考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练（四百二十五）

本文提供考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练，以下为具体内容

1、The Earth’s daily clock, measured in a single revolution, is twenty-four hours. The human clock, 1, is actually about twenty-five hours. That’s 2 scientists who study sleep have determined from human subjects who live for several weeks in observation chambers with no 3 of day or night. Sleep researchers have 4 other surprising discoveries as well.We spend about one-third of our lives asleep, a fact that suggests sleeping. 5 eating and breathing, is fundamental life process. Yet some people almost never sleep, getting by on as 6 as fifteen minutes a day. And more than seventy years of 7 into sleep deprivation, in which people have been kept 8 for three to ten days, has yielded only one certain findings: Sleep loss makes a person sleepy and that’s about all; it causes no lasting ill 9. Too much sleep, however, may be 10 for you.These findings 11 some long-held views of sleep, and they raise questions about its fundamental purpose in our lives. In 12, scientists don’t know just why sleep is necessary.“We get sleepy, and when we sleep, that sleepiness is reversed,” Dr. Howard Roffwarg of the University of Texas in Dallas explains. “We know sleep has a function, 13 we feel it has a function. We can’t put our finger on it, but it must, 14 in some way, direct or indirect, have to do with rest and restitution.”Other scientists think sleep is more the result of evolutionary habit than 15 actual need. Animals sleep for some parts of the day perhaps because it is the 16 thing for them to do: it keeps them 17 and hidden from predators; it’s a survival tactic. Before the advent of electricity, humans had to spend at least some of each day in 18 and had little reason to question the reason or need for 19 But the development of the electroencephalograph and the resulting discovery in 1937 of dramatic 20 in brain activity between sleep and wakefulness opened the way for scientific inquiry in the subject.

问题1

A、however

B、furthermore

C、likewise

D、therefore

问题2

A、the

B、what

C、because

D、many

问题3

A、idea

B、feeling

C、sense

D、judgment

问题4

A、come up against

B、come down to

C、come up with

D、come up to

问题5

A、with

B、like

C、unlike

D、as

问题6

A、little

B、much

C、few

D、long

问题7

A、probe

B、investigation

C、research

D、examination

问题8

A、asleep

B、sleepy

C、active

D、awake

问题9

A、effects

B、affections

C、affects

D、impacts

问题10

A、useful

B、good

C、bad

D、harmful

问题11

A、challenge

B、deny

C、doubt

D、dispute

问题12

A、addition

B、fact

C、line

D、short

问题13

A、if

B、because

C、like

D、provided

问题14

A、at least

B、at most

C、at best

D、at worst

问题15

A、from

B、an

C、the

D、of

问题16

A、worst

B、best

C、only

D、natural

问题17

A、comfortable

B、calm

C、quiet

D、excited

问题18

A、coldness

B、warmth

C、darkness

D、shade

问题19

A、sleep

B、work

C、food

D、clothes

问题20

A、differences

B、similarities

C、resemblance

D、opposites

2、bulk 

A、 adj. 性感的，妩媚的，英俊的，诱人的；吸引人的，令人愉快的；有吸引力的

B、 v. 使某物加大（或加厚、加重）；n. 预算，主体，大部分；体积，大（量）；巨大的体重

C、 n. 观众，听众；读者；会见，觐见，进见

D、 adj. 声音的；录音的

3、The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term“plant neurobiology” was  1  around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be  2  to intelligence in animals.  3  plants lack brains,the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that  4  consciousness, researchers previously reported. But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it  5  so greatly from that of animals that so-called  6  of plants' intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote. Beginning in 2006, some scientists have  7  that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters.  8  “a plant nervous system,  9  to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “ They  10  claimed that plants have‘brain-like command centers’at their root tips.” This  11  makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain,  12  it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals.  13  the signaling in a plant is only  14  similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than“a mass of cells that communicate by electricity.” Taiz said. “For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold  15  of complexity and capacity is required,” he  16  “Since plants don't have nervous systems, the  17  that they have consciousness are effectively zero.” And what's so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can't run away from  18  , so investing energy in a body system which  19  a threat and can feel pain would be a very  20  evolutionary strategy, according to the article.

