2021年204英语（二）模拟题及详解

本文提供2021年204英语（二）模拟题及详解，以下为具体内容

1、By 1830, the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million __1__ of these nations looked __2__ to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence __3__ the ideas of representative government, careers __4__ to talent, freedom of commerce and trade in the __5__ to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. __6__ there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a __7__ set of laws.    On the issue of __8__ of religion and the position of the church, __9__ , there was less agreement __10__ the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one __11__ by the Spanish crown, __12__ most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism __13__ the official religion of the new states, some sough to end the __14__ of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying __15__ for the conservative forces.    The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had __16__ in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s __17__ colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much __18__ because the new nations still needed the revenue. Such policies __19__ Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was __20__ self-rule and democracy.

问题1

A、natives

B、inhabitants

C、people

D、individuals

问题2

A、confusedly

B、cheerfully

C、worriedly

D、hopefully

问题3

A、shared

B、forgot

C、attained

D、rejected

问题4

A、related

B、close

C、open

D、devoted

问题5

A、access

B、succession

C、right

D、return

问题6

A、Presumably

B、Incidentally

C、Obviously

D、Generally

问题7

A、unique

B、common

C、particular

D、typical

问题8

A、freedom

B、origin

C、impact

D、reform

问题9

A、therefore

B、however

C、indeed

D、moreover

问题10

A、with

B、about

C、among

D、by

问题11

A、allowed

B、preached

C、granted

D、funded

问题12

A、Since

B、If

C、Unless

D、While

问题13

A、as

B、for

C、under

D、against

问题14

A、spread

B、interference

C、exclusion

D、influence

问题15

A、support

B、cry

C、plea

D、wish

问题16

A、urged

B、intended

C、expected

D、promised

问题17

A、controlling

B、former

C、remaining

D、original

问题18

A、slower

B、faster

C、easier

D、tougher

问题19

A、created

B、produced

C、contributed

D、preferred

问题20

A、puzzled by

B、hostile to

C、pessimistic about

D、unprepared for

2、During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.    In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of theirs new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachuted they once had in times of financial setback – a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.    During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-saving plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent – and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.    From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.1、Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that _____2、As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have _____3、According to the author, health-savings plans will _____4、It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _____5、Which of the following is the best title for this text?

问题1

A、the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.

B、their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.

C、they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.

D、they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.

问题2

A、a higher sense of security.

B、less secured payments.

C、less chance to invest.

D、a guaranteed future.

问题3

A、help reduce the cost of healthcare.

B、popularize among the middle class.

C、compensate for the reduced pensions.

D、increase the families’ investment risk.

问题4

A、financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.

B、the middle class may face greater political challenges.

C、financial problems may bring about political problems.

D、financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.

问题5

A、The Middle Class on the Alert

B、The Middle Class on the Cliff

C、The Middle Class in Conflict

D、The Middle Class in Ruins

3、For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 – the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.    Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?    The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 1Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.    Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ test do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.1、Which of the following may be required in an intelligent test?2、What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?3、People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because4、We can conclude from the last paragraph that _____.5、What is the author’s attitude towards IQ test?

问题1

A、Answering philosophical questions.

B、Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.

C、Telling the difference between certain concepts.

D、Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.

问题2

A、People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.

B、More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.

C、The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.

D、Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.

问题3

A、the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.

B、creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.

C、vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.

D、the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.

问题4

A、test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.

B、IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.

C、testing involves a lot of guesswork.

D、traditional test are out of date.

问题5

A、Supportive.

B、Skeptical.

C、Impartial.

D、Biased.

4、It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America – the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.    Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year – from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.    “Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other assets, says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.    The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.    The current state of affairs may have been encouraged – though not justified – by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.1、The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce _____2、According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out _____3、In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that _____4、According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to _____5、It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that _____

问题1

A、the fierce business competition.

B、the feeble boss-board relations.

C、the threat from news reports.

D、the severity of data leakage.

问题2

A、whether there is any weak point.

