2021年204英语（二）模拟题及详解（四）

本文提供2021年204英语（二）模拟题及详解，以下为具体内容

1、The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has ____1____  across the Web.    Can privacy be preserved ____2____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly ____3____ ?    Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a ____4____ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech ____5____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled ____6____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential ____7____ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.    The idea is to ____8____ a federation of private online identity systems. User could ____9____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license ____10____ by the government.    Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to ____11____ just once but use many different services.      ____12____ .the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a ____13____ community.    Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with ____14____ ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure ____15____ which the transaction runs”.    Still, the administration’s plan has ____16____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would ____17____ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.    The plan has also been greeted with ____18____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet ____19____ .They argue that all Internet users should be ____20____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

问题1

A、swept

B、skipped

C、walked

D、ridden

问题2

A、for

B、within

C、while

D、though

问题3

A、careless

B、lawless

C、pointless

D、helpless

问题4

A、reason

B、reminder

C、compromise

D、proposal

问题5

A、information

B、interference

C、entertainment

D、equivalent

问题6

A、by

B、into

C、from

D、over

问题7

A、linked

B、directed

C、chained

D、compared

问题8

A、dismiss

B、discover

C、create

D、improve

问题9

A、recall

B、suggest

C、select

D、realize

问题10

A、released

B、issued

C、distributed

D、delivered

问题11

A、carry on

B、linger on

C、set in

D、log in

问题12

A、In vain

B、In effect

C、In return

D、In contrast

问题13

A、trusted

B、modernized

C、thriving

D、competing

问题14

A、caution

B、delight

C、confidence

D、patience

问题15

A、on

B、after

C、beyond

D、across

问题16

A、divided

B、disappointed

C、protected

D、united

问题17

A、frequently

B、incidentally

C、occasionally

D、eventually

问题18

A、skepticism

B、tolerance

C、indifference

D、enthusiasm

问题19

A、manageable

B、defendable

C、vulnerable

D、invisible

问题20

A、invited

B、appointed

C、allowed

D、forced

2、Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.    As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.    Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.    Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.    A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: “European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.    It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.1、The EU is faced with so many problems that____.2、The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers____.3、To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that____.4、The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that ____.5、Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel____

问题1

A、it has more or less lost faith in markets

B、even its supporters begin to feel concerned

C、some of its member countries plan to abandon euro

D、it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation

问题2

A、are competing for the leading position

B、are busy handling their own crises

C、fail to reach an agreement on harmonization

D、disagree on the steps towards disintegration

问题3

A、EU funds for poor regions be increased

B、stricter regulations be imposed

C、only core members be involved in economic co-ordination

D、voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed

问题4

A、poor countries are more likely to get funds

B、strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries

C、loans will be readily available to rich countries

D、rich countries will basically control Eurobonds

问题5

A、pessimistic

B、desperate

C、conceited

D、hopeful

3、Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.    In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.    It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 20Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.    Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.    The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.1、By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper____ .2、Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because____.3、Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they____.4、What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?___5、The most appropriate title for this text would be____.

问题1

A、neglected the sign of crisis

B、failed to get state subsidies

C、were not charitable corporations

D、were in a desperate situation

问题2

A、readers threatened to pay less

B、newspapers wanted to reduce costs

C、journalists reported little about these areas

D、subscribers complained about slimmer products

问题3

A、have more sources of revenue

B、have more balanced newsrooms

C、are less dependent on advertising

D、are less affected by readership

问题4

A、Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.

B、Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.

C、Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.

D、Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.

问题5

A、American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival

B、American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind

C、American Newspapers: A Thriving Business

D、American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story

4、We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.    But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.    Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.    Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.    The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.    The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.    The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life – few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers – but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.1、The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’____.2、Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?___3、Mies held that elegance of architectural design____.4、What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?5、What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?

问题1

A、prosperity and growth

B、efficiency and practicality

C、restraint and confidence

D、pride and faithfulness

问题2

A、It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

B、Its designing concept was affected by World War II.

C、Most American architects used to be associated with it.

D、It had a great influence upon American architecture.

问题3

A、was related to large space

B、was identified with emptiness

C、was not reliant on abundant decoration

D、was not associated with efficiency

问题4

A、They ignored details and proportions.

B、They were built with materials popular at that time.

C、They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.

D、They shared some characteristics of abstract art.

问题5

A、Mechanical devices were widely used.

B、Natural scenes were taken into consideration

C、Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.

