2021年201英语（一）模拟题及详解（三）

本文提供2021年201英语（一）模拟题及详解，以下为具体内容

1、The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is      1      to say it anyway. He is that       2       bird, a scientist who works independently       3       any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not       4       thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.          5      he, however, might tremble at the       6       of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only       7       that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in       8       are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.    This group generally do well in IQ test,       9       12-15 points above the       10       value of 100, and have contributed       11       to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the       12       of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,       13       . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts,       14       , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been       15        to social effects, such as a strong tradition of       16       education. The latter was seen as a (an)       17       of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately       18       . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has       19       them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this       20       state of affairs.

问题1

A、selected

B、prepared

C、obliged

D、pleased

问题2

A、unique

B、particular

C、special

D、rare

问题3

A、of

B、with

C、in

D、against

问题4

A、subsequently

B、presently

C、previously

D、lately

问题5

A、Only

B、So

C、Even

D、Hence

问题6

A、thought

B、sight

C、cost

D、risk

问题7

A、advises

B、suggests

C、protests

D、objects

问题8

A、progress

B、fact

C、need

D、question

问题9

A、attaining

B、scoring

C、reaching

D、calculating

问题10

A、normal

B、common

C、mean

D、total

问题11

A、unconsciously

B、disproportionately

C、indefinitely

D、unaccountably

问题12

A、missions

B、fortunes

C、interests

D、careers

问题13

A、affirm

B、witness

C、observe

D、approve

问题14

A、moreover

B、therefore

C、however

D、meanwhile

问题15

A、given up

B、got over

C、carried on

D、put down

问题16

A、assessing

B、supervising

C、administering

D、valuing

问题17

A、development

B、origin

C、consequence

D、instrument

问题18

A、linked

B、integrated

C、woven

D、combined

问题19

A、limited

B、subjected

C、converted

D、directed

问题20

A、paradoxical

B、incompatible

C、inevitable

D、continuous

2、While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.    Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.    Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”    Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”    Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”    Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.1、Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?2、Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women _____.3、According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be _____.4、The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that _____.5、Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

问题1

A、Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.

B、Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.

C、Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.

D、Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.

问题2

A、need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.

B、have limited capacity for tolerating stress.

C、are more capable of avoiding stress.

D、are exposed to more stress.

问题3

A、domestic and temporary.

B、irregular and violent.

C、durable and frequent.

D、trivial and random.

问题4

A、Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.

B、Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.

C、Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.

D、Alvarez paid practically everything by check.

问题5

A、Strain of Stress: No Way Out?

B、Responses to Stress: Gender Difference

C、Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say

D、Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress

3、In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.    The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.    Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height – 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960.    Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.    Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”1、Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to _____2、Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?3、On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?4、We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future _____5、The text intends to tell us that _____

问题1

A、illustrate the change of height of NBA players.

B、show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..

C、compare different generations of NBA players.

D、assess the achievements of famous NBA players.

问题2

A、Genetic modification.

B、Natural environment.

C、Living standards.

D、Daily exercise.

问题3

A、Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.

B、Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.

C、Americans are the tallest on average in the world.

D、Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.

问题4

A、the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.

B、the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.

C、genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.

D、the existing data of human height will still be applicable.

问题5

A、the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.

B、human height is becoming even more predictable.

C、Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.

D、the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.

4、In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.    That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.    More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.    For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.    And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.    Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.1、George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to _____2、We may infer from the second paragraph that _____3、What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?4、Which of the following is true according to the text?5、Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his _____

问题1

A、show the primitive medical practice in the past.

B、demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.

C、stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.

D、reveal some unknown aspect of his life.

问题2

A、DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.

B、in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.

C、historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.

D、political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.

问题3

A、His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.

B、His status as a father made him free the child slaves.

C、His attitude towards slavery was complex.

D、His affair with a slave stained his prestige.

问题4

A、Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.

B、Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.

C、Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.

D、Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.

问题5

A、moral considerations.

B、military experience.

C、financial conditions.

D、political stand.

5、It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.    No longer. The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.    The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.    This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.1、In the first paragraph, the author discusses _____.2、Which of the following is true of the OECD report?3、According to the text, online publication is significant in that _____.4、With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to _____.5、Which of the following best summarizes the text?

问题1

A、the background information of journal editing.

B、the publication routine of laboratory reports.

C、the relations of authors with journal publishers.

D、the traditional process of journal publication.

问题2

A、It criticizes government-funded research.

B、It introduces an effective means of publication.

C、It upsets profit-making journal publishers.

D、It benefits scientific research considerably.