B、what sort of data has been stolen.

C、who is responsible for the leakage.

D、how the potential spies can be located.

问题3

A、shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.

B、information protection should be given due attention.

C、businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.

D、the market value of customer data should be emphasized.

问题4

A、see the link between trust and data protection.

B、perceive the sensitive of personal data.

C、realize the high cost of data restoration.

D、appreciate the economic value of trust.

问题5

A、data leakage is more severe in Europe.

B、FTC’s decision is essential to data security.

C、California takes the lead in security legislation.

D、legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.

5、If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.    What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.    Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”    This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.    Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born.1、The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to _____.2、The word “mania” (Paragraph 2) most probably means _____.3、According to Ericsson, good memory _____.4、Ericsson and his colleagues believe that _____.5、Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?

问题1

A、stress the importance of professional training.

B、spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup.

C、introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.

D、explain why some soccer teams play better than others.

问题2

A、fun.

B、craze.

C、hysteria.

D、excitement.

问题3

A、depends on meaningful processing of information.

B、results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.

C、is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.

D、requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.

问题4

A、talent is a dominating factor for professional success.

B、biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.

C、the role of talent tends to be overlooked.

D、high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.

问题5

A、“Faith will move mountains.”

B、“One reaps what one sows.”

C、“Practice makes perfect.”

D、“Like father, like son.”

6、How Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what call “work-life unreadiness.”1.__________You can start this process when they are 11 or Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.2.__________Kids need a range of authentic role models – as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.3.__________Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.4.__________Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.5._________They should know how to deal with setbacks, stress and feeling of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.

问题1

A、Set a Good Example for Your Kids

B、Build Your Kids’ Work Skills

C、Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities

D、Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis

E、Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies

F、Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are

G、Build Your Kids’ Sense of Responsibility

问题2

A、Set a Good Example for Your Kids

B、Build Your Kids’ Work Skills

C、Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities

D、Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis

E、Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies

F、Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are

G、Build Your Kids’ Sense of Responsibility

问题3

A、Set a Good Example for Your Kids

B、Build Your Kids’ Work Skills

C、Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities

D、Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis

E、Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies

F、Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are

G、Build Your Kids’ Sense of Responsibility

问题4

A、Set a Good Example for Your Kids

B、Build Your Kids’ Work Skills

C、Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities

D、Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis

E、Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies

F、Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are

G、Build Your Kids’ Sense of Responsibility

问题5

A、Set a Good Example for Your Kids

B、Build Your Kids’ Work Skills

C、Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities

D、Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis

E、Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies

F、Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are

G、Build Your Kids’ Sense of Responsibility

1、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:D;第3题:A;第4题:C;第5题:C;第6题:D;第7题:B;第8题:A;第9题:B;第10题:C;第11题:A;第12题:D;第13题:A;第14题:C;第15题:B;第16题:D;第17题:C;第18题:A;第19题:B;第20题:D;

试题解析：第1题:

名词辨析题。文章首句说西班牙和葡萄牙的前殖民地独立了，结合选项可知，该句要表达的是独立后的殖民地国家的人民对未来有一种什么样的态度。因此，空格应该填一个表示“国民，人民”含义的词，四个选项中只有inhabitants“居住者”符合题意，故选B。强干扰项排除：A选项natives：本地人。代入原文，意思为“这些国家的本地人”，显然重复赘余，故排除。C选项peoples：民族。peoples的含义是“民族”而非“人民”，由前面的修饰语20 million可知，“民族”显然不符合常识，故排除。

动词辨析题，该句要表达的是独立后的殖民地国家的人民对未来有一种什么样的态度。由后文freedom of commerce and trade（自由贸易）和a belief in the individual as the basis of society（相信个人是社会的基石）可知，空格处应该填一个具有积极感情色彩的副词，故排除选项A C，hopefully 表示“有希望地”，代入空格，表达人们对未来充满希望，符合文意，故选D。强干扰项排除：B选项cheerfully：高兴地，愉悦地。代入原文，意思为“愉悦地看待未来”后文的描述侧重的是对美好未来的憧憬，而非强调人们美好的心情，故排除。