问题1

A、coined

B、discovered

C、collected

D、issued

问题2

A、attributed

B、directed

C、compared

D、confined

问题3

A、unless

B、when

C、once

D、though

问题4

A、coped with

B、consisted of

C、hinted at

D、extended

问题5

A、suffers

B、benefits

C、develops

D、differs

问题6

A、acceptance

B、evidence

C、cultivation

D、creation

问题7

A、doubted

B、denied

C、argued

D、requested

问题8

A、adapting

B、forming

C、repairing

D、testing

问题9

A、analogous

B、essential

C、suitable

D、sensitive

问题10

A、just

B、ever

C、still

D、even

问题11

A、restriction

B、experiment

C、perspective

D、demand

问题12

A、attaching

B、reducing

C、returning

D、exposing

问题13

A、However

B、Moreover

C、Therefore

D、Otherwise

问题14

A、temporarily

B、literally

C、superficially

D、imaginarily

问题15

A、list

B、level

C、label

D、local

问题16

A、recalled

B、agreed

C、questioned

D、added

问题17

A、chances

B、risks

C、excuses

D、assumptions

问题18

A、danger

B、failure

C、warning

D、control

问题19

A、represents

B、includes

C、reveals

D、recognizes

问题20

A、humble

B、poor

C、practical

D、easy

4、In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.    This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.    The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.    Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.    Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.    Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.1、Priestly criticizes her assistant for her ____.2、According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to ____.3、The word “indictment” (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to ____.4、Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? ____.5、What is the subject of the text?

问题1

A、lack of imagination.

B、poor bargaining skill.

C、obsession with high fashion.

D、insensitivity to fashion.

问题2

A、combat unnecessary waste.

B、shop for their garments more frequently.

C、resist the influence of advertisements.

D、shut out the feverish fashion world.

问题3

A、enthusiasm.

B、accusation.

C、indifference.

D、tolerance.

问题4

A、Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.

B、The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.

C、[People are more interested in unaffordable garments.

D、Vanity has more often been found in idealists.

问题5

A、Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.

B、Challenge to a high-fashion myth.

C、Exposure of a mass-market secret.

D、Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.

5、If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.    There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.    At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.    In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.    Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.    As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.    John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.1、It can be learned from the first paragraph that ____2、Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?3、It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is ____4、The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions ____5、John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of ____

问题1

A、Teamsters still have a large body of members.

B、Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.

C、unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.

D、the government has improved its relationship with unionists.

问题2

A、Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.

B、Education is required for public-sector union membership.

C、Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.

D、Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.

问题3

A、illegally secured.

B、indirectly augmented.

C、excessively increased.

D、fairly adjusted.

问题4

A、often run against the current political system.

B、can change people’s political attitudes.

C、may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.

D、are dominant in the government.

问题5

A、disapproval.

B、appreciation.

C、tolerance.

D、indifference.

1、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:B;第3题:C;第4题:C;第5题:B;第6题:A;第7题:C;第8题:D;第9题:A;第10题:C;第11题:A;第12题:B;第13题:B;第14题:A;第15题:D;第16题:B;第17题:C;第18题:C;第19题:A;第20题:A;

