2021年201英语（一）模拟题及详解（六）

本文提供2021年201英语（一）模拟题及详解，以下为具体内容

1、Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as a bodily exercise precious to health. But      1      some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does      2      short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,      3      heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to      4      , a good laugh is unlikely to have      5      benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.         6      , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the      7      . Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter      8      muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.    Such bodily reaction might conceivably help      9      the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of      10      feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state.      11      one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted      12      physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry      13      they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow.    Although sadness also      14      tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow      15      muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to      16      a pen either with their teeth--thereby creating an artificial smile--or with their lips, which would produce a(n)      17      expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles      18      more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown,      19      that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.      20      , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.

问题1

A、among

B、except

C、despite

D、like

问题2

A、reflect

B、demand

C、indicate

D、produce

问题3

A、stabilizing

B、boosting

C、impairing

D、determining

问题4

A、transmit

B、sustain

C、evaluate

D、observe

问题5

A、measurable

B、manageable

C、affordable

D、renewable

问题6

A、opposite

B、impossible

C、average

D、expected

问题7

A、hardens

B、weakens

C、tightens

D、relaxes

问题8

A、aggravate

B、generate

C、moderate

D、enhance

问题9

A、physical

B、mental

C、subconscious

D、internal

问题10

A、Except for

B、According to

C、Due to

D、As for

问题11

A、with

B、on

C、in

D、at

问题12

A、unless

B、until

C、if

D、because

问题13

A、exhausts

B、follows

C、precedes

D、suppresses

问题14

A、into

B、from

C、towards

D、beyond

问题15

A、In turn

B、In fact

C、In addition

D、In brief

问题16

A、fetch

B、bite

C、pick

D、hold

问题17

A、disappointed

B、excited

C、joyful

D、indifferent

问题18

A、adapted

B、catered

C、turned

D、reacted

问题19

A、suggesting

B、requiring

C、mentioning

D、supposing

问题20

A、Eventually

B、Consequently

C、Similarly

D、Conversely

2、It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior's insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I Love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter--nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”    The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive-and newly single-mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.    In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing? It doesn't seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the childless. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn't have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.    Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like US Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.    It's hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it's interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting"the Rachel might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.1、Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring ____2、We learn from Paragraph 2 that ____3、It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks ____4、According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is ____5、Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?

问题1

A、temporary delight.

B、enjoyment in progress.

C、happiness in retrospect.

D、lasting reward.

问题2

A、celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.

B、single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.

C、news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.

D、having children is highly valued by the public.

问题3

A、are constantly exposed to criticism.

B、are largely ignored by the media.

C、fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.

D、are less likely to be satisfied with their life.

问题4

A、soothing.

B、ambiguous.

C、compensatory.

D、misleading.

问题5

A、Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.

B、Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.

C、Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.

D、We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.

3、The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional "paid" media--such as television commercials and print advertisements--still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create "earned" media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage "owned media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.    Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users' responses. But in some cases one marketer’s owned media become another marketer's paid media--for instance when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson&Johnson, for example, has created Baby Center, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.    The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.    If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.1、Consumers may create earned media when they are ____2、According to Paragraph 2, sold media feature ____3、The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media ____4、Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of ____5、Which of the following is the text mainly about?

问题1

A、obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.

B、inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.

C、eager to help their friends promote quality products.

D、enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.

问题2

A、a safe business environment.

B、random competition.

C、strong user traffic.

D、flexibility in organization.

问题3

A、invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.

B、can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.

C、may be responsible for fiercer competition.

D、deserve all the negative comments about them.

问题4

A、responding effectively to hijacked media.

B、persuading customers into boycotting products.

C、cooperating with supportive consumers.

D、taking advantage of hijacked media.

问题5

A、Alternatives to conventional paid media.

B、Conflict between hijacked and earned media.

C、Dominance of hijacked media.

D、Popularity of owned media.

4、When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29,    McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don't get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.    As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.    The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: “I can't think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”    Those who jumped without a job haven't always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.    Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it's safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”1、When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being ____.2、According to Paragraph 2, senior executives quitting may be spurred by ____3、The word poached Paragraph 4 most probably means ____.4、It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ____5、Which of the following is the best title for the text?

