考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练（四百二十七）

本文提供考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练，以下为具体内容

1、States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement, "businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”1.The Supreme Court decision Thursday will（  ）.2.It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions（  ）.3.According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has（  ）.4.Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling（  ）.5.In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author（  ）.

问题1

A、endetter business' revolutions with states

B、put most online business in a dilemma

C、make more online shoppers pay sales tax

D、forces some states to cut sales tax

问题2

A、have led to the dominance of e-commerce

B、have cost consumers a lot over the years

C、were widely criticized by online purchases

D、were considered up favorable by states

问题3

A、hindered economic development

B、brought prosperity to the country

C、harmed fair market competition

D、boosted growth in states revenue

问题4

A、Internet entrepreneurs

B、Big-chain owners

C、Third-party sellers

D、Small retailers

问题5

A、gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences

B、describes the long and complicated process of its making

C、presents its main points with conflicting views on them

D、cities some cases related to it and analyzes their implications

2、Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialized work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around £500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparation costs” had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.1.Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because（  ）.2. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have（  ）.3.How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?4.It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms（  ）.5.Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?

问题1

A、its funding has enjoyed a steady increase

B、its marketing strategy has been successful

C、its payment for peer review is reduced

D、its content acquisition costs nothing

问题2

A、thrived mainly on university libraries

B、gone through an existential crisis

C、revived the publishing industry

D、financed researchers generously

问题3

A、Relieved.

B、Puzzled.

C、Concerned.

D、Encouraged.

问题4

A、allow publishers some room to make money

B、render publishing much easier for scientists

C、reduce the cost of publication substantially

D、free universities from financial burdens

问题5

A、Trial subscription is offered.

B、Labour triumphs over status.

C、Costs are well controlled.

D、The few feed on the many.

3、balloon 

A、 n. 大使；使节

B、 adj. 模棱两可的，含混不清的；不明确的

C、 n. 救护车

D、 n. 气球；热气球；v. 膨胀，涨大；乘热气球飞行

4、Text 1 People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and don't break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They "weep" out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart. Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn't always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. "It's like baking a cake: If you don't have exact amounts, it goes wrong;' she says. "The object you make is already a time bomb." And sometimes, it's not the artist's fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Picro Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen "nature carpets" - large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets - which meant they had to be durable. So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardfs sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals "sunscreens" because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases. Despite success stories like van Oosten's, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common. And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history - Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on - after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, "and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve ... will have a strong impact on how in the future we'll be seen. 1、According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in________.2、Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are________.3、Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi's artworks to________.4、The author thinks that preservation of plastics is________.5、In Ferreira's opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts________.

问题1

A、maintaining their plastic items.

B、obtaining durable plastic artifacts.

C、handling outdated plastic exhibits.

D、classifying their plastic collections.

问题2

A、immune to decay.

B、improperly shaped.

C、inherently flawed.

D、complex in structure.

问题3

A、keep them from hurting visitors.

B、duplicate them for future display.

C、have their ingredients analyzed.

D、prevent them from further damage.

问题4

A、costly.

B、unworthy

C、unpopular.

D、challenging.

问题5

A、will inspire future scientific research.

B、has profound historical significance.

C、will help us separate the material ages.

D、has an impact on today's cultural life

5、The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.    Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.    More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.    What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.    As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.1、The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries _____.2、It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system _____.3、A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _____.4、The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _____.5、According to the last paragraph , development of education _____.

问题1

A、is subject groundless doubts

B、has fallen victim of bias

C、is conventional downgraded

D、has been overestimated

问题2

A、challenges economists and politicians

B、takes efforts of generations

C、demands priority from the government

D、requires sufficient labor force

问题3

A、the Japanese workforce is better disciplined

B、the Japanese workforce is more productive

C、[C]the U.S workforce has a better education

D、the U.S workforce is more organize

问题4

A、when people had enough time

B、prior to better ways of finding food

C、when people on longer went hung

D、as a result of pressure on government

问题5

A、results directly from competitive environments

B、does not depend on economic performance

C、follows improved productivity

D、cannot afford political changes

1、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:B;第5题:D;

试题解析：

1.本题为细节题，根据题干关键字“the Supreme Court decision Thursday”定位到原文第一段“States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that ...” 前半句已经明确提出各州的在线购物可能要交税，对应选项C，原词“online”加“shoppers”是对“purchase”的同义替换。其他三个选项均为提及。