试题解析：

1.A
【解析】本题考查逻辑关系，根据上下文的意思以及提示词actually，以判断出本句与上句是转折关系。所以，正确答案是A。
2.B
【解析】本题考查逻辑关系。句子的谓语是is，空格处缺的必然是一个连词或关系词。what是关系代词，在从句中作宾语；because是连词，表示原因。根据前后句的逻辑关系，正确选项是B。在本句中，what引导的这个表语从句比较复杂。who study sleep是定语从句，修饰主语scientists ；定语从句who live for several weeks...day or night 修饰先行词 human subjects。
3.C
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。四个选项中可以和with no of搭配的只有idea和sense。idea意为“念头，想法，主意”；sense意为“由刺激产生的感觉或知觉”。根据上下文，符合句意的是C。句意是：“接受试验的人在观察室里住几个星期，感觉不到白天和黑夜。”
4.C
【解析】本题考查短语辨析。come up against意为“突然或意外碰到困难或反对等”；come down to意为“归结为”；come up with意为“提出，拿出，发现”；come up to意为“比得上，达到”。C符合句意，故为正确答案。句意是：“睡眠研究者们还提出了其他令人惊讶的发现。”
5.B
【解析】本题考查介词用法。空格处的介词体现的是sleeping和eating and breathing的关系。从上下文得知“睡眠是最重要的生命过程”。根据我们的常识，吃饭、呼吸和睡眠一样重要。
6.A
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。根据前文的提示almost never sleep.我们可直接选出正确答案A。句意是：然而一些人几乎从来不睡觉，一天只睡15分钟就可以了
7.C
【的析】本题考查近义词辨析。四个选项都可以和into搭配，都含“调查，研究，探索”的意思。probe是新闻用语，指广泛而彻底的调查；investigation指详尽的调查；以弄清事实真相；research指科学家为了发现新的事实从原始资料开始进行的调查或研究；examination强调详细观察或检验某事以求了解其真实情况。据此C符合句意。
8.D
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。根据上文sleep deprivation和下文sleep loss的提示，可知正确答案为D。
9.A
【解析】本题考查习惯搭配。空格所在句的意思是：“在七十多年对睡眠丧失的研究中，让人们不睡觉，时间是从三天到十天，得出了一个肯定的结果：睡眠损失让人犯困，仅此而已；没有长期的副作用或负面影响。”ill effects是习惯搭配，意为“副作用，负面影响”。
10.C
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。根据上下文和常识，可以首先排除useful和good，bad后面跟名词或代词时，常见的搭配是to be bad for sb./sth. ；harmful后面跟名词或代词时，常见的搭配是to be harmful to sb./sth.。所以，正确答案是C。
11.A
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。challenge意为“质询（某人某事的合法性、正确性）”；deny意为“否认；否定；拒绝相信”；doubt意为“怀疑，拿不准”；dispute意为“争论，辩论；驳斥”。根据上下文的意思.正确答案是A。
12.B
【解析】本题考查逻辑关系。in与四个选项都可构成短语。in addition意为“又，另外”，表示递进；in fact意为“事实是，事实上”，表示转折；in line意为“成一直线，成一排”；in short意为“总之”，表示总结。根据上下文的意思，正确答案是B。
13.B
【解析】本题考查逻辑关系。此处要求弄清“我们知道睡眠的职能”和“我们感觉到了睡眠的作用”的逻辑关系。根据上下文的意思，正确答案是B。
14.A
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。at least意为“至少”；at most意为“最多”；at best意为“充其量，至多”；at worst 意为“在最坏/最不利的情况下”。根据常识和上下文，我们知道睡眠和休息复原是有关系的。所以，首先排除 B和C。这里讨论的是睡眠与休息复原的关系，不存在什么最坏最好情况的假设，所以D也排除。正确答案是A。句意是：“虽然我们不能准确地指出睡眠的功用，但它肯定至少在某些方面，与休息和复原有者直接或间接的关系。”
15.D
【解析】本题考查逻辑关系。than前后的结构必然是平行对称的。所以可以很容易地补全了空格前省略掉的词，即：the result，当然也很容易地选出正确答案D。句意是：“其他一些科学家认为，与其说睡眠是进化习惯的结果，倒不如说是实际需要的结果。”
16.B
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。根据下文“睡觉使它们__，躲开食肉动物”，我们可选出正确答案B。相关部分的意思是：“动物在一天中的某些时候睡觉，可能是因为睡觉对于它们来说是最好的事，……”
17.C
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。首先可以排除excited（兴奋的），因为根据上下文和常识.睡眠不可能使动物兴奋、激动。根据下文提示hidden from predators（躲开食肉动物），it’s a survival tactic（这是一条生存策略），可以推断正确答案是C。
18.C
【解析】本题考查上下文推理，根据上文“在发明电以前”和常识.可以直接选出正确答案C。相关部分的意思是：“在发明电以前，人们至少在每天的某些时候不得不生活在黑暗中。”
19.A
【解析】本题考查上下文推理句意是：“在发现电以前，人们至少在每天的某些时候不得不生活在黑暗中，所以人们没什么理由去质疑__的原因和需要。”根据上下文和常识，四个选项中最符合句意的是A。
20.A
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。句意是：“但是，脑电图仪的发展，以及人们1937的发现——大脑活动在睡眠状态和清醒状态下存在着巨大的__，——为睡眠这一课题的科学研究开辟了道路。”根据上下文，四个选项中最符合句意的是A。