问题1

A、arrogant

B、frank

C、self-centered

D、impulsive

问题2

A、their expectation of better financial status.

B、their need to reflect on their private life.

C、their strained relations with the boards.

D、their pursuit of new career goals.

问题3

A、approved of

B、attended to

C、hunted for

D、guarded against

问题4

A、top performers used to cling to their posts.

B、loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.

C、top performers care more about reputations.

D、it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.

问题5

A、CEOs: Where to Go?

B、CEOs: All the Way Up?

C、Top Managers Jump without a Net

D、The Only Way Out for Top Performers

5、The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 20For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.    One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him. As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.    For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.    Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.    One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into a markedly different, more vibrant organization. But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract.1、We learn from Paragraph 1 that Gilbert’s appointment has ____.2、Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is ____.3、The author believes that the devoted concertgoers ____4、According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?5、Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels ____.

问题1

A、incurred criticism

B、raised suspicion

C、received acclaim

D、aroused curiosity

问题2

A、influential

B、modest

C、respectable

D、talented

问题3

A、ignore the expenses of live performances.

B、reject most kinds of recorded performances.

C、exaggerate the variety of live performances.

D、overestimate the value of live performances.

问题4

A、They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.

B、They are easily accessible to the general public.

C、They help improve the quality of music.

D、They have only covered masterpieces.

问题5

A、doubtful

B、enthusiastic

C、confident

D、puzzled

1、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:B;第4题:B;第5题:A;第6题:A;第7题:D;第8题:C;第9题:A;第10题:B;第11题:C;第12题:D;第13题:C;第14题:B;第15题:B;第16题:D;第17题:A;第18题:D;第19题:A;第20题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

本题考查上下文语义关系。文章第一句提出古希腊哲学家亚里士多德认为“笑”是一种有益于健康的身体锻炼。第二句用“But”开头，说明这两句之间是转折的关系。四个选项中，只有despite（尽管）可表示转折。among意为“在……之间”；except意为“除了”；like意为“像，如同”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。本句意为：笑的确可以使心血管功能得到暂时的改善。produce意为“产生，引起，制造”，符合语境。reflect意为“反映，显示，表明”；demand意为“要求，需要”；indicate意为“表明，暗示”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。此处所选词为现在分词结构，在句中用作状语。所以其逻辑主语仍为“laughter"。boost意为“增加，提高，改善”，符合语境。stabilize意为“（使）安定，（使）稳定”；impair意为“损害，削弱”；determine意为“决定，确定”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。本句意为：笑是人们情不自禁的一种行为，很难受主观控制sustain意为“使保持，使持续”，符合语境。transmit意为“传播，传递”；evaluate意为“评估，评价”；observe意为“观察，注意到”。

本题考查形容词词义的区分。本句意为：笑对人体的益处不可能像散步或慢跑那样被测量出来。measurable意为“可测量的，明显的”，符合语境。manageable意为“能处理的，易控制的”；affordable意为“负担得起的，便宜的”；renewable意为“可再生的，可更新的”。

本题考查形容词词义的区分和上下文逻辑关系。空白处所在句子的后一句指出“笑使肌肉放松，以致肌张力在笑停止后可低于正常水平长达45分钟之久。”跟上文中的“体育锻炼通过拉紧肌肉来使之强健”是相反的关系。opposite意为“相反的”，符合语境。impossible意为“不可能的”；average意为“平均的，普通的”；expected意为“预期的，预料的”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。因为上文提到了体育锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确实起到了相反的作用，即：放松肌肉。relax意为“放松”，符合语境。harden意为“使变硬”；weaken意为“使变弱，减少”；tighten意为“使变紧，更加牢固”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。此处根据上下文语境，只能是“减轻心理压力”。moderate意为“缓解，减轻”，符合语境。aggravate意为“加剧，恶化”；generate意为“使形成，发生”；enhance意为“增加，提高”。

