考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练（四百二十三）

本文提供考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练，以下为具体内容

1、When older people can no longer remember names at a cocktail party, they tend to think that their brainpower is declining. But more and more studies suggest that this assumption is often wrong. Instead, the research finds, the aging brain is simply taking in more data and trying to sift through a clutter of information, often to its long-term benefit. The studies are analyzed in a new edition of a neurology book, “Progress in Brain Research.”Some brains do deteriorate with age. Alzheimer’s disease, for example, strikes 13 percent of Americans 65 and older. But for most aging adults, the authors say, much of what occurs is a gradually widening focus of attention that makes it more difficult to latch onto just one fact, like a name or a telephone number. Although that can be frustrating, it is often useful. “It may be that distractibility is not, in fact, a bad thing,” said Shelley H. Carson, a psychology researcher at Harvard whose work was cited in the book. “It may increase the amount of information available to the conscious mind.”For example, in studies where subjects are asked to read passages that are interrupted with unexpected words or phrases, adults 60 and older work much more slowly than college students. Although the students plow through the texts at a consistent speed regardless of what the out-of-place words mean, older people slow down even more when the words are related to the topic at hand. That indicates that they are not just stumbling over the extra information, but are taking it in and processing it. When both groups were later asked questions for which the out-of-place words might be answers, the older adults responded much better than the students.“For the young people, it’s as if the distraction never happened.” said an author of the review, Lynn Hasher, a professor of psychology at the University of Toronto and a senior scientist at the Rotman Research Institute. “But for older adults, because they’ve retained all this extra data, they’re now suddenly the better problem solvers. They can transfer the information they’ve soaked up from one situation to another.”In the real world, such tendencies can yield big advantages, where it is not always clear what information is important, or will become important. A seemingly irrelevant point or suggestion in a memo can take on new meaning if the original plan changes. Or extra details that stole your attention, like others’ yawning and fidgeting, may help you assess the speaker’s real impact.1.From the first two paragraphs, we learn that____2.Older adults tend to be forgetful because of____3.The studies mentioned in paragraph 3 show that____4.What can we infer from the last paragraph?5.The text intends to tell us that____

问题1

A、aging brains tend to process more information simultaneously.

B、one will become forgetful when he gets old.

C、older people don’t think their brainpower is falling.

D、the aged always stress long-term benefit.

问题2

A、their wide information.

B、the harm of Alzheimer’s disease.

C、their broader range of attention.

D、their frustration from limited attention.

问题3

A、out-of-place words are never negligible.

B、it is advisable for the old to read slowly.

C、there is nothing that can distract young people.

D、old people may be more attentive in face of distractions.

问题4

A、The forgetfulness of the old people turns to be their advantages.

B、The meaning of a point in a memo is changing anytime.

C、Wide attention is actually valuable in daily life.

D、Extra details influence one’s focus of attention.

问题5

A、brains do deteriorate with age.

B、an older brain may be a wiser brain.

C、a brain with disease is a brain with wisdom.

D、how an older brain processes information.

2、Beyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain. Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called “drives”: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud’s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modern suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new. “What I was seeing,” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.” Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. “Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “seeking” emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud’s psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes,” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it.” Perhaps it’s not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.1.Freud believed that aggression and libido____2.Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?3.Jaak Panksepp’s study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive____4.According to Mark Solms, dreaming____5.It can be inferred that Freud and Darwin are similar in that their theories____

问题1

A、were the only two sources of psychic energy.

B、could sometimes surface in our conscious life.

C、affected our behaviour unconsciously.

D、could appear clearly in our dreams.

问题2

A、Emotion.

B、Lust.

C、Seeking.

D、Urge.

问题3

A、originates in the limbic system.

B、involves parts of the forebrain.

C、controls how we respond to stimulus.

D、exists in many other animals.

问题4

A、takes place during the whole sleeping period.

B、involves a primitive part of the brain known as the pons.

C、is closely related to the “seeking” emotion.

