hostile

问题20

A、By accident

B、In time

C、So far

D、Better still

2、The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.    To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.    The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.    We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.    Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”1、The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England _____.2、It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders _____.3、The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay _____.4、The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often _____.5、The text suggests that early settlers in New England _____.

问题1

A、Puritan tradition dominated political life.

B、intellectual interests were encouraged.

C、Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.

D、intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.

问题2

A、experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.

B、brought with them the culture of the Old World

C、paid little attention to southern intellectual life

D、were obsessed with religious innovations

问题3

A、were famous in the New World for their writings

B、gained increasing importance in religious affairs

C、abandoned high positions before coming to the New World

D、created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England

问题4

A、influenced by superstitions

B、troubled with religious beliefs

C、puzzled by church sermons

D、frustrated with family earnings

问题5

A、were mostly engaged in political activities

B、were motivated by an illusory prospect

C、came from different backgrounds

D、left few formal records for later reference

3、Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.    So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.    But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.    “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”    All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.    The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.1、The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being _____2、The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be _____.3、“ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to _____.4、Ms. Markova most probably agree that _____.5、Ryan’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing _____.

问题1

A、casual

B、familiar

C、mechanical

D、changeable.

问题2

A、predicted

B、regulated

C、traced

D、guided

问题3

A、tracks

B、series

C、characteristics

D、connections

问题4

A、ideas are born of a relaxing mind

B、innovativeness could be taught

C、decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas

D、curiosity activates creative minds

问题5

A、prevents new habits form being formed

B、no longer emphasizes commonness

C、maintains the inherent American thinking model

D、complies with the American belief system

4、It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.    More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.    Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .    Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.    But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.    Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.1、In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s _____.2、PTK is used to _____.3、Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to _____.4、In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _____.5、An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be _____.

问题1

A、easy availability

B、flexibility in pricing

C、successful promotion

D、popularity with households

问题2

A、locate one’s birth place

B、promote genetic research

C、identify parent-child kinship

D、choose children for adoption

问题3

A、trace distant ancestors

B、rebuild reliable bloodlines

C、fully use genetic information

D、achieve the claimed accuracy

问题4

A、disorganized data collection

B、overlapping database building

C、excessive sample comparison

D、lack of patent evaluation

问题5

A、Fors and Againsts of DNA testing

B、DNA testing and It’s problems

C、DNA testing outside the lab

D、lies behind DNA testing

5、The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.    Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.    More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.    What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.    As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.1、The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries _____.2、It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system _____.3、A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _____.4、The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _____.5、According to the last paragraph , development of education _____.

问题1

A、is subject groundless doubts

B、has fallen victim of bias

C、is conventional downgraded

D、has been overestimated

问题2

A、challenges economists and politicians

B、takes efforts of generations

C、demands priority from the government

D、requires sufficient labor force

问题3

A、the Japanese workforce is better disciplined

B、the Japanese workforce is more productive

C、[C]the U.S workforce has a better education

D、the U.S workforce is more organize

问题4

A、when people had enough time

B、prior to better ways of finding food

C、when people on longer went hung

D、as a result of pressure on government

问题5

A、results directly from competitive environments

B、does not depend on economic performance

C、follows improved productivity

D、cannot afford political changes

1、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:A;第3题:D;第4题:B;第5题:C;第6题:A;第7题:D;第8题:C;第9题:B;第10题:D;第11题:D;第12题:B;第13题:C;第14题:D;第15题:A;第16题:C;第17题:B;第18题:A;第19题:A;第20题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

动词辨析题。空格所在句意为“_____卡尔·齐默在《科学时代》杂志上所描述的果蝇实验"。根据句意，这个实验应该是已经发生了的，因此不可能是A选项Suppose（设想）或D选项Imagine（想象）这个实验，也不能是C选项Observe（观察）一个已经发生的实验，故只能选B选项Consider（考虑），此处的意思是思考一下所做的实验，符合题意。强干扰项排除：A选项Suppose（设想）和D选项Imagine（想象）一般用于将来的时态。空格所在句表示该实验已经做过，因此时态上相矛盾，故排除。

动词辨析题，空格所在句意为“那些被训练得智商高于平均水平的果蝇寿命较短”。显然该句是对前文提到的果蝇实验结果的说明，实验结果一般是具有共性或规律性的现象，tend to do sth.表达一种趋向性，符合题意，故A选项正确。强干扰项排除：C选项happened（to do）：偶然，碰巧。一个实验表明的不应为个案，因此不应该为碰巧寿命短。故排除C选项。强干扰项排除：C选项happened（to do）：偶然，碰巧。一个实验表明的不应为个案，因此不应该为碰巧寿命短。故排除C选项。