2、试题答案：B

3、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:C;第5题:D;第6题:B;第7题:C;第8题:B;第9题:A;第10题:A;第11题:C;第12题:B;第13题:A;第14题:C;第15题:B;第16题:D;第17题:A;第18题:A;第19题:D;第20题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

动词词义题。空格所在句意为：“词汇 ‘plant neurobiology’ 是_____围绕这个认识：植物行为的一些方面可能_____动物的智力”。根据主谓宾搭配线索可以得知，‘plant neurobiology’是被创造出来的新词，所以，A项coined符合题意。B项discovered（发现），C项collected （收集），D项issued（发布）。

动词词组搭配题。空格所在句意为： “词汇 ‘plant neurobiology’ 围绕这个认识被创造出来的新词：植物行为的一些方面可能_____动物的智力”。根据句意，植物行为的一些方面可以与动物的智力作比较。C项compared（be compared to 与……作比较）符合题意。A项attributed（be attributed to 被……归因为……），B项directed（be directed to 被指向……），D项confined（be confined to 被限定在……）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为C。

逻辑关系。“plants lack brains（植物缺少智力）”，后面的主句部分提到…..nonetheless triggered responses that… （却能够引起反应），与前面从句中的 “plants lack brains（植物缺少智力）”构成逻辑上的转折，所以D项Though（尽管）符合题意。A项unless（除非），B项when（当），C项once（一旦），均在逻辑上不相符。故正确答案为D。

动词词组词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“尽管植物缺少智力，但是在它们的茎叶中的电子讯号的发射却会引起_______意识的反应”。由句内的让步逻辑可知：虽然缺少智力，但是反应却暗示存在智力（consciousness），所以，C项hinted at（暗示）符合题意。A项coped with（处理），B项consisted of （由……构成），D项extended（延伸）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为C。

动词词义辨析和推理判断。空格所在句意为：“植物生物学是复杂的且令人痴迷的，但是它太______与动物生物学…….”。 D项differs（differs from 与……不同）符合题意。A项suffers（suffers from 遭受……的折磨）, B项benefits（benefits from 从……中获益），C项develops（develops from 从……中发展），均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为D。

名词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“植物生物学与动物生物学差异巨大，以至于有关植物智力的所谓的________是不全面的”。B项evidence（证据）符合题意。A项acceptance（接受），C项cultivation（培育），D项creation（创造），这三项意义均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为B。

动词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“自2006年开始，一些科学家已经_______，植物拥有类似神经一样的细胞，能够与荷尔蒙和神经发射器产生互动……”C项argued（认为）符合题意。A项doubted（怀疑），B项denied（否认），D项requested（要求）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为C。

动词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“自2006年开始，一些科学家已经认为，植物拥有类似神经一样的细胞，能够与荷尔蒙和神经发射器产生互动，_______ 一个植物神经系统，……”。B项forming（形成）符合题意。A项adapting（改变、适应），C项repairing（修理），D项testing（测试）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为B。

形容词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“自2006年开始，一些科学家已经认为，植物拥有类似神经一样的细胞，能够与荷尔蒙和神经发射器产生互动，形成一个植物神经系统，与动物中的神经系统相似”。因此A项analogous（相似的）符合题意。B项essential（必要的），C项suitable（适合的），D项sensitive（敏感的），均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为A。