动词辨析题。空格所在句为many of the leaders of independence _____ the ideals of representative.government（许多倡导独立的领导人都_____代议制政府的理想），上文说人们对未来的憧憬，此处“代议制政府”就是憧憬之一，空格应填入一个表示积极色彩的动词，A选项shared“共同怀有，共享”符合文意。强干扰项排除：C选项attained：获得，得到。一般指通过某种努力获得某种知识或达成目标。此处更强调领导人之间“达成共识”这一概念，attain没有这层含义，故排除。

空格所在部分为careers _____ to talent（职业向人才_____），由"freedom of commerce and trade"（自由贸易）可知，对待职业和人才的态度也应该是积极的，故C选项open最符合文意，表示“职业的大门向人才敞开”。强干扰项排除：A选项related：有关系的。常见搭配relate to表示“与……有关的"，careers related to talent意思是“与人才有关的职业”，不合文意。此处考生很容易受思维定式的影响而误选related。

名词辨析题。上文的“职业向有才能的人开放”、“自由贸易”等信息均表示的是人们憧憬未来将享有的各项权利，因此，此处最能呼应上文信息的意思应为“拥有私有财产的权利"，故C选项right 正确。强干扰项排除：A选项access：进入；使用权。access to“接近，有权使用”代入原文，意思为“获得私有财产”。结合上文，作为人们对未来的憧憬，这里强调的不是私有财产的有无问题，而是私有财产能否受保护的问题，故排除A项。

逻辑关系题。空格所在句为_____ there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states.（_____，他们有这样一种信念：新独立的国家应该主权独立。）该空前一句是在描述人们对国家独立后的未来的憧憬，而本句是对前文的总结和概括，D选项Generally“总体上看”符合文意。强干扰项排除：A选项Presumably：大概，推测起来。此处没有推测的含义，故排除。C选项Obviously：明显地。空格所在句子和前一句话并没有显而易见的关联，故排除。

形容词辨析题。空格所在句是说“新独立的国家应该足够大，经济上自给自足，通过一套的法律将其整合起来。”由integrated（整合的）可知，要使新独立的国家凝聚为一个整体，只有通过大家共同接受的法律才能实现，四个选项中，只有a common set of laws（一套普遍适用的法律）符合语境，故选B。强干扰项排除：D选项typical：典型的。由integrated（整合的）一词可以看出，此处强调的应是法律的统一性，而非典型性，故排除D选项

名词辨析题。空格所在句意为“在宗教和教会地位的问题上，领导人之间出现了分歧”。从搭配上来说，四个选项都说得通，但从段落结构上考虑，该段为总分结构，该段余下信息并未从宗救“起源”、宗教“影响”和宗教“改革”方面进行阐述，只提到了领导人对天主教排斥其他宗教的态度存在分歧，即在宗教自由上有了不一致意见，故选A。强干扰项排除：D选项reform：改革。空格后面只提到了在对待其他宗教的态度上领导人之间出现了分歧，并未提到宗教改革相关话题，故排除。

逻辑关系题。文章第一段末尾提到there was a belief that..，即大家达成的共识，而空格所在句there was less agreement...讲的是出现了分歧，因此与前文构成转折关系，故B选项however（然而）符合题意。

介词辨析题。该句要表达的意思是：关于宗教自由等问题在领导人之间出现了不一致意见。介词among表示“在……之中”，符合文意，故选项C是正确答案。强干扰项排除：A选项with：常见搭配agree with sb.表示“同意某人的观点”，不合语意，故排除。

动词辨析题。空格所在句意为“天主教一直被认为是国教，也是唯一得到西班牙皇室_____的宗教”。既然是国教，肯定是得到王室认可的，四个选项中，只有allowed有“允许，认可”的含义，故选A。强干扰项排除：C选项granted：授予；承认。但grant侧重指把某物或权力授予某人，故排除。