形容词辨析题。空格所在句中This指代上文提到的智商高于平均水平的果蝇往往寿命较短这个现象，此处为一个类比，shorter对应longer，空格所填词应该对应smarter，又由后面提到的not being too bright 可知，dimmer（较暗淡的）符合文意，故选项D正确。强干扰项排除：B选项stabler：更稳定的。这里并没有讨论灯泡的稳定性问题，而且灯泡的稳定与其耐用程度无关，故排除。

名词辨析题。由题3可知，暗的灯泡持续照明的时间较长，因此空格所在句的意思是灯泡不太亮有优势。B选项advantage（优势）符合文意，故选B。强干扰项排除：D选项priority：优先权。一般指做事的优先次序，且后面常接介词over而不是in，故排除。

逻辑关系题。空格所在部分为插入语，正常语序为It _____ intelligence is a high-priced option.观察四个选项，只有turns out符合语法要求。从文意上讲，该句位于句首，起到承上启下的作用，turns out代入原文，句意为“结果证明高智商是一个高代价的选择”，也体现出对第一段内容的总结，故选项C正确。强干扰项排除：B选项sums up：总结，概括。代入原文，意为“概括起来，高智商是一个高代价的选择”，貌似也能说通，但是it sums up后面一般不接从句。表示“总体来讲”时，常见用法为"to sum up"，故排除B。

固定搭配。结合选项，空格所在句要表达的意思为：聪明需要高额的维护成本，消耗更多的燃料，而且起步缓慢。slow off the starting line中off表示“离开”，即从起跑线出发时就比较慢，符合文意，故选项A正确。

形容词辨析题。空格所在句意为“因为它依赖于学习——一个_____的过程，而非本能"。两个破折号之间的内容起到解释说明的作用，该空格所在部分旨在解释说明学习是一个什么样的过程。由上文可知，智商是高代价的选择，学习不是一蹴而就的，因此只有D选项gradual（逐渐的）符合题意。强干扰项排除：B选项spontaneous：自发的。由空格后的"instead of instinct"可知，前后应构成对比关系，“自发的”和instinct（本能的）同义，显然逻辑上不合语意，故排除。

动词辨析题。由前文可知，作者想要表达的观点是太过聪明并非好事，适可而止才最好，观察四个选项，只有stop（停止）符合文意，故选项C为正确答案。强干扰项排除：D选项think：思考。这里讲的学习特性是与人类能力所不同的地方，“何时思考”显然是人类已经具备的能力，而且思考一般用于指人，故排除。

形容词辨析题。由题8可知，在所有要学习的事物中，人们最需要学的莫过于懂得适时停止学习。因此，智商是有限度的。结合选项，只有B选项limited（有限的）符合题意，故为正确答案。强干扰项排除：C选项indefinite：不确定的，无限的。根据上文，人们应学会适时而止，这里强调的恰恰是智商的有限性，而非无限性，故排除。

副词辨析题。cast a wistful glance at表示“向……授以悲悯的眼光”，由空格后的all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise（那些在智商方面被我们远远抛在后面的物种）可知，既然是抛在后面的物种，那么只有“向后看”符合文意。故D选项backward为正确答案。强干扰项排除：C选项afterward：后来。一般指时间上的先后，故排除。

名词辨析题。上文以果蝇的实验说明智商是个高代价的选择。该空格所在句进一步引中出此项研究的目的，即这个高代价是什么。故D选项costs（代价，成本）符合文意。强干扰项排除：B选项influences：影响。影响可以指好的影响，也可以指坏的影响。全文都在强调高智商需要付出一定的代价，作者对高智商持负面态度，而influence一词不能体现出这种负面态度，故排除。

空格所在句意为“这是我们所见的每个动物都在_____的问题”。这个问题指的就是“高智商真正的代价是什么”。上文提到其他物种知道适时停止学习，即它们一直在思考智商需要付出的代价，on the mind为固定搭配，意为“在思考”，符合文意，故选项B正确。

动词辨析题。空格所在句意为“对动物智商的研究也使我们不禁去想，如果动物有机会的话，它们将会对人类_____什么实验呢？"能和experiment搭配表示“做实验”的动词只能是perform，故选项C正确。强干扰项排除：B选项carry：携带，搬运。如果表示开展实验，应为carry out experiments故排除。D选项apply：申请，应用。apply experiments on human（将实验应用到人类身上）强调的是将已有的实验用到人身上，而此处要表达的意思是动物在人类身上做实验，这些实验是以前没做过的，因此apply不合文意，故排除。