D、Eco-friendly materials were employed.

5、Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.    Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.    The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 20Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.    But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.1、According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for____.2、We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be____.3、According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to____.4、It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors____.5、The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is____ .

问题1

A、gaining excessive profits

B、failing to fulfill her duty

C、refusing to make compromises

D、leaving the board in tough times

问题2

A、generous investors

B、unbiased executives

C、share price forecasters

D、independent advisers

问题3

A、become more stable

B、report increased earnings

C、do less well in the stock market

D、perform worse in lawsuits

问题4

A、may stay for the attractive offers from the firm

B、have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm

C、are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm

D、will decline incentives from the firm

问题5

A、permissive

B、positive

C、scornful

D、critical

6、Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor did.    The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted that government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.    But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.    They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking.    "Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Arc we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be.” said the leader of (he UK' s children’s doctors.    Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change 4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver s high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how lecturing people was not the best way to change their behaviour.    Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes--by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events. he said.    Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering "inducements such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.    Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: "If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.    He also urged councils to impose "fast-food -free zones" around schools and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.    A Department of Health spokesperson said: We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new responsibility deal with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.    The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.1、Andrew Lansley held that2、Terence Stephenson agreed that3、Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that4、Dinesh Bhugra suggested that5、A Department of Health spokes person proposed that

问题1

A、"fat taxes"should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald's

B、the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools

C、“lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.

D、cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet

E、the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign.

F、parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home

G、the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses

问题2

A、"fat taxes"should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald's

B、the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools

C、“lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.

D、cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet

E、the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign.

F、parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home

G、the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses

问题3

A、"fat taxes"should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald's

B、the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools

C、“lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.

D、cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet

E、the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign.

F、parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home

G、the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses

问题4

A、"fat taxes"should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald's

B、the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools

C、“lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.

D、cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet

E、the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign.

F、parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home

G、the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses

问题5

A、"fat taxes"should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald's

B、the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools

C、“lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.

D、cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet

E、the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign.

F、parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home

G、the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses

1、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:C;第3题:B;第4题:D;第5题:D;第6题:B;第7题:A;第8题:C;第9题:C;第10题:D;第11题:D;第12题:B;第13题:A;第14题:C;第15题:A;第16题:A;第17题:D;第18题:A;第19题:C;第20题:D;

试题解析：第1题:

文章第一句指出匿名使用互联网的优点是保护用户隐私和言论自由，接着第二句出现语义转折，指出匿名使用互联网也存在缺点，即造成网络犯罪的激增。分析空格所在句，空格处应填入一个不及物动词，与across搭配表达“席卷，横扫”的含义，结合选项，sweep（打扫，席卷）符合题意，故选A。B项意为“跳过”，C项意为“行走”，D项意为“骑、乘坐”，与前面的主语不能构成搭配，且语义不符，故均排除。

空格后是状语从句，状语从句引导词的选择主要考虑从句与主句之间的语义系。空格所在句的主句是 privacy be preserved（隐私得以保护），从句是省略主语和助动词的bringing safety and security to the world（带来网络世界的安全），由此可以推断本句是要表达“在给世界带来安全保障的同时，隐私是否能够得以保护呢？，结合选项，意为“当……的时候；同时”，表示伴随关系，故选C。A、B、D项分别表示因果、包含与转折关系，但文中空格前后内容表示同时发生，故AB、D三项均排除。

空格中需要填入的形容词和seems构成系表结构，并说明王语that（指代a world）的特点。因此可在上文寻找有关a world的文字表述，并可找到 bringing safety and sect y to a world“给这个世界带来安全和保障”的信息，表明当前世界需要“安全保障”，即当前世界的特点是“不安全的，缺乏保障的”，由此推断空格所填词应表达“不安全的，缺乏保障的”等含义。结合选项，B项意为“不守法的，失去法律控制的”，故为正确答案。A项 careless意为“粗心的，草率的”，C项 pointless意为“无意义的，无益的”，D项 helpless意为“无助的”，均不符合题意，故排除。

解答此题需要关注以下两点：空格前的搭配 offer sb. sth，；空格后的不搭配（此处表示目的）。根据句意：美国网络大亨霍华德·施密特上个月向联邦政府提出以使互联网变得更安全。结合选项，D项 proposal意为“提议，建议”，和空前搭配“向联邦政府建议”，和空后不定式搭配表示提议，符合题意，故选D。A项意为“理由”，B项意为“提示物”，C项意为“妥协”，均不符合题意，故排除