逻辑关系题。空格所在句意为“_____大部分领导人力图坚持把天主教_____新独立国家的官方宗教，但一些领导人努力结束对其他宗教信仰的_____”。不难看出前后两个分句意思应为转折关系，While表示“尽管”，符合文义，故选项D正确。

介词辨析题。该句意思是多数领导人想把天主教作为国教，空格处需要填一个表示“作为”的介词，故A选项as符合文意。

名词辨析题。上文提到，天主教是唯一得到认可的宗教，即其他宗教都是不被承认的，是被排除在外的，由题12的逻辑关系可知，本句要表达的意思是一些领导人正努力结束这种对其他宗教的排斥。因此只有exclusion（排斥，排除）符合文意，故选项C为正确答案。强干扰项排除：B选项interference：干涉。“结束对其他宗教的干涉”似乎也说得通，但前文并没有提到曾对其他宗教进行干涉这一信息，“没有干涉过”当然也就没有“结束干涉”之说，故排除。

固定搭配题。rallying cry为固定搭配，表示“战斗号角”。该句意为：保卫天主教成为保守势力的战斗号角。

动词辨析题。根据该段首句可知，本段的主题是新独立国家的领导人崇尚平等，下文信息应该是围绕平等这一主题，空格处需要填入的信息应该是支持性的，即领导人支持废除奴隶制；再由空格后的in return可知，玻利瓦尔和海地之间存在一种投桃报李的关系，promised（承诺，允诺）符合文意，故选项D正确。

形容词辨析题。不难看出，该句要表达的意思为：到1854年为止，除了西班牙剩余的殖民地外，奴隶制在所有地区都已被废除。remaining（余下的，剩余的）符合文意，故C选项正确。强干扰项排除：A选项controlling：控制。现在分词作定语的两大特点是一表主动，二表进行。代入原文，该句意为：到1854年为止，除了还在西班牙控制中的殖民地外，奴隶制在所有地区都已被废除。文章开头就提到“到1830年时，西班牙和葡萄牙的前殖民地已经成为独立国家”，存在前后矛盾的情况，因此该空格处不可能指的是西班牙控制中的殖民地，故排除A。

形容词辨析题。空格所在句的主干为Early promises came much_____（早期的承诺来得_____）由从句because the new nations still needed the revenue可知，该句要表达的是，由于新成立的独立国家仍然需要收入，因此之前的承诺可能不能马上兑现。四个选项中只有slower（较慢）代入原文后符合文意，表示早期承诺姗姗来迟，故选A。强干扰项排除：D选项tougher：较难。promise不能与tougher搭配，不符合语言习惯，故排除。

动词辨析题。空格所填动词应该能表示revenue和such policies之间的关系，很显然，revenue是由such policies带来的。四个选项中表示“带来，产生”的动词应为produced，故选项B正确。强干扰项排除：A选项created：创造。指创造出某种新的东西（抽象或具体），考生很容易受母语的影响，理解为“创收”而误选A选项。“创收”即带来收入，应为"produce revenue"。

空格所在句意为“平等主义情绪经常被民众对自治和民主_____的恐惧所缓解。”上文提到承诺姗姗来迟的原因是民众还需要政策带来的收入，那么民众面临的是追求平等的理想与难以真正实现平等的现实之间的两难抉择，所以说对自己理想中的民主与自治未做好准备，unprepared for（对……未准备好）符合语境，故选项D正确。强干扰项排除：C选项pessimistic about：对……悲观。根据前文人们对未来的憧憬可知，人们只不过是没有做好迎接民主与自治的准备，但并不是否定追求自治与民主的理想，C选项不合语境，故排除。

2、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:B;第3题:D;第4题:C;第5题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