D、starts at the same time as libido appears.

问题5

A、have long been discredited.

B、provide good guide for further research.

C、are placed in the same category.

D、are concerned about human being.

3、boom 

A、 adj. 不同的；另一个（人）

B、 adj. 令人尴尬的，使人难堪的；难对付的，难处理的；不方便的；产生困难的，危险的；笨拙的，不舒适的

C、 adj. 知道，意识到，明白；察觉到，发觉，发现；对……有兴趣的，有……意识的

D、 n. 激增，繁荣；突然风靡的时期；深沉的响声；水栅；v. 轰鸣，轰响；以低沉有力的声音说；迅速发展，激增，繁荣昌盛

4、Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. ___1___ the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly  ___2___ to live shorter lives. This suggests that  ___3___ bulbs burn longer, that there is an  ___4___ in not being too terrifically bright.    Intelligence, it  ___5___ out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow  ___6___ the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual  ___7___ — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to  ___8___ .    Is there an adaptive value to ___9___ intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance ___10___ at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real ___11___ of our own intelligence might be. This is ___12___ the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.    Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would ___13___ on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, ___14___ , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that ___15___ animals ran the labs, they would test us to ___16___ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really ___17___ , not merely how much of it there is. ___18___ , they would hope to study a ___19___ question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? ___20___ the results are inconclusive.

问题1

A、Suppose

B、Consider

C、Observe

D、Imagine

问题2

A、tended

B、feared

C、happened

D、threatened

问题3

A、thinner

B、stabler

C、lighter

D、dimmer

问题4

A、tendency

B、advantage

C、inclination

D、priority

问题5

A、insists on

B、sums up

C、turns out

D、puts forward

问题6

A、off

B、behind

C、over

D、along

问题7

A、incredible

B、spontaneous

C、inevitable

D、gradual

问题8

A、fight

B、doubt

C、stop

D、think

问题9

A、invisible

B、limited

C、indefinite

D、different

问题10

A、upward

B、forward

C、afterward

D、backward

问题11

A、features

B、influences

C、results

D、costs

问题12

A、outside

B、on

C、by

D、across

问题13

A、deliver

B、carry

C、perform

D、apply

问题14

A、by chance

B、in contrast

C、as usual

D、for instance

问题15

A、if

B、unless

C、as

D、lest

问题16

A、moderate

B、overcome

C、determine

D、reach

问题17

A、at

B、for

C、after

D、with

问题18

A、Above all

B、After all

C、However

D、Otherwise

问题19

A、fundamental

B、comprehensive

C、equivalent

D、hostile

问题20

A、By accident

B、In time

C、So far

D、Better still

5、People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that      1      the ability tomake judgments which are unbiased by       2        factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big       3        was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.       4        , he theorised that a judge       5        of appearing too soft       6        crime might be more likely to send someone to prison       7        he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.    To       8        this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the       9        of an applicant should not depend on the few others       10        randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was       11        .    He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews       12        by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had       13        applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale       14        numerous factors into consideration. The scores were       15        used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is       16        out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.    Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one       17        that, then the score for the next applicant would       18        by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to       19        the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been       20        .

问题1

A、grants

B、submits

C、transmits

D、delivers

问题2

A、minor

B、objective

C、crucial

D、external

问题3

A、issue

B、vision

C、picture

D、moment

问题4

A、Above all

B、For example

C、In principle

D、On average

问题5

A、fond

B、fearful

C、capable

D、thoughtless

问题6

A、in

B、for

C、to

D、on

问题7

A、if

B、until

C、though

D、unless

问题8

A、test

B、share

C、emphasize

D、promote

问题9

A、status

B、quality

C、decision

D、success

问题10

A、found

B、studied

C、chosen

D、identified

问题11

A、defensible

B、otherwise

C、replaceable

D、exceptional

问题12

A、inspired

B、expressed

C、secure

D、conducted

问题13

A、rated

B、assigned

C、matched

D、arranged

问题14

A、put

B、got

C、took

D、gave

问题15

A、instead

B、rather

C、ever

D、then

问题16

A、selected

B、passed

C、marked

D、introduced

问题17

A、below

B、before

C、above

D、after

问题18

A、jump

B、float

C、drop

D、fluctuate

问题19

A、undo

B、achieve

C、maintain

D、disregard

问题20

A、possible

B、necessary

C、promising

D、helpful

1、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:C;第5题:B;