句间逻辑关系题。空格所在句意为：“他们_____认为，植物由大脑般的命令中心”。上一句的句意为：“自2006年开始，一些科学家已经认为，植物拥有类似神经一样的细胞，能够与荷尔蒙和神经发射器产生互动，形成一个植物神经系统，与动物中的神经系统相似”。可知，空格所在句的句意是对上一句的递进。因此D项even（甚至）符合题意。A项just（仅仅），B项ever（曾经），C项still（依旧）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为D。

短语辨析和搭配。空格所在句意为：“这种_____是有道理的如果…..”。这里的指代“this”告诉我们是指代前面所提出的观点，因此，C项perspective（观点）符合题意。A项restriction（限制），B项experiment（实验），D项demand（要求）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为C。

动词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“将其减少到一定量的电脉冲”。因此B项reducing（reducing…to… 将……减少到……）符合题意。A项attaching（attaching…to… 把……系在……上），C项returning（returning…to…将……返回到……），D项exposing（exposing…to…把……暴露于……）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为B。

句间逻辑关系题。空格所在句意为：“_______，植物中的信号发射仅仅是类似复杂的动物大脑信号发射”。该句与上一句在语义上构成逻辑上的转折，因此，A项However（然而）符合题意。B项Moreover（而且），C项Therefore（因此），D项Otherwise（否则）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为A。

副词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“然而，植物中的信号发射仅仅只是与复杂的动物大脑信号发射有一点点类似”。因此C项superficially（表明上、粗浅地）符合题意。A项temporarily（暂时地），B项literally（几乎），D项imaginarily（相像地）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为C。

名词词组搭配。空格所在句意为：“对于智力的发展，拥有_____复杂性和容量的大脑是需要的”。B项level（a threshold level of 基本水平的……）符合题意。A项list（列表），C项label（标签），D项local（本地）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为C。

动词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“对于智力的发展，拥有_____复杂性和容量的大脑是需要的，他又补充说”。因此，D项added（又补充说明）符合题意。A项recalled（回忆），B项agreed（同意），C项questioned（质疑）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为D。

名词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“由于，植物并没有神经系统，所以它们有意识的_______很可能是零”。A项chances （可能性）符合题意。B项risks（风险）, C项excuses（理由）, D项assumptions（主张）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为A。

名词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“植物不能逃离______”。因此，A项danger（危险）符合题意。B项failure（失败），C项warning（警告），D项control（控制）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为A。

常见搭配。空格所在句意为：“因此给身体系统注入能量，这样的系统能够______威胁，能够感受到疼痛，可能会是……”因此D项recognizes（发现）符合题意。A项represents（代表、体现）, B项includes（包括），C项reveals（揭示），均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为D。

形容词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“因此给身体系统注入能量，这样的系统能够发现威胁，能够感受到疼痛，可能会是一种非常______的革命性的策略”。因此B项poor（不好的）符合题意。A项humble（卑微的），C项practical（实践的），D项easy（容易的）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为B。

4、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:B;第3题:B;第4题:A;第5题:A;

试题解析：第1题:

根据文章第一段第一句“In the2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada，Miranda Priestly played by Meryl Streep，scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.”可知，Priestly批评她的助理是因为助理认为高级时尚对自己的生活影响不大。D项是指Priestly批评她的助理是因为助理对时尚不敏感，与原文内容相符。故答案为D。

根据文章第二段倒数第二句“Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable meant to last only a wash or two，although they don’t advertise that-and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.”可知，大众市场的品牌商标促使有时尚意识的消费者将服装看成是用完就可以丢弃的，并且每几周就更新他们的衣橱。B项是指大众市场的品牌商标使消费者更加频繁地购买服装，与原文内容相符。故答案为B。

题干中需要猜词义的单词“indictment”实际上是Cline对fast fashion的一种态度。因此，解答此题时应联系上下文，找到文章对Cline对fast fashion态度的描述。根据文章第二段最后句“By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices，Cline argues，these brands have hijacked fashion cycles，shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.”可知，Cline认为一些品牌通过以特别低的价格销售潮流物品将会破坏时尚周期，动摇这个长久以来习惯于季节周期的时尚产业。由hijack（劫持）”和“shake（动摇）”这两个带有贬义色彩的词语可知，Cline对fast fashion是持否定态度的。四个选项中只有accusation（谴责，控诉）体现出否定态度。故答案为B。