第二段第1句指出，许多母亲出去工作，改变了家庭的经济状况；接着第2句指出这一现象的副作用：家庭风险增加了；后面四句具体说明了其中的原因：如今的家庭根据双份收入的最大限度安排开支，一旦家庭的经济支柱失业或者病倒，他们也无法像以前一样靠待在家里的配偶外出工作赚钱来渡过难关。这意味着，现在的家庭更容易受到家庭经济状况改变的影响，因此C为正确答案。A、D选项：第二段第5句指出，以前待在家里的配偶外出赚钱可以增强由失业保险或残疾保险提供的安全保障，以便帮助家庭渡过难关。原文中的"offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance"作“安全保障”（safety net）的定语，即原文没有强调这个安全保障已经不存在了，或者现在的家庭被剥夺了失业险或残疾险，所以A、D选项错误。B选项：根据第二段第4句，如果（if）家庭的经济支柱失业或者病倒，一个后备挣钱者（通常是母亲）就可以外出工作。可以看出原文是假设一种情况，并没有提及失业率的增加问题，所以B是错误选项。

根据第三段第3句，布什总统的改革模式要求退休人员将其大部分或全部有保障的退休金用来投资，结果有无保障取决于投资回报，而且本段第1、2句也在强调“家庭被要求在其退休收入中承担更多风险”，由此可知，退休人员本来有保障的收入变成了有条件的收入，收入的风险增大了，故B选项符合题意。剩余三个选项均与原文相反，故都排除。

第三段第5句指出，健康储蓄计划增加了家庭未来的卫生保健方面的投资风险（a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare），D选项符合原文，为正确答案。A选项：第⑤句指出，“健康医疗的绝对成本（absolute cost of healthcare）和家庭需要承担的部分都上涨了（have risen）"，而A选项是说减少（reduce），明显是正反混淆。B选项：根据第5句中的newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers设置的干扰项，原文只是说该计划实施的两个地方，并不能推导出其在中产阶级中得到普及。C选项：第三段只提到退休老人和年轻的家庭情况均不乐观，没有提及健康储蓄计划是否补偿了老年人已经减少的养老金，所以C选项是无中生有。

最后一段第2句The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind指出，经济上的负面影响已经开始了，政治上的负面影响可能也不远了，暗含的意思是：中产阶级在面临经济危机的同时还很有可能面临政治危机，因此C选项为正确答案。A选项：文中虽然提到了政治问题和经济问题，但没有对两者的严重性进行比较，故A选项是无中生有。B选项：最后一段第1句指出，中产阶级面临更大的经济风险，但没有提到会画临政治问题，故B选项错误。D选项：根据最后一段第1句中的financial responsibility设置的干扰项，原文是说上述改革不像是一个让中产阶级承担更多经济责任的机会，并没有提到经济责任和政治地位之间的关系，故排除D项。

根据全文各段主题的总结，本文主要围绕中产阶级的家庭经济风险增加展开论述。文章强调现在的中产阶级处境很危险，家庭没有后备挣钱的人，养老金不稳定，医疗成本增加等等，稍有意外就会很快成为穷人。B选项把中产阶级岌岌可危的状况比喻为“像站在悬崖边上（cliff）那么危险”是合理的，因此B选项为正确答案。中产阶级是否警觉到这种情况，文章没有告知，所以A选项可排除。此外，文章也没有提及中产阶级是否陷入了矛盾之中，因此C选项也是无中生有。文中提到中产阶级面临经济上的困境，但是否前途渺茫，文中没有交代，故D选项也可排除。

3、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:C;第3题:A;第4题:A;第5题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