本题考查上下文语义关系。本句提到“笑的行为”，这其实是一种身体上的行为。因此，后面提到“其他……反馈”，应该是和“笑”这一行为相呼应的。physical意为“身体的”，符合语境。mental意为“精神的，脑力的，心理的”；subconscious意为“潜意识的”；internal意为“内部的，内在的”。

本题考查固定搭配词义的区分。四个选项中，except for意为“除……之外”，常用于引出个整体中被除外的事物或个体；according to意为根据，按照”，后常跟表示理论、思想、调查研究之类的词；due to意为“由于，因为”，后接原因；as for意为“至于，就……方面说”，用于引出话题或表明态度。综上，according to符合语境。

本题考查固定搭配。be rooted in意为“根源在于，来源于……”为固定搭配。

本题考查逻辑关系。根据该空白处所在句子的前后半句为转折关系可知，当开始流泪时人们才伤心。因此前半句中，“伤心”和“哭”应为因果关系，即：人们不会因为他们伤心而哭。because意为“因为”，符合语境。unless意为“除非，如果不”；until意为“到……为止”；if意为“如果”。

本题考查上下文语义关系。该句中，although表示转折，说明这里要说的是另一种情况，即：伤心也会在流泪之前。precede意为“先于，在……之前发生（或出现）”，符合语境。exhaust意为“使筋疲力尽”；follow意为“跟随，追随”；suppresses意为“压制，抑制”。

本题考查介词词义的区分。根据上下文，此处表达的是有证据表明情绪是身体反应的结果，即：情绪产生于身体反应。from意为“来自”，表原因，符合语境。into意为“进入……中，到……里”；towards意为“流向，朝”；beyond意为“超出，超过”。

本题考查上下文逻辑关系。由该句中“instead of”和“apparently”可推断出，该句与上文进行承接，与下文形成转折。四个选项中，只有 in fact（事实上）符合语境。in turn意为“轮流，依次”；in addition意为“此外，另外”；in brief意为“简而言之”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。四个选项中，fetch意为“取来，到达”；bite意为“咬，叮”；pick意为“挑选，采摘”；hold意为“拿，抱，握住”。根据上下文，此处表达的是该实验要求志愿者用牙咬住或者用嘴唇夹住一支笔。综合四个选项，只有hold最符合语境。bite为易选的错项，但是从bite词义中可看出该题只能表示“（用牙）咬”这一动作，而无法体现出“with their lips”的动作。

本题考查形容词词义的区分。由前文用牙咬住笔会产生微笑的动作，可推断出用嘴唇夹住一支笔--这一动作会产生一种失望的表情。disappointed意为“失望的，沮丧的”，符合语境。excited意为“激动的，兴奋的”；joyful意为“高兴的，快乐的”；indifferent意为“漠不关心的，冷漠的”。

本题考查固定搭配的词义区分。四个选项中，adapt to意为“变得习惯于，使适应”；cater to意为“迎合，投合”；turn to意为“转向，求助于”；re act to意为“对……做出反应”。原文想表达的是在观看有趣的动画片时所做出的反应。综上，react最符合语境。

本题考查动词词义的区分。根据上下文可知，空白处所在的句子是前文中提到的实验的结果。suggest意为“表明，显示”，后可接表示结论的句子，符合语境。require意为“需要，要求，规定”；mention意为“提及，谈到”；suppose意为“假定，假设”。

本题考查上下文逻辑关系。上文提到表情而不是其他的方式可能会影响情绪，后文又提到了笑--这种身体行为可以使心情好转。说明前后句解释的是同一种情况。similarly意为“同样地，相似地”，符合语境。eventually意为“最后，终于”；consequently意为“因此，结果”；conversely意为“相反地”。

2、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:A;第4题:D;第5题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

根据文章第一段第二句“...Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness：instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy，we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.”可知，Jennifer Senior认为我们应该把幸福看作为一种“过去时”的状态，而不应该把它看成一种即时即地的快乐。C项是指Jennifer Senior在她的文章中表明养育孩子可以让人在回首过去时感到幸福，与原文内容相符。故答案为C。