试题解析：

1.A
【解析】此题是一道细节分析题，考查对文章中相关细节的理解。第一段提出老年人记忆变差，并非是智能衰退，而是摄取更多信息并进行筛选，第二段引用该书作者的观点，提出老年人记忆广度在加宽，虽然记忆力下降了，但这很有用。两段的共同信息是老年人的大脑注意范围广，同时加工信息多，从而印证了A选项“老年人的头脑往往能同时处理更多的信息”的正确性。
2.C
【解析】本题考查对文章中相关细节的理解。根据题干信息be forgetful，我们可以定位到第二段转折后的句子“much of what occurs is a gradually widening focus of attention that makes it more difficult to latch onto just one fact...”，句中的 difficult to latch onto just one fact 对应题干中的 be forgetful；句中that所指代的内容就是健忘的原因，而that所指代的是先行词（widening focus of） attention，是C选项 their broader range of attention 的同义转述，所以C选项正确。
3.D
【解析】本题是一道细节分析题，考查对文章中相关细节的理解。第三段提出老年人和年轻大学生对阅读材料中干扰信息的加工不同，老年人降低阅读速度，深度加工了材料中的不恰当词语（out-of-place words），被问及相关信息时，比学生反应更佳。但这只是实例的描述，应该结合前后文的论述对其加以总结，这个实证研究旨在证明前文的论题——老人的注意广度更宽，即忽略的信息更少了，老年人与年轻大学生面对干扰信息（distraction out-of-place words）时的对比，正好用D选项“老年人面对干扰时可能更加注意这些干扰信息”加以总结。所以答案为D。
4.C
【解析】本题考查对原文多处细节的推理及理解句子之间关系的能力。本题看似考查最后一段，其实应该结合上一段内容，找出such tendencies所指的内容——老年人更宽的注意广度，即对更多细节信息（包括干扰信息）的加工；如此一来，就解释清楚了本段主题句such tendencies can yield big advantages in the real world的含义：更宽的注意广度（甚至包括对干扰信息的加工）在现实生活中是一个很大的优势。抽象地说，是对老年人的注意广度给予了积极的评价，而C选项恰好对这个命题做了相应的总结。
5.B
【解析】本题是一道文章主旨题。考查对文章主旨和框架的理解。这是一篇选摘的文章，基本上保留了原文的框架。B选项就是文章的原标题，是全文主题的提炼和概括。纵览全文，首段提出老年人记忆变差，并非是智能衰退，而是大脑在深度加工信息；第二段提出老年人记忆广度在加宽，虽然记忆下降，但这很有用；第三、四段为相关实验的过程，并点评到老人由于注意广度，更善于解决与干扰相关的问题；第五段评价老人这种特征的优势。总而言之，文章对老年人的智能进行了正面的评价。B选项“老人的大脑可能是一个更聪明的大脑”既包含了核心问题——老人的智能（an older brain），又对其进行了正面的评价（wiser），是正确选项。

2、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:C;第3题:B;第4题:C;第5题:B;