问题3

A、it provides an easier access to scientific results.

B、it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.

C、it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.

D、it facilitates public investment in scientific research.

问题4

A、cover the cost of its publication.

B、subscribe to the journal publishing it.

C、allow other online journals to use it freely.

D、complete the peer-review before submission.

问题5

A、The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.

B、A new mode of publication is emerging.

C、Authors welcome the new channel for publication.

D、Publication is rendered easier by online service.

1、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:D;第3题:A;第4题:C;第5题:C;第6题:A;第7题:B;第8题:D;第9题:B;第10题:C;第11题:B;第12题:D;第13题:A;第14题:C;第15题:D;第16题:D;第17题:C;第18题:A;第19题:B;第20题:A;

试题解析：第1题:

文章首句提到有一种人们不敢说出口的观点，第二句中But一词表转折，由此可以推断这句要表达的意思是：但是有人有勇气说出口。纵观四个选项，只有prepared（准备）符合题意，大意是：但格雷戈里?科克伦已经做好了将这种观点说出来的准备。故选项B正确。强干扰项排除：C选项（be）obliged（to）：被迫。代入原文，意思为“但是格雷戈里?科克伦被迫将这种观点说出来”。后面一句提到科克伦是个不依附于任何一家研究机构的科学家，所以他从事这项研究并非被迫的。故排除C选项，正确答案：D命题考点：固定搭配。

该题看似在考查形容词的辩析，实则考查的是考生平时的知识积累，rare bird为固定短语，表示“稀有的人或物”。该题是一个能够拉开考生之间分数的题目，有较大难度。

由题2可知，格雷戈里·科克伦是个特立独行的人，那么空格所在句的同位语部分要表达的意思应为“他是一个独立于任何机构之外的科学家"，be independent of表示“不依赖……；独立于……之外"，故选项A正确。

副词辨析题。空格所在句的主干为He helped popularize the idea.（他帮助普及了这种观点。）that后面的部分为同位语从句，说明idea的内容，要表达的意思是：“某些——被认为不是由细菌引起的疾病实际上具有传染性”。显然空格所填的副词应与actually相呼应，体现时间上的先后关系，只有C选项previously“先前”符合题意。

逻辑关系题。空格所在句中的however一词表明该句与上文内容之间存在转折关系，上一段讲格雷戈里?科克伦特立独行，帮助普及备受争议的观点。四个选项中，只有Even符合此处的逻辑关系，代入原文，大意为“然而即使是他自己，他要做的事情也会感到不寒而栗”。Even在这里用以加强出乎意料的语气。

固定搭配。由题5可知，该句意思为“然而即使是他自己，他要做的事情也会感到不寒而栗”。由what he is about to do可知，该事他还未做，所以不可能是看见，故排除B选项sight.文章也没有涉及任何有关“付出代价”和“冒险”的信息，故选项C.D也不可选。at the thought of表示“一想到”，符合题意，故选项A正确。

动词辨析题。空格所在句子的大意是“他和另外两位科学家一起发表了一篇论文，论文中不仅某些群体的人比其他群体的人聪明，而且还解释了这一过程形成的原因"。观察四个选项：advises（建议），suggests（表明），protests（抗议），objects（反对），只有suggests（表明）符合题意，故选项B正确。强干扰项排除：A选项advises：建议，主张。代入原文，意思为“论文中不仅建议某些群体的人比其他群体的人聪明”，貌似也能说得通，但that引导的宾语从句的谓语动词是is，而advise表示“建议，主张”时，宾语从句应为advise that sb.（should）do，故排除。

固定搭配。定冠词The表示特指，呼应前文中提到的特定民族，因此空格处要表达的是论文中讨论的那些人，in question（讨论中的）符合文意，故选D。强干扰项排除：A选项progress：in progress（进行中的，发展中的），考生如果将此短语错误地引申为“进化中的”，就很容易错选A。

动词辨析题。空格后面为12-15 points，结合四个选项，不难看出该空应该表达“得分”的意思，score作为动词有“得分”的含义，此处为现在分词形式，符合文意，故B选项scoring正确。强干扰项排除：A选项attaining：获得。强调通过努力达到，智商高低显然与努力无关，故排除。

形容词辨析题。此处要表达的意思是“高出均值12至15分"，mean value（均值）符合文意，故C选项正确。强干扰项排除：B选项common：普通的。common value的意思是“共同价值，公值”，不符合文意，故排除。