根据第一段第3句，智商测试需要完成的任务有：to complete verbal and visual analogies（完成文字和图像的类比分析）；to envision paper after it has been folded and cut（在纸张被折叠和剪切后想象它的形状）；to deduce numerical sequences（推导数列），D选项的表述符合第一项任务，其中words.graphs，similar分别对应原文中的verbal，visual analogies故D项为正确答案。A选项：根据第一段第5句中的philosophers设置的干扰项，原文是说智商测试高分者也不一定能回答一些深奥的哲学问题，言外之意就是智商测试不考查这些能力，故A选项错误。B选项：根据第一段第3句中第二个不定式设置的干扰项，原文强调的是想象力，而B选项强调的是动手能力，所以B选项错误。C选项：根据第一段第4句设置的干扰项，原文指出作者对智商测试高分获得者沃斯·莎凡如何区分生活中的某些概念感到困惑，也就是说智商测试不包含区分概念差异的能力，故排除C第一段主题：通过智商测试最高分获得者沃斯·莎凡引出作者对智商测试的质疑。

根据第三段第2句可知，智商测试主要有两种形式，这两种形式又均有成人和儿童两个版本，这说明成人和儿童进行的智商测试内容和形式可能是不同的，所以C为正确选项。A选项：根据第三段第1句，有关人类智力的定义性水语似乎仍然是智商分数，而A选项中的no longer显然是正反混淆，B选项：第三段第2句指出，智商测试主要有两种形式：斯坦福·比奈智力量表和韦氏智力量表；接着第3句指出，这两种测试的各种改编版在书店和互联网上都可以找到，原文中的variations的意思是“变体”，也就是从原来版本衍生出的不同改编版并没有说产生了其他更多的智力量表版本（more versions），故B项错误。D选项：第三段没有提及是否“科学家们已经明确了人类智力的重要因素”的内容，本段只提及智商考试的两种主要形式及计分方式的改变，最后一句还提及其他标准化测试也有智商考试的属性，所以D选项是无中生有。

第三段第4句指出：“像沃斯·莎凡那样的超高分现在再也不可能了，因为现在的分数依据同龄群体的统计人数分布，而不是简单地把心智年龄除以实际年龄再乘以100."显然，智商测试成绩的计算方式改变了，所以A为正确答案。B.C两项不是原文给出的原因。属于无中生有。D选项是主观推导，计算方式变了，测试的特征不一定就会发生变化。

第四段第1、2句指出，标准化测试不能评估决定一个人能否成功的所有重要因素，因为它无法衡量一个人的创造性和实践知识；接着第4句指出，当人的压力状况变化时，测试结果和领导力的关系也会变化，也就是说，测试分数无法准确衡量一个人的能力，所以A选项为正确答案。B选项：第四段第⑤句提到了SAT考试吸收了智商测试的特点，不能推导出两者的结果是否密切相关。C选项：根据第5句，SAT的应试技巧包括猜测，但没有说测试中有很多猜题工作，所以C选项错误。D选项：虽然第四段提到传统智力测试是有缺点的，但不能以此推出传统考试已经过时，D选项是主观推导。

根据各段总结分析，作者对智商测试是持怀疑态度的。第一段第⑤句指出：“一个人具备物体空间想象力和计算数字模式的能力，不见得就能够回答连一些最优秀的诗人和哲学家都无法理解的问题。”第二段第1句又提到：“智力包含的不仅仅是一次测试所得的分数。”第四段第1句进一步指出：“标准化测试可能无法评估在学校和生活中取得成功所需的所有重要因素。”这些句子都表明作者对智商测试是持怀疑态度的，故B项为正确答案。

4、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:A;第3题:B;第4题:A;第5题:D;

试题解析：第1题:

第一段第2句指出：“就在老板和董事会终于解决了最糟糕的财务和规章问题并改善了企业的薄弱管理之后，又有一个新的问题正在威胁他们，这个问题就是信息不安全的问题。”后面的文章都是围绕信息安全问题展开的，包括信息安全的重要性、信息保护的建议和美国信息保护的现状等。由此可知，作者在文章首句引用该谚语是为了引出文章主题——信息安全问题。D选项the severity of data leakage与原文中的data insecurity是同义替换，因此是正确答案。剩下三个选项都是根据第一段中出现的个别词汇，如bosses，boards，corporation，feeble，headlines等设置的干扰项，故均排除。第一段主题：信息安全问题亟待解决，已经引起了企业家们的重视。