试题解析：

1.C
【解析】根据文章开头部分，弗洛伊德认为，进攻性和性欲这两种欲望都是无意识的，它们促成我们的行为却不经过清醒的大脑的思考；它们只以伪装的形式出现在我们的梦境中。因此B和D都不对，而C是对的。原文说除了寻找食物和避免疼痛这两种基本的动物本能外，弗洛伊德还发现了两种他称之为“欲望”的精神力量的来源：进攻性和性欲。所以A也不对。
2.C
【解析】根据第一段结尾部分，弗洛伊德所称的“性欲（libido）”，现代称谓对它进行了变异，有时称为“追求（seeking）”，故C是正确选项。A是所有欲望的现代统称；B和D也都不对。
3.B
【解析】第二段第二句是本段的主题句：尽管像其他欲望一样，它也产生自大脑的边缘系统，它还涉及到更高的脑力功能部位，即前脑的某些部分。所以潘塞普用一只老鼠所做的试验就是证明这一点，故选B。
4.C
【解析】第三段结尾处：当萨姆斯对梦深入研究时，发现参与做梦的主要结构实际上是前盖区，即潘塞普认为是“追求”感情所在的部位，也就是弗洛伊德所说的“性欲”的根源部位。C符合这个意思，是正确答案。B符合文章的意思，但不是本题所问的内容；A和D与文章意思不符。
5.B
【解析】根据文章最后一段，潘塞普说：“弗洛伊德应该与生活在基因发现之前的达尔文相提并论。弗洛伊德为我们提供了一幅关于大脑器官的图像。我们需要谈论它，发展它，验证它。”这就是说，弗洛伊德的理论虽然不完善，但它为以后的研究提供了指导；而达尔文虽然生活在基因发现之前，但他的理论对于基因研究也提供了先导性的作用。所以两者在这方面是相同的，可推知B是正确答案。

3、试题答案：D

4、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:A;第3题:D;第4题:B;第5题:C;第6题:A;第7题:D;第8题:C;第9题:B;第10题:D;第11题:D;第12题:B;第13题:C;第14题:D;第15题:A;第16题:C;第17题:B;第18题:A;第19题:A;第20题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

动词辨析题。空格所在句意为“_____卡尔·齐默在《科学时代》杂志上所描述的果蝇实验"。根据句意，这个实验应该是已经发生了的，因此不可能是A选项Suppose（设想）或D选项Imagine（想象）这个实验，也不能是C选项Observe（观察）一个已经发生的实验，故只能选B选项Consider（考虑），此处的意思是思考一下所做的实验，符合题意。强干扰项排除：A选项Suppose（设想）和D选项Imagine（想象）一般用于将来的时态。空格所在句表示该实验已经做过，因此时态上相矛盾，故排除。

动词辨析题，空格所在句意为“那些被训练得智商高于平均水平的果蝇寿命较短”。显然该句是对前文提到的果蝇实验结果的说明，实验结果一般是具有共性或规律性的现象，tend to do sth.表达一种趋向性，符合题意，故A选项正确。强干扰项排除：C选项happened（to do）：偶然，碰巧。一个实验表明的不应为个案，因此不应该为碰巧寿命短。故排除C选项。强干扰项排除：C选项happened（to do）：偶然，碰巧。一个实验表明的不应为个案，因此不应该为碰巧寿命短。故排除C选项。

形容词辨析题。空格所在句中This指代上文提到的智商高于平均水平的果蝇往往寿命较短这个现象，此处为一个类比，shorter对应longer，空格所填词应该对应smarter，又由后面提到的not being too bright 可知，dimmer（较暗淡的）符合文意，故选项D正确。强干扰项排除：B选项stabler：更稳定的。这里并没有讨论灯泡的稳定性问题，而且灯泡的稳定与其耐用程度无关，故排除。

名词辨析题。由题3可知，暗的灯泡持续照明的时间较长，因此空格所在句的意思是灯泡不太亮有优势。B选项advantage（优势）符合文意，故选B。强干扰项排除：D选项priority：优先权。一般指做事的优先次序，且后面常接介词over而不是in，故排除。

逻辑关系题。空格所在部分为插入语，正常语序为It _____ intelligence is a high-priced option.观察四个选项，只有turns out符合语法要求。从文意上讲，该句位于句首，起到承上启下的作用，turns out代入原文，句意为“结果证明高智商是一个高代价的选择”，也体现出对第一段内容的总结，故选项C正确。强干扰项排除：B选项sums up：总结，概括。代入原文，意为“概括起来，高智商是一个高代价的选择”，貌似也能说通，但是it sums up后面一般不接从句。表示“总体来讲”时，常见用法为"to sum up"，故排除B。