逻辑关系题。前一句说动物对人类做实验，该句提到了猫在做研究，显然是一个例子，因此D选项for instance（例如）为正确答案。

逻辑关系题。由空格所在句中的ran和would可知，该句用到了虚拟语气。结合选项可判断，空格考查的是if条件句的虚拟语气，代入原文，句意为“我们相信，如果动物可以经营实验室的话，它们会通过测试以_____我们在耐力、忠诚度以及方位记忆能力方面的极限。”故选项A正确。

动词辨析题。由后一句They would try to decide..可知，这两句是并列关系，都是对动物做实验的假设，因此空格所填词应与decide近义。四个选项中，只有determine（决定，确定）符合题意，故C选项正确。强干扰项排除：D选项reach：达到。动物做实验的目的就是为了了解人类，其前提假设是对人类的极限不确定，因此“确定”一词最为准确，“达到极限”与题意不符，故排除。

由空格后的not merely how much of it there is可知，前后文为转折关系。即“它们不仅仅要确定人类智商的高低，而且要弄明白人类智商究竟为何而存在"。for表示原因，符合文意，故选项B正确。

逻辑关系题。上文提到动物会尝试着确定人类的智商究竟为何而存在，该句显然与上一句并列，而且由上文they would..determine，they would...decide和该句的they would hope可知，该句与前两句应是顺承关系。观察四个选项，只有Above all（最重要的是）表示递进，符合题意，故选项A正确。

形容词辨析题。该空格修饰question，表明question的特性。结合题18可知，这个问题是动物做实验最想弄明白的问题。观察四个选项，只有fundamental（根本的）符合文意，故选项A正确。强干扰项排除：B选项comprehensive：综合的，广泛的。由上文的Above all（首要的，最重要的）可知，最重要的问题一定是本质性的问题，而不是广泛的问题，故排除B选项。

前一句提出了一个问题，该句是对问题的回答。结合选项：By accident（偶然），In time（及时），So far（目前为止）、Better still（更好的是），只有So far与上下文逻辑关系最为吻合，代入原文，意思为“而目前为止，结果是不确定的”。故选项C正确。

2、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:B;第3题:D;第4题:A;第5题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

根据第一段第2句可知，“在美洲殖民地中，没有任何地方比新英格兰地区，更重视对知识的追求""。也就是说17世纪的新英格兰鼓励人们对知识的兴趣，所以B选项为正确答案。第一段第3句指出：“在美国的精神生活中，新英格兰的领袖们确定了清教徒传统的基本主题和关注对象，这一传统逐渐占据了主导地位。”由此可知，是政治家主导了清教徒传统，而不是清教徒传统主导了政治家的生活，所以A是正反混淆。第一段只谈及政治家确立了清教徒的基本主题，没有提到政治是否受益于知识学术研究，所以C选项是无中生有。D选项中提到的“自由的氛围”在原文中也没有提及，故排除。

根据第二段第2句后半部分，“我们可以将最初的清教徒们视为适应新大陆环境的欧洲文化传承者”，这里，“最初的清教徒们”就是题目关键词“新英格兰人（New Englanders）”，欧洲文化相对于新世界而言就是“旧大陆（Old World）的文化”，所以B选项为正确答案。文中没有提及新英格兰的早期历史是否和平，故排除选项A。第二段第2句提到southern intellectual life，但原文是说我们对美国南部精神文化生活的研究，而非英格兰人开展研究，因此无法得出“新英格兰人对美国南部的精神生活漠不关心”的结论，故选项C错误。选项D中的关键词innovations出现在第二段第1句中，但原文是说研究新英格兰人通常要从研究清教徒创新的神学思想开始，并不能推断出新英格兰人沉迷于宗教革新。

第三段第3句指出：“这些人大量撰写、出版书籍，在新旧大陆都有读者，这给新英格兰带来了热衷于知识教育的氛围。”，“这些人”就是前文提到的“早期的牧师和政治领袖”，故D选项为正确答案。虽然该句话提到这些人大量撰写和出版书籍，但没有提及他们因为自己的著作而在新大陆闻名，故选项A错误。第三段第2句提到有学识的牧师来到马萨诸塞的教堂，但并没有交代这些牧师在宗教事务中获得日益重要的地位，所以B选项是无中生有。再根据第2句，约翰·温思罗普到波士顿之前曾是皇室官员，但这只是个例，不能说明所有的牧师和政治领袖都是放弃高官名位来到美国的，C选项是以偏概全，故排除。