文章第一段主要讲的是养育孩子能成为日后幸福快乐的源泉，第二段承接第一段，提到一些名人妈妈。第三段首句接着第二段提到“In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation.（在一个如此赞扬生育的社会中）”，这是一个承上启下的句子，是对第二段的总结，也符合第一段以及第二段对养育孩子的正面评价。因此，我们可以从文章第二段知道养育孩子是社会公众高度关注的事情。故答案为D。

根据文章第三段最后一句“...but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world：obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives."可知，不幸福的、没有孩子的人们会为类似这样的信息所困扰：孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的东西，那么显然，他们的不幸必须通过生儿育女才能得以消除。句中“message”一词在该语境中等同于A项中的“criticism”。故答案为A。

根据文章第四段第一句“Of course，the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like US Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic...”可知像《美国周刊》与《人物》这样的杂志提供的名人父母的形象是非常不切实际的。misleading意为“误导的”，与原句中“unrealistic”一词意思接近。soothing意为“令人宽慰的”；ambiguous意为“模棱两可的”；compensatory意为“补偿性的”。故答案为D。

文章最后一段的段落大意为：很难想象，很多人会愚蠢到仅仅因为瑞茜和安吉丽娜使生育孩子看上去光鲜迷人就想要生孩子：多数成年人都明白，养孩子可不像剪头发那样简单。但是，我们每周看到的那些无忧无虑的、幸福感越来越强的父母形象，是不是在以一种不明显的、无意识的方式让我们不会对养育孩子的实际情形感到不满，就像我们中的少数人希望剪个瑞秋（《老友记》中漂亮的单身妈妈）式的发型可能会使我们看起来有一点儿像珍妮弗·安妮斯顿（瑞秋的扮演者）一样，想想这些，确实非常有趣。综上，可以推断出名人妈妈可能会影响我们对于养育孩子的态度。

3、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:C;第3题:B;第4题:A;第5题:A;

试题解析：第1题:

根据文章第一段第四句“Consumers passionate about a product may create ‘earned’ media willingly promoting it to friends...”可知，痴迷于某种产品的消费者，可能会乐意将之推荐给朋友，从而为企业创造一种“贏得媒介”（earned media）。D项是指当消费者热衷于推荐自己喜爱的产品时就创造了一种“贏得媒介”，与原文内容相符。故答案为D。

根据文章第二段第四句“We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or ecommerce engines within that environment”可知，售出媒介（sold media）的用户流量非常大。C项是指售出媒介拥有强大的用户流量，与原文内容相符。故答案为C。

根据文章第三段可知，剧烈的技术变革使营销人员获得了数量更多、种类更广的沟通选择，但同时也带来了更高的风险，即：贏得媒介提供便利的同时，也带来了风险，比如可能被利用去传播某个品牌或产品的负面信息。故答案为B。

文章最后一段主要讲的是热情的消费者试图劝服其他人共同抵制某种产品，从而危及产品所属公司的声誉。当这种情况发生的时候，如果公司的回应不够快或不够好，那么就可能酿成悲剧。紧接着作者以 Toyota Motor为例，讲述这个公司在公司名声遇到如上所述的危机情况时做出的反应，并成功减轻了危害程度。由此可以得出，Toyota Motor的经历是如何有效应对“劫持媒介”（hijacked media）的例子。

本文的中心句为文章第一段第三句的后半部分“...companies today can exploit many alter native forms of media.”，即：虽然传统收费媒介仍在发挥重大作用，但企业如今还可以利用许多其他形式的媒介。后文主要是介绍其他可选择的媒介形式，并对其一一分析。A项意为“除传统付费媒介外的其他可选用媒介形式”，可概述全文主旨。故答案为A。

4、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:A;第5题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

根据文章第一段第一、二句可知，Liam McGee以总裁的身份从美国银行离职的时候，他的解释出人意料地直白。他没有用惯用的模糊的理由搪塞他的离开，而是坦率地说他离开是想实现自己的目标—创办一家公司。frank意为“坦率的”，与原文中“straight up”和“right out”同义。arrogant意为“自大的，傲慢的”；self-centered意为“以自我为中心的”；impulsive意为“易冲动的，任性的”。故答案为B。