第二段提到，“几起客户和员工信息的大规模泄密事件使得管理人员们匆忙去检查其复杂的信息系统和业务流程，想找到潜在的安全隐患（in search of potential vulnerabilities）”，A选项中的weak point和原文中的potential vulnerabilities是同义替换，因此是正确答案。剩下三个选项都是根据第二段中出现的个别词汇，如leakages，data，potential等设置的干扰项，原文没有提到信息被盗、对信息泄露负责、找到间谍嫌疑人等相关内容，故均排除。

第三段第3句指出：“正如存在通用会计准则（GAAP）这一概念一样，现在或许是制定通用安全准则（GASP）的时候了。”即伊莱·诺姆强调制定一个通用的信息保护安全准则的重要性。而且第4句中，伊莱·诺姆继续说：“为信息的安全、备份以及恢复的问题确定适当的投资标准是一个管理问题，不是技术问题。”所以作者引入GASP这一概念是为了说明保护信息安全的重要性，所以B选项是正确答案。A选项：shareholders来自第三段第2句，按照第2句和第3句的逻辑，可以得出：制定通用安全准则——提高保护客户信息的能力则——保护一个公司的市场价值则——真正关注股东利益（shareholders'interests），但本题问的不是GASP最终能达到什么目的，而是作者通过GASP想要阐述什么话题，所以A选项是答非所问。C选项；根据第3句中的accounting设置的干扰项，将财务安全问题作为主要讨论对象，和文章主题不符。D选项：第三段第2句中的“客户信息”和“市场价值”是因果关系，不是所属关系，文章没有强调客户信息具有市场价值，所以D选项错误。

第四段第1句指出，这（this）对于老板们而言竟然是件奇怪的事情，句中的this就是指第三段末尾提到的“为信息的安全、备份以及恢复确定适当的投资标准是一个管理问题”。作者对这些老板感到意外的原因出现在第2句中：信任很容易被破坏，并且恢复的代价很高，最容易让客户失去信任的就是公司使敏感的个人信息泄露。而老板们对信息保护属于管理问题感到惊讶是因为他们没有认识到信任和信息保护之间的关系，故选项A正确。B选项：原文第四段第2句强调的是：老板没有认识到保护个人敏感信息的“必要性”，并非强调老板没有认识到个人信息的“敏感性”，所以B选项错误。C选项：第四段未提及信息恢复（data restoration）的内容，所以C选项是无中生有。D选项：第四段的确说到信任是最有价值的经济资产，但没有全面概括信任和信息保护之间的联系，所以D选项错误。

第五段第1句指出，缺乏对信息泄露的法律制裁使得信息安全问题更加严重，言外之意就是，法律制裁可以遏制信息泄露。接着第3句提到，许多有关信息安全的立法提案正在华盛顿特区进行讨论，这有助于改善目前的情况。综上可知，使用法律手段是解决信息泄露问题的主要手段，故选项D为正确答案。A选项：根据第五段第1句，对信息泄露缺乏法律制裁的是美国而不是欧洲，所以美国的情况目前比欧洲严重，故A选项正反混淆。B选项：根据第五段第4句可知，信用卡账户信息被盗事件使美国联邦商务委员会的一项重要决定蒙上了阴影，显然该决定并不具有根本性意义，因此B选项错误。C选项：第五段第2句指出，加州通过了一项法案，但不能由此推导出加州在安全立法方面处于领先地位，故也排除。

5、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:B;第3题:A;第4题:D;第5题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

通读全文，第一段作者提出了足球运动员生日巧合的现象；第二段给出了关于该现象的一些猜想；第三段由足球领域扩展到其他领域；第四、五段得出结论，即杰出的表现都是通过努力的专业训练获得的，而不是与生俱来的，即引出“什么决定了杰出表现”这个主题，所以C为正确答案。A选项：作者在文中使用职业训练的重要性来否定对球员生日现象的猜测，A选项颠倒了二者之间的辩证关系。B.D选项：根据上下文，作者提到足球运动员的出生日期现象是为了引出下文的主题，而不是单纯地就事论事，既不是为了聚焦世界杯上的足球巨星，也不是为了解释足球队表现出现差异的原因，所以这两个选项错误。