根据上下文语境，这个“自主信任识别”系统的功能相当于把钥匙、指纹和头像身份证这类信息结合，以保障互联网的安全。结合选项，D项 equivalent意为“等同物，对等物”，代入原句符合题意，故选D。A项 information意为“信息”，B项 interference意为“干涉，干扰”，C项 entertainment意为“娱乐，款待”，均不符合题意，故排除

空格前的rolled是动词，意为“使混合”，常用的搭配是rolled…into…，意为使滚进，使合为一体”，在此处表示“集……为一体”，故为正确答案。本句中的all显然指前文三处并列表达，rolled应理解成（把不同的事物）整合起来，所以选into。roll by意为“流逝,没有roll from的用法；roll over意为“翻滚”，均排除。

空格所在句意：此系统可以使用一种智能身份证卡，或者一个数学证书某台指定的电脑，从而在一系列在线网络服务中验证用户的真实身份。结合选项，A项 linked（连接，使关联），惯用搭配是 be linked to意为“与...相关”，代入空格与前面的名词整体可理解为“与某一具体电脑相关联的数字证书”，符合题意，故选A。B项意为“指向”，C项意为“用链条锁住”，D项意为“与...相比”均与上下文题意不符，故排除。

空格所在句意：这个想法是要_____一个私人网络在线认证系统联盟, The idea指上文施密特向政府提议的用“自动可信识别”系统以提高互联网安全的想法。结合下文可知，该信息识别系统的应用旨在建立在线认证联盟。结合选项，C项 create意为“创建，创造”符合题意，故选C。A项意为“驳回”，B项意为“发现，发觉”，D项意为“提高，改善”，均与上下文题意不符，故排除。

空格所在句子的主语是users（用户），故空格中所需谓语动词应该和“使用”有关；空格后的宾语是 which system to join，由此推断空格中所填词应表达“选择”或者“决定”等含义，表示“用户可以选择加入哪个具体系统”，结合选项，C项 select意为“选择，挑选”符合题意，故选C。A项意为“回忆”，B项意为“建议”，D项意为“认识”，三项均与上下文逻辑不符，也不符合题意，故排除。

空格中需要填动词的过去分词，作中心词 driver’s license的定语。该过去分词的逻辑主语是 government“政府”，逻辑宾语是 driver's license“驾驶执照”，由此推断空格中指“颁发”之意，故B项issue“出版，发表，颁发，签发”为正确答案。A项意为“释放，发行”，C项意为“分配”，D项意为“递送”，明显与空格前后的逻辑对应性不强，故均排除。

空格所在句中有that引导的定语从句，that指代先行词systems，意为“这种系统可以使用户一次便可以享受多项服务”。single对应 Just once，而 n sign-on（签约）对应空格处，根据空格所在句子的前半部分“谷歌和微软等公司已经启用签名系统”可知，“签约”在本句是比喻用法，指的是用户在注册系统中的注册登记，故空格处所填词应表示“登录，注册”等含义，结合选项，D项 log in（登录，进入）为正确答案。A项意为“继续进行”，B项意为“徘徊，逗留”，C项意为“嵌入，开始”，题意是指用户在注册系统中的登记注册，故A、B、C项均与题意不符，故排除。

根据空格后的the approach（注意定冠词的指示意义）可知，上文讲述的是这种方式，而 would create “walled garden”in cyberspace即这种方法会在网络上建起“带围墙的花园”，表示这种方法的实际效果，由此推断空格所填词表达“事实上，其实”等含义，结合选项，B项in effect“实际上，事实上”为正确答案。A项 in vain意为“徒劳地，无用地”，与空格后的would create.逻辑相反；C项 in return意为“作为报答；反过来”，通常指付出与收益的逻辑对应；D项 in contrast意为“相反，相比之下”，体现上下文的对比关系，此处是承接的关系，故排除。

句意：这种方法会在网络空间中创建一种带有安全街区和明亮街灯的围墙的花园，来营造一种可信赖的社区，故A项 trusted“信任的，信赖的”为正确答案。B项意为“现代化的”，C项意为“繁荣的”，D项意为“有竞争的”，B、C、D三项均与上文题意不能形成逻辑上的对应，故排除。