副词辨析题。空格所在句意为“这些人为西方的知识和文化生活做出了与其所占的人口巨大贡献”。由后文中的"elites（精英）"一词可知，这些智高高的少数人却对西方社会做出了巨大贡献，能表达出这种对应关系的只有disproportionately（不合比例地），故B选项正确。强干扰项排除：A选项unconsciously：不知不觉地。后文提到有些人成为享有世界盛誉的科学家，因此不可能是不知不觉地做出贡献。故排除选项A。

名词辨析题。空格位于as引导的非限制性定语从句中，对主句起到补充说明的作用。前文提到“他们贡献很大”，此处应对这些贡献进行补充说明。这些精英不可能通过“运气”或受“兴趣"“利益”的驱使来做出贡献，只有他们所成就的careers（事业，职业）才能实现对西方文明的贡献，故D选项正确。强干扰项排除：A选项mission：使命。由后面的补充信息including several world-renowned scientists可知，科学家只能算作是一种职业，不能算是一种使命，故排除。

动词辨析题。空格在as引导的非限制性定语从句中充当谓语，定语从句大意为“正如他们中的精英职业（如一些享有世界盛誉的科学家）所_____的那样”。本句前半部分提到他们智商高，为西方文明做出了巨大贡献，根据语意，可判断该定语从句应为前半部分的论据，即他们的事业“证明”了他们的贡献，故选A强干扰项排除：B选项witness：见证。witness虽然也有“证明”的意思，但它强调的是“见证，目睹"，显然不能与题12的careers搭配，故排除。

逻辑关系题。上文提到“他们也比大多数人遭受更多的严重遗传性疾病，比如乳腺癌。这些事实以前被认为是不相关的”。显然空格所在句与上文构成逻辑上的转折关系，however（然而）符合文意，故选C。

固定搭配。空格前的The former指前文提到的“他们对西方文明做出巨大贡献”，空格后是social effects（社会因素），该句要表达的意思为：前者被归因于社会因素。put down to（归结于）符合文意，表明空格前后两要素之间的因果关系，故选项D正确。

动词辨析题。空格所在部分是对social effects的举例说明，很显然，只有重视教育才能获得知识，对社会有所贡献。valuing（重视）符合文意，故选项D正确强干扰项排除：A选项assessing：评估。“评估教育”没有“重视教育”更能解释智商高的原因，故排除。

名词辨析题。该句中的The latter 指前文提到的“高智商的人易患遗传疾病”，上一句说前者可被归结为社会影响，讨论的是因果关系，该句是说“后者被看作是基因隔离的，"。显然，空格处是一个表示因果关系的名词，as a consequence of（的结果，由于）符合文意，故选项C正确。强干扰项排除：A选项development：发展。代入原文，意思为“后者被看作是基因隔离的发展".意思看似也能说得通，但显然不能构成对上文的呼应，the former与the latter，put down to与as a consequence of相对应。故排除。

动词辨析题。由前文可知，科克伦博士的观点与过去人们的观点是相反的，文章第三段第三句提到These facts，however，have previously been thought unrelated.由此可判断，该空格所填词应该和unrelated意义相反，linked（联系）符合文意，故选项A正确。强干扰项排除：B选项integrated：使 成整体。这里只是强调智商和疾病是相互联系的，并不是说二者是合为一体的，故排除。

动词辨析题。空格所在句是前一句的论据，即解释为什么科克伦博士认为智商和疾病是密切相关的。pressure作用于人并对人产生影响，即为这些人受疾病困扰的原因。四个选项中，只有subjected符合文意，常见搭配为subject sb.to意为“使某人遭受"，故选B。强干扰项排除：A选项limited：限制。限制不能与压力搭配，故排除。

形容词辨析题。空格所在的定语从句意思为“这一压力导致了这种状态”。结合上文可知，这个民族一方面很聪明，另一方面又因独特的进化压力而遭受疾病，这两个方面构成了一种相互矛盾的状态。paradoxical（矛盾的）符合文意，故选A。强干扰项排除：B选项incompatible：不相容的；矛盾的。incompatible虽然也有“矛盾的”之意，但侧重指不兼容的，而文中已明确说明高智商和易患某些疾病是并存于某一群体中的，故排除。

2、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:B;第5题:D;

试题解析：第1题:

第一段第2句指出：“比起男性，女性在压力下更容易产生抑郁和焦虑”。接着第二段第1句指出：“性激素在某种程度上会影响生物对于压力的反应，导致在承受压力的时候，雌性比相同条件下的雄性分泌更多触发性（引起抑都和焦虑的）化学物质”。综上可知，女性更容易受压力影响是其生理构造决定的，故A为正确选项。其他三个选项在文章第一、二段都无法得出，均排除。