第四段第2、3句指出，工匠或农民的观点并不具有太大的思想性，他们的思想中往往有一种传统的迷信色彩。下文以裁缝约翰·戴恩为例，证明这些没受过什么教育的工匠农民的思想易受迷信的影响，所以A是正确答案。文中没有提及受教育程度低的人受到宗教信仰的困扰，选项B是无中生有。sermon一词来自第四段第6句，原文是说人们会对戴恩的经历感到纳闷，而不是戴恩自己对布道感到困惑，更不是讲那些未受过良好教育的新英格兰人都对布道感到困惑，所以C选项也是无中生有。frustrated一词来自第四段第5句“对性的困惑、经济挫折（frustrations）和宗教期望全都涌现出来”。文中仅仅说戴恩有经济挫折，没有说大部分受教育程度低的新英格兰人都有收入困难，所以D选项是过度推导。

文章第三段提到来到新大陆的部分早期移民在英格兰接受过良好的教育；第四段开头又提到大多数新英格兰人并没有接受过良好的教育，他们往往受传统迷信思想的影响。也就是说新英格兰的移民中不仅有良好的人，也有许多没受过良好教育的人。所以早期的新英格兰人有着不同的知识背景（different intellectual backgrounds），C选项为正确答案。A选项：“政治活动”来自第一段和第三段的political leaders，但这两段并不能代表全文主题，只能说明有政治家来到了新英格兰。A选项说“大多数新英格兰的早期移民参与了政治活动”是以偏概全。同时，第四段第1句强调大多数（most）新英格兰人其实没有受过什么教育，而且第五段也强调来到新英格兰的很多人（many settlers）只是为了生存，而不是从事政治活动。B选项：illusory是“虚幻”的意思，全文没有信息表明早期的新英格兰人大多是受到虚幻前景的激励而来到新大陆的。D选项：根据第四段第2句设置的干扰项，该句指工匠和农民几乎没有给我们留下可供分析的文学作品，我们不能主观推导出早期移民留下的记录很少。而且第三段中也提到新英格兰的牧师和政治领袖撰写和出版了大量作品，这些都可供后人研究，故选项D错误。

3、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:A;第4题:D;第5题:A;

试题解析：第1题:

根据题干关键词，将本题定位于第一段第③句Not choice，but habit rules the unreflecting herd，这句话表明华兹华斯认为“并非选择，而是习惯支配着那些不善于思考的人”，unreflecting（缺乏思考的）一词表明华兹华斯对习惯是持否定态度的。同时，该段第②句也指出习惯会造成人们思维的惰性。这两句话相辅相成，都表明习惯具有程序化、模式化的特点，C选项mechanical（机械的）与此意思相近，故为正确答案。A选项的casual（随意的）没有表达这层意思。B选项来自第一段第②句，原文中familiar修饰的是routine，而不是habit，所以是答非所问。D选项来自第一段最后一句，但这句话强调的是21世纪是一个变化的（ever-changing）世纪，没有说习惯是可变的，所以D选项错误。

第二段第②句指出：“大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径。”由此可知，新习惯的形成是一种有意识的活动。同时第三段第①句进一步指出“我们可以通过有意识地培养新习惯来引导自身的改变（we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits）"。四个选项中，只有guide与“有意识地培养含义最接近，故D选项为正确答案。其他三个选项predicted（预测），regulated（调整）和traced（追踪）在文中没有相关信息可以推导出来，故均排除。

根据第四段第①句 once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain，they're there to stay，我们知道“一旦旧的those ruts of procedure融入大脑，它们就会永远存在”。接着第②）句指出the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads（我们刻意培养的新习惯会避开旧路径，创建与之平行的路径）。由此可知，those ruts of procedure和those old roads是相对应的，即ruts和roads可以同义替换，A选项tracks（轨迹）和道路是近义词，所以为正确答案。其他选项和道路的概念不相符，不是上下文暗示的意思，故均排除。