根据文章最后一段最后一句“Vanity is a constant；people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.”可知，虚荣心人皆有之，当消费者买不起太多东西的时候，他们才会以更加可持续的方式去购物。换句话说，价格对于环保购买至关重要。故答案为A。

本题考查对全文主旨大意的归纳。通观全文，文章第一段用事例引入fast fashion；第二段讲到作者对 fast fashion的态度—作者认为它破坏了时尚周期，动摇了时尚产业；第三、四段指出fast fashion这种变革的弊端，如：造成自然资源紧张、使用大量有害的化学物质、浪费现象等；最后两段提到针对 fast fashion的不良影响，可以采取的解决办法。综上可知，全文的主题是对高级时尚产业的批评。

5、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:B;第4题:C;第5题:A;

试题解析：第1题:

根据题干定位于第一段When …were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. 意思是1960年时，美国政府部门只有1/10的人是工会成员，但是现在比例是36%。所以C选项正确：工会增加了政府部门成员。A选项：Teamster 仍然拥有很多成员。文中只提到了比例，并没有讲具体人数;B：吉米过去是一个公仆。而文中第一句是一个虚拟语气的句子，“如果他还活着的话，他今天可能代表一名公仆”，曲解文意; D：政府改善了与社团的关系。文中并未提及。

该题很容易根据题干定位于第二段。第二段中有很明显的first, second, third这些词，属于典型的列举处，最容易出细节题。只需要将各选项与这三点仔细比对即可。A 公共部门组织在采取行动时很谨慎文中并示提及，是对“they now dominate left-of-centre politics”这句话设置的干扰项，“左派”为激进派，不可能谨慎;而B错在教育不是需要的，而是公务员社团成员受教育程度普遍偏高，并非必需;C工党长期与公务员社团争斗，该段倒数第二句指出工会与社团一直有联系，最后一句讲到工会领导Miliband荣登宝座正是因为公务员社团的大力支持，因此与原文相悖;D选项为First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.这句话的同义改写。意思是“他们可以息事宁人并不用遭受不好的后果”。

该题很容易定位于文章的第四段。题干是“国家部门人员的工资状况是”。做这道题要把第四段整体理解。注意But后面的内容，尤其是keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous。大意是公共部门员工的工资涨幅很小，但是节假日福利津贴很多。B选项的indirectly augment意思是“间接地增加”。和原文意思“公有部门人员的收入是来源于福利等间接收入，而非正常的工资收入”符合。A 通过非法得来文中只提到了国家部门人员的工资比私人企业的要高，整段都未提及来源，故该选项属于过度推理;C 过度地增长文中并未提及增长的幅度，提到只是通过“暗箱操作”的方式，容易使考生产生误解;D 很公正地调整与“backloaded”不符。

题干的意思是“举威斯康辛社团为例，表明社团_______”。该题根据题干中的专有名词Wisconsin定位于倒数第二段。由题干可知这是一个例证题，所以需要看文章的第五段。第五段首句Reform has been vigorously opposed。从第六段Wisconsin的例子可以看出，工会集合众人反对共和党领导人Scott Walker，正是为了反对改革。所以可以知道工会可能是公共部门改革的一个障碍，C为正确选项。A 经常与当前政治体系对抗文中并未反映often这个程度。B 能够改变人们的政治态度文中并示提及，D 在政府中占统治地位文中第二句讲到社团得到了成千上万人的支持来对付强硬的共和党州长，并不能推出该选项之意。

文中人物的观点态度题。该题定位于最后一段，第一句话指出John认为西方公共服务中的文化准则适用于想维持原状的人们而对于有比较高成就的人们就不利了，很明显持否定态度，最后再次指出不能造福于高成就人们的公共服务系统对于美国可能是一个更大的麻烦，也再次证实了作者的观点是不支持的即A选项。disapproval“反对”，appreciation“欣赏”，tolerance“宽容”，indifference“冷漠”。