第三段第3句指出；女性“有更多的压力要去处理”；紧接着第4句又指出：女性“要应付如此之多的事情”。综上可知，D选项说女性遭受更多的压力（more stress），符合原文，为正确选项。A选项：根据第三段第1句中的a woman's increased dose of stress chemical设置的干扰项，原文是说压力导致化学物质分泌增加，没有说这种化学物质有助于应付压力，所以A选项错误。B，C选项：都是根据第三段第4句中的Their capacity for tolerating stress设置的干扰项，原文是说女性忍受压力的能力也许比男性更强，没有提到女性忍受压力的能力有限，也没有提到女性回避压力的能力更强，故均排除。

第四段第2句指出：“我认为女性平时接触到的事情通常具有长期性、反复性的特点”。C选项中的durable，frequent分别是原文中的chronic，repeated的同义替换。而且第5句也继续强调女性面对的压力通常发生在家里，且不止一次（not to be one-shot deals），即说明这种压力是持久的（durable）和频繁的（frequent），所以C为正确答案。A选项中的temporary（临时的，暂时的）不符合文意，可排除。B选项中的irregular可以在第四段第4句Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence中找到类似表述，irregular和random是同义词，且violent与violence是同根词，但该句是陈述男性面对的压力有什么特点，与题目不符，故排除。D选项中的random一词也是用来形容男性面对的压力，故也排除。第四段主题：女性面对的压力和男性不一样，女性面对的压力往往具有长期性和反复性，破坏性更大。

根据第五段第5句，阿尔瓦雷斯既要照顾孩子，又要工作、付房租、养车、还债。所以本段主要讲述了阿尔瓦雷斯生活艰辛，生存压力大，只有B选项体现出她的不容易，其他选项不能体现这一点，所以B选项为正确答案。

综合文章各段主题可以得知这篇文章主要讲述的是：女性所面临的压力以及她们在压力下的表现。A选项缺少本文的主题词女性（women），不能概括本文。B选项有gender一词，但是本文主要强调的是女性，男性只是陪衬，起到对比参照的作用而已，故排除B选项。C选项的chemicals只是文章第二、三段提到的一个小细节，不足以概括全文，也可以排除D选项既有主题词women，也描述了不同性别对于压力的不同反应，概括了原文内容，因而是最佳选项。

3、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:C;第3题:B;第4题:D;第5题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

根据第一段第1、2句，我们可以知道NBA球员的身材变高了。在这里作者以张伯伦的身高为参照物，比较了过去的和现在的NBA高个子球员的数量，目的在于说明NBA球员身高增长的事实，故选项A正确。B选项：全文没有提到NBA球员在美国很受欢迎，所以B选项属于无中生有。C选项：第一段的前两句只提及NBA球员身高的变化，而没有涉及其他方面的比较，C选项属于扩大范围。D选项：根据本段以及全文的内容，文章没有评估任何一位著名NBA球员的成就，所以D选项也属于无中生有。

根据文章第三段前三句，长高需要热量和营养物质，营养不良影响身高的增长，饮食和健康的改善有助于身高增长。综上可知，身高增长的关键因素包括营养物质，而这属于生活水平的范畴，故正确答案为C，A选项：第四段第4句提到，个体的基因结构限制了身高的增长，没有提及基因改变对身高的影响；同时，第五段第1句指出，基因的最大值不会很快地改变，更谈不上影响身高，故A选项错误。B选项：第二段第4句提到，“在现有的基因和环境条件下，我们已经达到了身高的极限”，但并没有提及自然环境对身高的影响，B选项也不能选。D选项：文中没有提及“日常锻炼”的相关内容，D选项属于无中生有。

第四段第3句指出，直立行走使我们的双脚和背部总是很费劲地保持两脚站立的姿势，难以轻松地承受过大的四肢带来的持续重力。接着第4句指出，每种生物的基因结构都有一些实质性的限制。也就是说，直立行走，即人类基因结构会对身高造成制约，因此B为正确选项。A选项：根据第二段第5句，NBA球员的身高增长是因为从全球招募球员，所以非美国人只是增加了NBA球员的平均身高，而不是整体美国人的平均高度，因此A选项错误。C选项：文章没有把美国人和全世界人的身高进行比较，也没有说美国人是全世界最高的，所以C选项是无中生有。D选项：根据第四段第2句，个头大的胎儿顺利通过产道的困难更大，没有提及larger babies是否在成年后也较高，所以D选项错误。