上文的“营造相互信任的社区氛围”及下文空格后的 trusting the identities of ach other提示空格中需要填 trusting的近义词，以表达“信任，相信”等含义，可理解为“这是一种个人和组织可以放心完成网上交易的系统”，结合选项，C项 confidence意为“信心，自信”，符合题意，故选C。A项意为“小心，谨慎”，B项意为“高兴，愉快”，D项意为“耐性，耐心”，A、B D三项均与上下文文意不符，故排除。

空格处的介词与其后的 which the transaction runs作定语，表明修饰空格前 infrastructure和 transactions之间的关系。结合常识，infrastructure应该是交易平台，即交易在这些平台上进行。结合选项，A项on（在……上）符合题意，故选A。B项与run搭配，run after为“追逐，追赶”，D项与run搭配，run across为“不期而遇，偶然碰到”，C项 beyond意为超过，超越”，均与题意“在台上运行”不符，故排除

根据下句“一些人对此表示赞成，而另一些人则表示担忧”可知，主张隐私权利的活跃分子对政府的这项计划有不同意见，故A项 divided（使产生分歧，分开）为正确答案B项 disappointed意为“使失望”，C项 protected意为“保护”，D项 united意为“联合”，无法与下文的“some…；others”形成对应，故排除。

句意：这一计划必须拥有网络“驾照”模式的原始推动力。结合上文，这一计划的理念是建立在一个在线身份系统联盟的基础上，用户必须选择相应系统，并接受系统对身份的验证，就像颁发网络“驾照”一样。也就是说，这一方法最终会强制用户拥有网络“驾照”。结合选项，D项 eventually（最终地）符合题意，且与上文中 Initiative构成反义复现，故选D。A项意为“频繁地”，B项意为“偶然地”，C项意为“偶尔的”，均不符合上下文文意，故排除。

空格中需要填入名词，表示电脑安全专家对这份计划的态度或反应，根据下文电脑安全专家后的定话从句 who worry that.已明确说明他们的态度是worry，即他们对此计划持怀疑态度，结合选项，A项 skepticism“怀疑”为正确答案。B项 tolerance意为“宽容，容忍”，C项 indifference，为“漠不关心，冷漠”，D项 enthusiasm意为“热心，热情”，明显不能与worry形成对应，故排除

由worry一词可看出计算机安全专家们的担忧，既然是担忧的问题，则空格处所填词应能表达负面意义。结合选项，C项 voluntary（脆弱的，容易受攻击的）符合题意,故选C。从上文“worry”一词来看，带有消极色彩，故空格处应填入消极的词汇与之相对应，故排除A、B项，D项意为“无形的，看不见的”与上下文逻辑不符，故排除D。

根据固定搭配 in the same way可知，本句把user和 drivers做类比，后者“必须持有驾照才能在公共道路上驾车”，故前者“登记身份并确认”也是“必须的”，D项 forced“强迫，强制”与“必须”是近义关系，体现强制性的口吻，故选D

2、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:C;第3题:B;第4题:A;第5题:D;

试题解析：第1题:

从文章第一段中第三句话知：连最有力的支持者都在谈论整改大陆所面的问题，即欧盟的问题多到连支持者都难以保持镇定，故B项正确。A项从文中第二段第二句可知市场丧失了对欧盟的信心，而非欧盟丧失了对市场的信心，排除A项。C项原文并没有涉及这个信息，排除C项。D项从第二段最后可知，统一的货币让某些成员国无法快速解决货币贬值的问题，而非欧盟打算否认货币贬值，排除D项。因此选B。

根据题干关键信息定位到原文第三段第二句“It is stuck because the euro zone's…harmonise.”重点在于but之后的内容 disagree about what to harmonise，即就协调的内容并未达成一致，结合选项，C项是原文信息的同义改写，故选C。

第四段首句讲的是德国认为对欧元的拯救是通过实施严格的条例来实现的，结合选项，B项是对原文内容的同义改写，stricter regulations= stricter rules，be imposed=by，故选B。

倒数第二段首句“A southern’ camp headed by French wants...”说明法国阵营对于解决欧盟统一货币提出的建议，接下来对首句的意思进行解释，说明具体的内容，包含了“从富国到穷国的再分配制度”，即贫穷的成员国更易获得资金，故A项是本题答案。实现贫富国再分配的途径，受益者为贫困国家，富国为损失方，B、C、D项都与此相反，故均排除。

由最后一段“It's too soon to write off the EU.It remains the world's largest trading block...” 可知，在作者看来，现在就认为欧盟将失败还为时过早，欧盟仍然是世界最大的贸易区。由此可知，作者对欧盟的未来仍抱有希望，故选D。