固定搭配。结合选项，空格所在句要表达的意思为：聪明需要高额的维护成本，消耗更多的燃料，而且起步缓慢。slow off the starting line中off表示“离开”，即从起跑线出发时就比较慢，符合文意，故选项A正确。

形容词辨析题。空格所在句意为“因为它依赖于学习——一个_____的过程，而非本能"。两个破折号之间的内容起到解释说明的作用，该空格所在部分旨在解释说明学习是一个什么样的过程。由上文可知，智商是高代价的选择，学习不是一蹴而就的，因此只有D选项gradual（逐渐的）符合题意。强干扰项排除：B选项spontaneous：自发的。由空格后的"instead of instinct"可知，前后应构成对比关系，“自发的”和instinct（本能的）同义，显然逻辑上不合语意，故排除。

动词辨析题。由前文可知，作者想要表达的观点是太过聪明并非好事，适可而止才最好，观察四个选项，只有stop（停止）符合文意，故选项C为正确答案。强干扰项排除：D选项think：思考。这里讲的学习特性是与人类能力所不同的地方，“何时思考”显然是人类已经具备的能力，而且思考一般用于指人，故排除。

形容词辨析题。由题8可知，在所有要学习的事物中，人们最需要学的莫过于懂得适时停止学习。因此，智商是有限度的。结合选项，只有B选项limited（有限的）符合题意，故为正确答案。强干扰项排除：C选项indefinite：不确定的，无限的。根据上文，人们应学会适时而止，这里强调的恰恰是智商的有限性，而非无限性，故排除。

副词辨析题。cast a wistful glance at表示“向……授以悲悯的眼光”，由空格后的all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise（那些在智商方面被我们远远抛在后面的物种）可知，既然是抛在后面的物种，那么只有“向后看”符合文意。故D选项backward为正确答案。强干扰项排除：C选项afterward：后来。一般指时间上的先后，故排除。

名词辨析题。上文以果蝇的实验说明智商是个高代价的选择。该空格所在句进一步引中出此项研究的目的，即这个高代价是什么。故D选项costs（代价，成本）符合文意。强干扰项排除：B选项influences：影响。影响可以指好的影响，也可以指坏的影响。全文都在强调高智商需要付出一定的代价，作者对高智商持负面态度，而influence一词不能体现出这种负面态度，故排除。

空格所在句意为“这是我们所见的每个动物都在_____的问题”。这个问题指的就是“高智商真正的代价是什么”。上文提到其他物种知道适时停止学习，即它们一直在思考智商需要付出的代价，on the mind为固定搭配，意为“在思考”，符合文意，故选项B正确。

动词辨析题。空格所在句意为“对动物智商的研究也使我们不禁去想，如果动物有机会的话，它们将会对人类_____什么实验呢？"能和experiment搭配表示“做实验”的动词只能是perform，故选项C正确。强干扰项排除：B选项carry：携带，搬运。如果表示开展实验，应为carry out experiments故排除。D选项apply：申请，应用。apply experiments on human（将实验应用到人类身上）强调的是将已有的实验用到人身上，而此处要表达的意思是动物在人类身上做实验，这些实验是以前没做过的，因此apply不合文意，故排除。

逻辑关系题。前一句说动物对人类做实验，该句提到了猫在做研究，显然是一个例子，因此D选项for instance（例如）为正确答案。

逻辑关系题。由空格所在句中的ran和would可知，该句用到了虚拟语气。结合选项可判断，空格考查的是if条件句的虚拟语气，代入原文，句意为“我们相信，如果动物可以经营实验室的话，它们会通过测试以_____我们在耐力、忠诚度以及方位记忆能力方面的极限。”故选项A正确。