第五段最后一句指出：“如果你为了设计一款新的设备而需要预测人类在不久的将来的身高，戈登认为基本上‘你可以非常放心地采用目前的数据’"。由此可知，现有的人类身高数据是适用于将来的情况的，所以D选项符合原文。A选项：根据第五段第2句，90%的制服和工作服适合新招募的成员，无须改动。由此可知服装业不用重新考虑制服的尺码，所以A选项与原文内容相悖。B选项：根据第五段第3句，军装的尺寸（length）已经很久没有变化了。但B选项说的是服装的设计（design）没有变化，属于偷换逻辑主语，要排除。C选项：文章最后一段没有提及“基因测试会被用于遴选运动员”，所以属于无中生有。

纵观全文，本文从第二段开始就指出，美国人的身高从20世纪60年代开始就没有增长了；接着第三、四段分析了影响身高的因素，并指出美国人身高不再增长的真正原因是遗传因素；最后一段进一步指出美国人身高不再增长的情况不会很快改变。综上可知，本文的主旨是美国人的身高已经达到了基因上的极限，故选C，A、B两项把文章主题升至整个人类的身高问题，属于扩大范围。D选项不符合最后一段第1句Genetic maximums can change，but don't expect this to happen soon.（基因的最大值可以改变，但是不要期望改变会很快发生。这句话说明美国人的基因模式没有改变，所以D选项是正反混淆。

4、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:B;第3题:C;第4题:A;第5题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

本文第一段提到华盛顿拔掉奴隶的牙为己所用的轶事，接着第二段第1句指出，华盛顿镶牙的轶事与历史书上描述的完全不同，因此，作者提到华盛顿的牙齿手术是为了展示他不为人知的一面，从而引出文章论述的主题，故选项D为正确答案。A选项：全文只有首段提到镶牙轶事，其他地方没有提到原始的医疗行为，故排除A选项。B选项：本文的重点是描述美国开国元勋对待奴隶制的态度，并不是强调奴隶制本身的残酷，故排除B选项。C选项：华盛顿的牙齿手术只能说明奴隶对华盛顿本人的影响，并不能反映其对整个美国历史的影响，故排除选项C。

第二段第5句提到，历史学家的著作揭示了美国在早期发展中所表现出的脆弱性。根据上下文可知，这里指的是早期美国微妙的政治环境，它导致领导人的道德妥协。因此选项B为正确答案。A选项：根据第二段第3句，DNA技术被用于杰弗逊的亲子鉴定，并没有提到该技术是否广泛应用到了历史研究领域中，所以A选项错误。C选项：根据第二段第③句，既然DNA技术验证了杰弗逊和其奴隶海明斯育有后代，那么称“历史学家编造故事”就属于正反混淆。D选项：根据第二段第5句，文章中只出现moral compromises，没有political compromises，D选项偷换了compromises的修饰词汇，故排除。

第三段最后一句指出：“虽然华盛顿和杰弗逊在私底下都表达了他们对于奴隶制的厌恶，但他们也知道奴隶制是他们创建的这个国家的政治和经济基础的一部分”。第五段进一步指出，正是由于奴隶制才使得杰弗逊能够入主白宫，他因此也扩大了奴隶制。不难看出，杰弗逊对待奴隶制的态度是既反对又支持，即怀有复杂的（complex）态度，所以正确答案为C.A选项：根据第五段，杰弗逊在1803年扩大了奴隶制（extended slavery），再根据第六段，杰非逊解放了海明斯的孩子。据此可以推出，杰弗逊“在政治上扩大奴隶制”变成了“释放奴隶”，但是这个变化不是因为他的政治观点（His political view），而是因为他的私人生活，所以A选项偷换了逻辑主语。B选项：根据第六段第1句，杰弗逊解放的是海明斯的孩子，而不是所有童奴，所以B选项错误。D选项：根据第二段第3句，杰弗逊的确和海明斯育有后代，但是文章没有说这件事玷污了他的名誉，所以D选项属于主观推导。