根据第五段第1句，道娜·玛克娃的观点是：革新需要对新奇事物感到着迷，即满怀好奇心（fascination with wonder）才能创新（innovation），D选项中的curiosity，creative和第五段第1句中的wonder，innovation是同义替换，所以D为正确选项。A选项：根据第一段中setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine设置的干扰项，A选项只是选取其中几个关键词，拼凑出来的选项，并不是道娜·玛克娃的观点。B选项：根据第五段中we are taught instead to"decide"设置的干扰项，道娜·玛克娃的观点是我们被教导去作决定，但不去作决定才能鼓励革新，文章没有说创新是否可以被传授，因此B选项也是错误的。C选项：根据第五段第1句和第4句可知，文章强调革新源于新奇的想法，或革新源于探索各种其他可能性，而C选项偷换了主语，变成了“决定源于新奇的想法”故不正确。第五段主题：创新的首要条件是要有强烈的好奇心，要探索各种可能性。

根据最后一段可知，赖恩的观点是：标准化测试过于强调分析和程序化能力，而忽视了对创新思维和合作思维的考查。即赖思认为标准化测试不利于培养创新思维。接着文章最后指出“这就是培养新习惯的意义所在”。也就是说培养新习惯可以促进创新思维，由此不难推导出标准化测试阻碍了新习惯的形成。所以A为正确选项。B选项：从最后一段第1句看赖恩是反对标准化测试的，而B选项显然是在支持考试，这就违背了赖恩的态度，从这个角度来说，B选项是正反混淆。C选项：文章最后一段第1句指出标准化测试意味着很少有人运用创新和合作的思维方式，由此可知，该测试已经改变了人们固有的思维方式，选项C也属于正反混淆。D选项：最后一段第2句指出，标准化测试打破了美国信念体系里的主要规则，D选项中的complies with（与 一致）和原文中的breaks（违背）相矛盾，所以D选项也是正反混淆。

4、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:A;第5题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

根据第一段第2句，我们可以得知"PTK在当地药店（local drugstore）就可以买到"；再由第二段第0句可知，"PTK不需要处方就可以购买到（available without prescriptions）显然，PTK是很容易买到的，故A选项是正确答案。B选项：文章第一、二段均有涉及价钱，但是要注意PTK的价格只有一个（$30），而$120，a few hundred dollars以及more than $2500都是指检测费用，不是购买PTK的费用，所以我们不能得出PTK的定价灵活，因此B是错误选项。C、D选项：根据第二段中的More than 60，000 people have purchased the PTKs设置的干扰项，这句话只说明了PTK的销售情况，没有涉及推销手段或推销成果，也没有提到家庭（household）购买的情况，所以不能主观认为PTK得到成功推广或者很受家庭欢迎。

第三段第1句指出：“其中最受欢迎的是父子和血统检测，被收养的孩子可以利用它找到与自己有血缘关系的亲属，而家庭也可以用它来找到被收养的孩子的下落。”因此，PTK可以用来进行DNA检测，来确认亲子关系；而且第一段也提到“男人可以买一个PTK来确认自己是否是孩子的父亲”，所以C选项为正确答案。A选项：第三段第2句后半部分指出DNA检测为寻找“家族发源地（family's geographic roots"服务公司提供了技术支持，但是本题问的是PTK被用于做什么，即逻辑主语是PTK，不是DNA检测。而且家族发源地不等同于个人的出生地，故排除选项A，B选项：第三段第2句前半部分指出DNA检测最近也得到了许多热心的家谱学专家的推崇，即家谱学专家利用DNA检测来进行基因研究，而不是利用PTK来进行，所以B选项仍然是把DNA检测和PTK混为一谈，故排除。D选项：根据第三段第1句的定语从句，PTK可以用来进行DNA测试，从而帮助“家庭找到被人收养的孩子（track down kids put up for adoption）"，而不是选择可以收养的孩子（choose children for adoption），所以D选项属于偷换概念。

根据第五段第1、2句，一些评论家持怀疑态度是因为“There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing”，他们兜售的测试有一定的不准确性（false precision），即没有达到其宣称的精确性，故D选项是正确答案。其中accuracy和原文中的precision可以同义替换。A选项：根据第五段第4、5句可知，血统检测只考虑单一的血统，只能显示一两个祖先的基因信息，而不是A选项说的“不能追溯上代久远的祖先”。B选项：文中没有提到“重建（rebuild）血统”的问题，所以B选项属于中生有。C选项：第五段第5句This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors指出，血统检测只能显示一两位祖先的基因信息，但不能说明检测“不能充分利用基因信息”。另外，从上下文的结构来看，本段第3~5句都是为了证明前文提到的“那些称可以进行血统测试的人在散播一种虚假的精确信息”，即解释"false precision"的根源所在，故排除C选项。