3、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:B;第3题:C;第4题:A;第5题:A;

试题解析：第1题:

“A year ago the end seemed near（一年前，报业岌岌可危）”一句提到报业的状况。因此，题干所问句子实际是用比喻的说法（为自己的命运编年记事）表明包括《旧金山纪事》在内的报纸身处绝境，命运堪忧，故D项正确。

第三段第四句说“报纸内容缩水，价格提高”，第六句总结性地说“These desperate measures."，由此可见，前面提到的“拒绝投递到郊区”和“报纸内容缩水”一样，都是报社采取的措施中的一种，后者显然是想减少成本，考虑到这些措施的共同目的，“拒绝投递到郊区”应该也是出于对成本的考虑，故选B。A项的信息与原文不一致，原文说“报纸内容缩水，但读者要付费更高”，CD项信息文章中并未提及，故均排除。

第四段第二句提到“美国报业的畸形发展是因为它过多地依赖广告收益”，句以87%的具体数据来补充说明，第四句提到日本的数据仅为35%。通过两国的数据比可以看出日本报业对广告的依赖程度显然比美国小得多，故选C项。

根据最后一段第一句中“but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive”可知，“最受重创的是报社中最不具特色的部门”，所以与众不同对报纸来说是至关重要的，故选A项。

纵观全文，首段提出“人们曾经对报纸消亡的担忧”；第二段讲“美国报业的复苏”；第三段讲“报业采取的措施”；第四段讲“报业收入日趋平衡”；第五段讲“报业的发展方向与变化”，所以本文主要探讨的是在经历危机之后，报业的复苏和平衡，故选A。

4、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:D;第5题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

根据题干关键词定位到文章第二段尾句“that restraint，in combination with the postwar confidence...，made small，efficient housing positively stylish”，本句中的谓语动词made，表示前因后果的逻辑，即“节制”与“自信”带来了“战后住房风格”的“盛行”，也可以理解为“战后美国的住房风格”反映了美国人的“节制”与“自信”，故C项正确。A项是美国“二战”后的社会特征，B项是美国住宅的自身特点，并不是当前美国人的特点，D项属于自我捏造，故均排除。

第三段第二句“The phrase.”中who引导的定语从句告诉我们 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe只是与 Bauhaus有来往，而非是创建者，排除A；本句还提到与 Bauhaus相关的人是在“二战”前移民到美国的，并未提及它的设计理念受到“二战”的影响，排除B；在此句中who 引导的定语从句部分，只提到“其他与 Bauhaus建筑学派有关的人”，但并不等于“大多数美国建筑师都曾和它有联系”，属于过度推理，故C项不正确。D项可以在第三段最后一句“These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture”找到对应信息，此句话中 these designers”承接上文指代Mies和与 Bauhaus有关的建筑师，由此推出 Bauhaus对美国建筑有很大影响，故选D。

根据题干关键词定位到原文第四段第二句“Elegance，he believed，did not derive from abundance"，C项是对这句话的同义改写，故选C。

题干关键信息指向文章第五段首句“The apartments...Mies...were smaller...than those in their older neighbours”。把四个选项与原文信息对比，发现C项（比周国建筑宽敞显与文章内容相反，可排除；第五段第二句说这些房子很受欢迎是因为它们具有“高雅的建筑细节和比例”，故排除A；原文说当时很受欢迎的东西是“the architectural equivalent of the ab-act art”，而非B项所说的“材料”，故排除；D项是对原文内容"the elegance of the buildings' details and proportions，the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time"的总结归纳，Mies所建的房子具有的是当时备受欢迎的抽象艺术的某些特点，故选D

根据题干关键词定位到末段。再将文中所提到的细节与四个选项进行对比，发现第二句“Aesthetic effect came from the landscape，new materials and forthright detail提到“样板房”的美学效果都是源于自然景色、新型材料和明快的细节。由此可知，B项正确A项与文意不符，文中指出雷普森曾经预测机械革命对日常生活的影响，但并未提及机械设备被广泛应用于 Case Study House。B项从原文中可找出“new material”，而非“Eco-friendly material " C项与原文相反，文中说设计者对细节进行了充分的考虑，而并不是为了整体效果牺牲了细节。

5、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:A;第5题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