根据文章第二段第一、二句可知，McGee思考他想要经营什么样的公司，他的离职给外界传递了他的渴望。第三句提到不光McGee是这种情况，言外之意是“很多高级管理人员也是同样的情况”，紧接着举例“...No，2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post”，指出高管们辞职是因为他们有新的渴望，想去追求新的职业目标。故答案为D。

“poached”一词出现在文章第四段第二句“For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.”中，该句意为“多年来高管们和猎头坚持这一原则：最新吸引人的CEO候选人一定会被……”从字面意思上，我们可推断出“poached”大意为“被寻找，被注意到，被重视”。hunted for意为“（被）寻找”，与画线词意思相近。故答案为C。

根据文章最后一段第一、二句可知，很多招聘的人都说，对于高管而言，过去认为丢脸的事（跳槽）已经慢慢不值一提了。金融危机已经使跳槽或离开一个不好的工作变得更加容易被接受了。从中可以推断出，高管们过去常常坚守一个岗位。A项是指高管过去常常坚守他们的岗位，与原文内容相符。故答案为A。

在选择文章的最佳标题时需要对全文大意把握准确。文章第一段以Liam Mcgee的故事开头，他宣布离职的方式非常坦率，两周后找到了新职位；第二段继续谈到，McGee在没有找到新职位的情况下离开，这给了他思考未来的时间，同他一样，一些高管们离职的原因也是要去追求新的职业目标；第三段讲的是高管们更愿意在未找到新职位的情况下离职；第四段讲的是辞去高级职位然后去寻找更好的工作并不是常规做法；第五段谈到没有工作就跳槽的那些人并不总是很快就有高职位；第六段讲的是如今跳槽或离开不好的工作更为可取。综上，可以看出文章一直在重复一个主题，即“高管们先离职，再去找新工作”。C项意为“高管们裸跳（即：没有找到下家就跳槽）”，可以概括全文。故答案为C。

5、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:B;第3题:D;第4题:B;第5题:A;

试题解析：第1题:

根据文章第一段第二句“For the most part，the response has been favorable, to say the least.”可知，绝大多数的人对Gilbert的任命是赞成的（favorable）。四个选项中，received acclaim（受到好评）与原文内容相符。故答案为C。

根据文章第二段第二句“Even Tommasini，who had advocated Gilbert's appointment in the Times，calls him an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”可知，Tommasini认为 Gilbert是谦逊含蓄的（unpretentious没有指挥家身上那股飞扬跋扈的气势。modest意为“谦虚的”，与原文内容相符。influential意为“有影响的”；respectable意为“值得尊敬的”；talented意为“有才华的”。故答案为B。

根据文章第三段可知，作者自己选择听唱片或是录音而不是听现场音乐会。作者对于现场演出的忠诚追随者的观点态度体现在文章第四段中。在第四段开头提到，现场演出的忠诚追随者认为“唱片或是录音不能代替现场演出”，但作者认为他们的这种认知并没有切中要害。后文是作者罗列的用于支持自己观点的论据，即；唱片价格便宜、容易得到，且通常比今天的现场音乐会有更高的艺术品质。综上，作者认为现场演出的忠诚追随者高估了现场演出的价值，与D项意思一致。故答案为D。

根据文章第四段第三句“These recordings are cheap，available everywhere...”和最后一句“The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought.”可知，这些唱片对于普通大众来说很容易得到。故答案为B。

作者对于 Gilbert在振兴交响乐团中的作用持怎样的态度主要体现在文章最后一段。该段最后三句说道：“但是那种差异的实质是什么呢？”、仅仅增加乐团演出的曲目是不够的，如果 Gilbert和他的乐团要进步的话，他们首先就必须改变美国最古老的乐团（即：纽约爱乐乐团）与它想吸引的新听众之间的关系。”由此可以推断出作者认为Gilbert与众不同的实质仅仅是增加了管弦乐队的节目，这是不够的，如果他和纽约爱乐乐团要想成功，还必须做一些其他事情。综上，作者对于Gilbert在振兴交响乐团中的作用是持怀疑态度的。故答案为A。