首先四个选项均为表示精神状态的词汇，代入原文，能和mad（疯狂的）形成呼应的只有B选项craze，即热爱足球的父母（soccer-mad parents）更可能在春季怀孕，因为春季是每年足球狂热的鼎盛时期。A选项fun"有趣”和D选项excitement“兴奋”都比craze（狂热）的程度低，不足以表达球迷对足球的热爱程度；C选项的意思是“歇斯底里”，是病态的，与原文感情色彩不符。

第四段第2句指出，“无论两个人先天的记忆力存在怎样的差异，这些差异都会被个人对信息进行“编码”的能力消除”，这句话的核心意思是：先天的记忆差异可以通过后天的努力（即有效地处理信息的能力）来消除；原文中的encodes和A选项中的processing相对应，所以A为正确答案。B选项：根据第四段第1句，埃里克森得出的结论是：记忆过程是一种认知练习，而不是一种本能行为，所以B选项是正反混淆。C选项：根据第四段第1句的插入成分可知，后来的研究也显示记忆本身不是遗传决定的，C选项与原文相反，故排除。D选项：第四段指出、好的记忆力需要有效地处理信息，其最佳方法是刻意训练，而刻意训练需要做好以下四点：重复一个任务，确定明确的目标，获得即时的反馈，同等重视技巧和结果。而D选项中的“高度集中的注意力”显然是无中生有。

第五段第3、4句指出，埃里克森和同事们的研究结果表明，天赋的遗传特性被高估了，杰出表现者大多数是后天培养的。选项D表达的意思与此相符，故为正确答案。选项A强调的是天赋的主导作用，显然与原文不符，故排除。B选项中的biographical data是根据第五段第2句设置的干扰项，原文提到收集成长资料（biographical details）只是埃里克森和同事们做研究时获取的其中一项信息，没有提及成长资料可以解释优秀表现，故排除。C选项：第五段第3句指出，“我们通常称之为天赋的遗传特性被高估了”，C选项与原文正好相反故排除。

综合前五段的段落主题，不难发现，本文主要强调后天努力才是优秀表现的主要原因，而不是所谓的星座论、季节论、家庭基因论，C选项的意思是“熟能生巧”，强调了努力的重要性，其中practice和perfect刚好对应文章主旨的两大要素：后天培养和表现优异。所以C为正确答案。A选项的faith在本文没有相关论述，属于无中生有。B选项的意思是“一分耕耘，一分收获”，强调的是付出与收获的关系，显然不是本文的主题。D选项的意思是“有其父必有其子”，即基因论调，与原文主旨相悖。

6、试题答案：第1题:F;第2题:D;第3题:B;第4题:C;第5题:E;

试题解析：第1题:

该段落主要说明了家长要帮助孩子认清自己的优缺点和兴趣，同时末句出现的identify（识别）一词和F选项中的figure out构成同义表达，故选F。

该段落末句出现转折信息，转折词后面部分是重点内容：但是对于自己的未来只有模糊的想法是没有什么好处的。说明本段重点就是在讲“对于未来的想法"，D选项中同样出现了future一词，属于原词复现，故选D。

该段落末句提到孩子需要花时间学会应用各种技能，并进行了举例。B选项中的build和文中的deploy为同义替换，且build之后又出现skills，为原词复现，故选B。

该段落末句开头提到的All these activities..是对前文的总结，说明本段落一直在提各种活动。C选项中同样提到了activities一词，为原词复现，故选C。

该段落前两句捉到孩子应该学会的一系列技能，第三句指出家庭讨论可以帮助孩子获得并应用这些技能。E选项是对该段的总结概括，其中首句出现的deal with与选项中的cope为同义替换，故选E。