动词辨析题。由后一句They would try to decide..可知，这两句是并列关系，都是对动物做实验的假设，因此空格所填词应与decide近义。四个选项中，只有determine（决定，确定）符合题意，故C选项正确。强干扰项排除：D选项reach：达到。动物做实验的目的就是为了了解人类，其前提假设是对人类的极限不确定，因此“确定”一词最为准确，“达到极限”与题意不符，故排除。

由空格后的not merely how much of it there is可知，前后文为转折关系。即“它们不仅仅要确定人类智商的高低，而且要弄明白人类智商究竟为何而存在"。for表示原因，符合文意，故选项B正确。

逻辑关系题。上文提到动物会尝试着确定人类的智商究竟为何而存在，该句显然与上一句并列，而且由上文they would..determine，they would...decide和该句的they would hope可知，该句与前两句应是顺承关系。观察四个选项，只有Above all（最重要的是）表示递进，符合题意，故选项A正确。

形容词辨析题。该空格修饰question，表明question的特性。结合题18可知，这个问题是动物做实验最想弄明白的问题。观察四个选项，只有fundamental（根本的）符合文意，故选项A正确。强干扰项排除：B选项comprehensive：综合的，广泛的。由上文的Above all（首要的，最重要的）可知，最重要的问题一定是本质性的问题，而不是广泛的问题，故排除B选项。

前一句提出了一个问题，该句是对问题的回答。结合选项：By accident（偶然），In time（及时），So far（目前为止）、Better still（更好的是），只有So far与上下文逻辑关系最为吻合，代入原文，意思为“而目前为止，结果是不确定的”。故选项C正确。

5、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:B;第5题:B;第6题:D;第7题:A;第8题:A;第9题:D;第10题:C;第11题:B;第12题:D;第13题:A;第14题:C;第15题:D;第16题:C;第17题:B;第18题:C;第19题:A;第20题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

本题考查动词词义的区分。本句意为：乍一看，这似乎是一种优点，它使人们能够排除外部因素的影响，从而做出公正的判断。grant意为“赋予，授予”，符合语境。submit意为“服从，提交”；transmit意为“传输，发射”；deliver意为“递送传递”。

本题考查上下文语意。文章第一句提到，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。因此，可推出要做出不带偏见的决定，应不受外界因素的影响。external意为“外部的，外面的”，符合语境。minor意为“次要的，轻微的”；objective意为“客观的，无偏见的”；crucial意为“关键的，决定性的”。

本题考查固定搭配。本句意为：但是Dr Uri simonsohn推测不考虑大局会导致决策者被日常接触的信息影响而带有偏见。big picture是一个固定搭配，意为“（事情的）主要部分，大局”，与文章第一句提到的background information（背景信息）意思相近，符合语境。issue意为“问题，争端，发行”；vision意为“视力，美景，远见”；moment意为“时刻瞬间”。

本题考查上下文逻辑关系。通常作者在提出一个观点之后接下来应举例进行论证。通读空白处后的句子，提到了法官与被告，这明显是现实生活中的一个实例。For example意为“例如”，符合这一逻辑关系。above all意为“首先”（用于列举事项）；on average意为“平均，普通”（常与数字连用）；in principle意为“大体上，原则上”（通常引出概述性内容）。

本题考查动词词组的用法。本句意为：例如，西蒙松博士从理论上推测，如果一位担心对犯罪行为表现得太过仁慈的法官在一天当中已经对五六名被告只判处了强制性社区服务，那么他更有可能会将接下来的被告送进监狱。fearful of意为“不敢，惧怕”，符合语境。fond of意为“喜欢”；capable of意为“有能力”；thoughtless of意为“考虑不周”。