第三段第2句指出，奴隶制是国家的政治和经济基础的一部分，说明政治家在政治上是受益于奴隶制的；第五段第1句指出，政治家的政治生涯要依赖于奴隶制，接着第2句以杰弗逊在1800年的总统选举中险胜为例证明了一些开国元勋从奴隶制中获得的政治利益，因此A为正确选项。B选项：根据第四段第3句，宪法中规定一个奴隶的选票可以算作五分之三个公民的选票，这说明奴隶有选举权，所以B选项错误。C选项：根据第四段第2句中的a large bank account设置的干扰项，原文只是将拥有奴隶比作像拥有一个巨额的银行账户，并不是奴隶主们真的有巨额银行账户，该选项把“主观比喻”偷换成“客观事实”，故排除。D选项：根据第四段第3句，文中提及“特殊制度"时，只说了两件事：要保护这种特殊制度南方才会在宪法上签字；特殊制度包括一个条款，即一个奴隶可以算作五分之三个公民的选票。文章并没有提及奴隶制是否被认为就是这种特殊制度，因此D选项属于无中生有。

最后一段第②句指出：“华盛顿在美国独立战争时期目睹了黑人士兵的勇敢之后，开始相信每个人生来都是平等的，后来在其遗嘱中不顾家人亲属的强烈反对给予了奴隶们自由”，即革命战争（Revolutionary War）使他觉得人生来平等，应该解放黑奴，所以B为正确答案。其他选项都是主观推导的干扰选项。

5、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:C;第3题:A;第4题:A;第5题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

第一段第1句指出：“原本一切都很简单”；接下来四句描述了论文发表的一系列流程：完成实验，提交论文一期刊编辑将论文交给研究者的同行审阅一根据评审意见，编辑决定是否出版。综上可知，第一段主要讲述了传统期刊的出版流程，选项D与此处描述一致，其中traditional与原文中的used to是同义替换。A选项：第一段没有谈及期刊编辑（editing）的相关背景，A选项属于无中生有。B选项：由第一段第2句可知，研究者提交的是论文而非实验报告，故排除。C选项：根据第5句中的journal publisher设置的干扰项，原文强调的是相关版权归属细节，而不是论证作者与出版商之间的关系，故C选项也可排除。

第二段第4句指出，OECD发表的报告让一直获利颇丰的出版商心情沉重，选项C的表述与此一致，其中upsets，profit-making journal publishers分别对应原文中的heavy和publishers who have made handsome profits.。故正确答案是C，A选项：根据第二段第2句中的government-funded research设置的干扰项，原文是对商业出版商利用政府投资的研究项目牟利这件事持批评态度，而不是对政府投资的研究持批评态度。B选项：根据第四段第3句中的three main ones were identified by the report's authors设置的干扰项，原文提到三种出版模式，而非一种，而且文中没有涉及哪种出版方式有效，故选项B错误。D选项：文章没有提到谁受益，所以D选项属于无中生有。

文章第一段重点介绍了传统的出版方式，这种方式使科学工作者只有订购了期刊才可以获知科研成果；第二段介绍一种新型的网络出版方式，使得科研人员更容易获得科研成果；第三段首句强调知识要广泛传播才有价值；第四段首句也指出有75%的学术期刊可以在线阅读。由此可以得出：网络出版能促进科学知识的传播。所以A选项为正确答案。B选项：全文没有提及网络出版的受益者是谁，B选项属于无中生有。C.D选项：第三段首句强调知识的价值和公共投资要得到回报取决于知识和科研成果的广泛传播和方便获取，由此可知，网络出版有助于实现科学知识的价值，有助于提高科研公共投资的回报，而不是“强调科学知识的重要作用”和“促进了在科研方面的公共投资”，所以C、D两项均排除。

第四段第5句指出：“第二种为开放式出版模式，其独特之处在于要求作者（或其雇主）付费发表文章"，选项A与此表述一致，故为正确答案，其中cover the cost与原文中的pay for the paper是同义替换。B选项：根据第4句可知这是对机构团体订阅者（institutional subscribers）的要求，而不是对论文作者的要求，故排除B选项。C选项：文中没有信息表明是否允许其他在线期刊免费使用论文，故排除，D选项：根据文中最后一句“至少对论文的发表来说，这些都将颠覆传统的同行审阅模式"，可知目前的网络出版模式会改变传统的同行评审程序，即以后不再使用传统的同行评审模式了，所以D选项“在提交之前完成对论文的同行评审”表达不正确，也可排除。

文章首先介绍了传统的出版模式，接着指出互联网使便捷地获取科研成果成为现实，最后介绍了几种网络出版模式。综上可知，本文重点论述了网络出版这种新型出版模式，所以最佳答案为B选项。A选项和D选项只是文章中的细节，不足以概括全文；另外，文中并没有提到作者是否欢迎这种新的出版渠道，所以C选项属于无中生有。