根据第六段第2句，一些公司使用的数据库里的数据并非（not）通过系统地收集（collected systematically）所得。这与A选项表达的意思一致，其中，选项中的disorganized等同于原文中的not systematically，故A选项为正确答案。B选项：overlapping意为“重复的”，文章最后一段没有提到重复建设数据库的问题，所以B选项是无中生有，故排除。C选项：根据第六段第①句“批评家们还认为，商业性基因检测的过程实际上就是用样本与参考数据库进行比对的过程”设置的干扰项。但是，并没有说要进行过度对比，所以“过度的（excessive）”一词是无中生有。D选项：根据第六段最后一句“公司用来评估血缘关系的计算机程序可能申请了专利保护，不受同行的评审或外界评估”设置的干扰项。文章的意思是计算机程序缺乏评估，而不是商业基因测试缺乏评估，所以D选项是偷换主语，要排除。

本文开篇引出DNA检测的话题，接下来的第二至四段分别对DNA的检测特点、用途和方法等方面进行了简要介绍，最后两段分析了DNA检测存在的问题。由此可知B选项很好地概括了文章的主要内容，故为正确答案。A选项提到的“认同”没有在文中体现出来；C选项的“实验室外”属于无中生有；D选项过于片面，文章只是在最后一段提到DNA检测的准确性受到了怀疑，故这三项均排除。

5、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:B;第3题:B;第4题:C;第5题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

根据第一段第2句中的however, the conventional view that is wrong可知，作者在转折词后清楚地表达了自己的观点，即那种认为“教育应该是促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的最首要因素之一”的传统观点是错误的。由此可知，贫穷国家教育的重要性被高估了。所以D选项是正确答案。文中没有提到贫穷国家对教育重要性产生“质疑”或者“偏见”，故选项A.B均排除。C选项“被低估了"与原文内容截然相反，故也排除。

第一段第3句building new educational systems...would require two or three generations表达的意思是：创立新的教育体制，让足够多的人接受教育以推动经济发展需要两代或三代人来完成。选项B与此表达一致，原文中的require two or three generations与选项中的takes efforts of generations是同义替换。故正确答案是B。第一段第1句提到，经济学家及政治家们误解了教育与经济发展之间的关系，但没有提及构建新的教育体系对经济学家和政治家是挑战，故排除选项A。文中没有提到教育系统的构建需要政府给予优先权（priority），选项C也排除。选项D是根据putting enough people through them设置的干扰项，enough people在文中指新的教育体系培养出来的促进经济发展的人才，不是建立新的教育体系所需要的劳动力，故排除选项D。

根据第二段第3句，“在全球，不管过去还是现在，日本一直是汽车组装生产力最高的国家（leader in automotive-assembly productivity）”，也就是说日本工人的生产效率要高于美国工人，所以B选项是正确答案。文中没有提到美国工人和日本工人的组织性和纪律性，故排除选项A和D，根据第二段第2、4句，美国工人被嘲讽没有受过良好教育（poorly educated），美国工厂的生产率大约是日本同行的95%（about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts），可以明显看出是美国工人的教育水平不如日本工人。所以C选项是正反混淆，也要排除。

第四段第2句为主题句，即教育在经济得到发展后才能实现。C选项的“不挨饿”说明经济得到了发展，也就是说，当人们不挨饿，经济发展起来之后，教育就出现了，所以c选项和原文表达含义相同，为正确答案。A选项：time这个单词来自第四段第4、5句，但实际上这两句话是为了证明第2句，即“经济持续增长也会促进（promote）教育事业的发展”A选项是例子本身，不是主题，而且A选项“有时间”并不能证明经济得到发展，所以A选项错误。B选项：表述与原文刚好相反，把prior to改为after就正确了。D选项：第四段第2句说“即使政府不强迫发展教育，经济持续增长也会促进教育事业的发展”，由此可知，教育的产生并不是对政府施加压力的结果，故排除选项D。

第五段第2句指出：“竞争的环境推动我们的祖先实现这一生产潜力，他们反过来又有能力获得更多的教育机会。”即：竞争的环境→生产率的发展一教育发展（development of education），所以C选项说教育发展“发生在生产效率提高之后”符合文意，故为正确答案。同时选项A说教育发展“直接源自竞争的环境”是错误的，因为中间还有生产率发展这一环节。第五段第2句还说明教育的发展需要依赖于经济表现，所以B选项是正反混淆。根据D选项关键词political changes可以定位到末段第4句，“政治改革（political changes）或许只能靠更广泛的正规教育去实现”，因此，正规教育的发展可以推进或支持政治变革，所以D选项也是正反混淆。