本题考查固定搭配。soft on sb./sth.是一个固定搭配，意为“对某人某事不够严厉”。

本题考查上下文逻辑关系。前半句是一个表示结果的句子，因此后半句应是一个假设条件。if意为“如果”，表条件，符合语境。until意为直到…才……”表时间；though意为“尽管，虽然”，表让步；unless意为“除非，如果不”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。本句意为：为了验证这一观点，西蒙松博士对大学录取过程进行了研究。分析该句时，首先应注意到idea前面有指示词this，很明显指代上文提出的观点。因此可推断出，下文也是对上一段中所提出观点的进一步论证。test意为“测试，验证”，符合语境。share意为“分享，共享”；emphasize意为“强调，加强”；promote意为“促进，营销，提拔”。

本题考查名词词义的区分。本句意为：申请者被成功录取不应取决于……success意为“成功”，符合语境。status意为“地位，状态”；quality意为“质量，才能，品质”；decision意为“决定”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。本句意为：测试中随机选出的其他申请者……此题做题的关键在于空白处后有一个副词为 randomly，该词意为“随机地”，根据常识，实验对象都是随机选取的，chosen符合语境。find意为“找到，发现”；study意为“研究，学习”；identify意为“鉴定，确定”。

本题考查形容词词义的区分。由该分句开头的but可知此句与上文是转折关系。四种选项中，otherwise意为“另外的，其他方面的”，可以体现转折关系。defensible意为“可防卫的，可辩护的”；replaceable意为“可替换的，可置换的”；exceptional意为“例外的，特殊的”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。本句意为：他研究了31位招生面试官对9323名MBA申请者进行面试的结果。此处需选一个过去分词作interviews的定语，由by之后该动作的主语为officers可知，conduct（进行，执行）符合语境。inspire意为激发，鼓舞，引发”；express意为“表达，表示”；secure意为“保护，确保”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。本句意为：面试官在1~5等级量表上为申请者打分。分析”空白处所在的句子，句末有“one to five（从一到五）”，前面还有一个“on a scale（一定范围内）”,因此，rate（划分等级）符合语境。assign意为“分配，指派”；match意为“匹配，比赛”；arrange意为 “筹划，安排”。

本题考查固定搭配。本句意为：这个等级对众多因素加以考虑。take into consideration意为“顾及，考虑到……”为固定搭配。

本题考查上下文逻辑关系。空白处所在句子承接上文讲到的评级得分，讲述的是平时学校的等级考试得分。因此可推断出，该句与前文是顺承的关系，四个选项中只有then（然后，那么）符合语境。instead意为“取而代之，而不是”；rather意为“宁愿，相当”；ever意为“在任何时候，曾经”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。空白处所在句子是一个由 which引导的定语从句，修饰exam，意为以满分为800分的标准测试。mark意为“打分，评分”，符合语境。select意为“选择”；pass意为“通过，传递”；introduce意为“介绍，引进”。

本题考查上下文逻辑关系。由“than”可知本句是进行比较的，对比的是几个面试者的分数，A项和C项表示的是空间上的上下，而此处要表达的是时间上的先后，故排除这两项。根据句意可知，此处说的是前面的申请者不能比他后面的人分数高。故B项正确。

本题考查动词词义的区分。选择此题时，需联系下文判断。下一句中出现“to...the effects of such a decrease”，由“such a decrease”可以推断出接下来那个应聘者的分数与前一个相比是下降了。drop意为“下降”，符合语境。jump意为“跳跃，暴涨”；float意为“浮动，漂浮”；fluctuate意为“波动，起伏”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。该句为不定式做主语，联系前文，此处表达的是：为了消除（面试官可能给出的）更低的分数所带来的影响……根据上下文，此处应选一个有“消除”含义的动词。undo意为“消除，取消”，符合语境。achieve意为“取得，达到”；maintain意为“保持，维护”；disregard意为“忽视，不理”。

本题考查形容词词义的区分。本句意为：但为了抵消这部分降低的分数所带来的影响，申请者的GMAT分数要比原本需要的分数多出30分。necessary意为“需要的，必需的”，符合语境。possible意为“可能的”；promising意为“有前途的”；help意为“有帮助的”。