根据题干关键词定位到文章首段第三句，短语“be under fire”是对题干中criticized一词的同义替换。这句话虽然没有直接给出她受到批评的原因，却用一个反问句告诉我们，她作为薪酬委员会的成员让巨额的款项流失了，这是与她担任的职位不符的行为，即背离了她的职责，故答案选B。A项曲解了文意，“have let those enormous bonus payouts pass”意为“让巨额奖学金得以发放”不等于A项中的“获取超额利益”，C项文中没有提及，D项中“在困难时期离开董事会”并不是她受到批评的原因，故排除A、C、D项

第二段首句“Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful，yet less biased advisers on a firm's board”告诉我们外部董事所扮演的角色是 advisers（顾问），第二句指出外部顾问在公司中是享有独立性的，结合这两点可知，外部顾问实际是具有独立性的顾问，故选D。A项“慷慨的投资者”，原文并未提及，B项原文中外部董事的角色是“建议者（adviser）”而非“管理者（executives）"，C项曲解文意，原文只是在第二段句末说外部董事在股价下跌时提供有效建议，而非指出“他们能够预测股价上涨”，故排除A、B、C项。

第三段第四句和第五句给出公司在独立董事离开后可能出现的三种情况，一种是重申盈利状况的可能性增加近20%；一种是被牵扯到联邦法院所受理的集体起诉案件中的可能性也随之增加；一种是公司在股市的表现也许会更糟。与这三种情况之一对应的是C项，故选C。从文章第三段中的第四至第六句可以看出外部董事的突然离职对公司的影响是不好的，故排除A项。B与文章原意相反，原文是指“公司被迫重申盈利的可能性增加”而非“报告盈利增加”，故排除B项。D项与曲解文意，原文说公司卷入联邦集体诉讼的可能性增加，而不是“公司会在诉讼案中表现不佳”，故排除D项。

文章最后两句指出“如果公司想在艰难时期留住独立董事，就必须建立激励制度。否则，独立董事都将效仿 Simmons女士的做法”，由此可以推断，独立董事如果有激励制度刺激的话，就可能留在公司，选项A“可能由于诱人的条件而留在公司”是对最后两句话的同义替换其中的关键词 attractive offers就等同于原文中的incentives，故选A。

第二段首句“Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful，yet less biased advisers on a firm's board”讲述独立董事所扮演的角色是“helpful”和“less biased”的，这是对独立董事作用的积极评论；其次，文章最后一段指出“如果公司想在艰难时期留住独立董事，就必须建立激励制度”，这说明独立董事对于一个公司确实是有用的，否则不会特意建立针对他们的激励制度。综上可知，作者认为独立董事所起的作用是积极的，故选B。

6、试题答案：第1题:E;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:B;第5题:G;

试题解析：第1题:

根据题干信息词 Andrew Lansley可回文定位到第二段和第六段，第二段的内容没有对应的选项，而第六段的内容与选项C，E，G表面上有一定的相关性。E项是对第六段He said that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change4 Life campaign” 的同义改写，完全符合。C项是被 Andrew Lansley反对的观点，而G项与 Andrew Lansley所认为的“industry rather than government to take the lead”有很大的出入，排除，故选E。

根据题干信息词 Terence Stephenson可定位到文章第四段和第七段。第四段中Terence Stephenson认为：“不健康食品的食用应该被视为与吸烟和酗酒同样具有危害的行为”，并且他作为资深医学专家或极具影响力的医生的代表在第四段出现，是为了支持首段leading doctors的“Introduce cigarette.style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet”的观点，故选D。

由题干中的 Jamie Oliver可定位到第六段。Lansley批评Oliver试图改善英国学校午餐的高调做法，以此证明自己的观点，即“lecture”不是改变人们行为的最好方式。这就从侧面说明 Jamie Oliver的观点是认为“lecturing”是最有效的方式。C项中的“effective"是对文中“best”的同义替换，故选C。

根据题干信息词 Dinesh Bhugra可回文定位到文章第九段和第十段。第十段中的“He also urged councils to impose‘fast-food.free zones’ around schools and hospitals--areas within which takeaways cannot open”与B项是一致的，其他选项与第九段第十段没有对应项，故选B。

根据题干信息词 A Department of Health spokesperson回文定位到第十一段。
卫生部发言人说，应该建立新的公众健康观念，包括与商界达成新的社会协议，该协议应基于社会责任而不是政府的规定，与G项是相符的。A项和F项与第十一段文字无关，排除。因此选G。