2.根据题干“learned”可知本题为推理题，根据关键字“the overruled decisions”定位到原文第二段的两句，大意为“州政府抱怨以前的政策使每年税收损失惨重，因此以前的政策很难再收取网上营业税”两句表示出的意思都是对州政府的不利，对比四个选项，得出答案D，州政府认为原政策对州会不利，因此驳回这项决定会对州有利，为正话反说。
3.本题为细节题，根据题干关键词“Justice Anthony Kennedy”“the physical presence rule”定位到原文第四段的第二句和第三句，大意为实体店规定导致州政府税收亏损，接着下一句Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.” 该规定限制了各州长期繁荣，并妨碍市场参与者参与公平竞争。对比四个选项，C 选项为“破坏了公平市场竞争”和原文“competing”“market participants”一一对应，为正确答案。

4.根据题干“likely”得出本题为推理题，利用关键词“welcome the Supreme Court ruling”定位到原文第五段第一句“The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since...”对于大公司来说这项规定是一种胜利，因为……只需找到关键词“big chain”即可选出B选项：大型连锁公司。
5.本题为主旨题，需找出作者的相应观点与论证，根据题干关键词“In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday”回顾每段首尾句，推测每段大意。第一段讲述最高法院通过了征收在线营业税的决定，第二段介绍之前的裁决及后果是对州政府不利的，第三段介绍了原来裁决涉及到的案例，第四段陈列了法官的观点，即以前的裁决是有问题的，第五段主要讲述新判决会对大型连锁超市产生有利的影响，第六段讲述新裁决对州外卖价的影响，第七段表示新的判决得到零售界的肯定，因此本文的思路为：首段引出新判决，二三四段列举相关案例，五六七段对其影响进行讲述，对比四个选项，得出D：作者在讲述这个判决时引用了相关案例并分析了它们的影响。

2、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:A;第3题:C;第4题:A;第5题:D;

试题解析：

1.细节题。根据题干中关键词a licence to print money，定位到第一段第三句，其他科学家也免费进行同行评议的专门工作，因为它是获得地位和生产科学知识的核心要素。正确选项D，acquisition原词，for free替换选项中的cost nothing.
2.细节题。根据题干关键词Elsevier定位到第三段第一句话，该公司去年利润超过9亿英镑，然而仅英国大学在2016年就花费了超过2.1亿英镑。正确选项A“主要依靠大学图书馆”为定位句的同意表达。
3.态度题。根据题干中关键词Sci-Hub的成功定位到第四段第二句，这表明法律生态系统在其用户中已经失去了合法性，必须进行改造，以便为所有参与者服务。可见作者对于Sci-Hub的成功采取否定态度，正确选项C concerned担忧，担心。relieved宽慰的，puzzled困惑的，属错误选项，encouraged鼓励的，正反混淆。
4.推断题。根据题干关键词 open access定位到第五段，最后一句...so that the publishers can make a profit before...，合理收取费用是未来出版商能够获利……A选项为同义替换。B.使发表对科学家来说容易得多。C.降低出版成本。D.使大学摆脱财政负担。
5.细节题。根据题干关键词scientific publishing model定位到最后一段第五句，劳动力被免费提供，以换取地位的希望，而一些经营市场的大公司则获得了巨额利润。可知少部分作者免费劳动，大部分公司盈利，A选项为同义替换。

3、试题答案：D

4、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:D;第5题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

首先，根据题干关键词museum, faced with, difficulties定位到第一段第七句“All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects”。huge headaches，是题干difficulties的同义替换，再根据all of which得知，答案就是which的指代内容，即：第一段三句至六句But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They "weep" out additives. They melt into sludge.“some plastic materials change over time”（一些塑料材料会随着时间发生改变），这是博物馆的所遇到的困难，因此选择A。

B项是利用段落中的原词设置了干扰，比如durable, plastics；C项无中生有；D项无中生有。

首先，根据题干关键词Van Oosten believes和certain plastic objects定位到第二段第一句“Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten”。 “says Thea van Oosten”对应了题干的 “Van Oosten”，“Certain artifacts”对应了题干的 “certain plastic objects”，所以，能够对应 “vulnerable”的信息就是正确选项。因此选择C项（inherently flawed）就是正确答案。

A、D 项在段落中找不到根据，属于无中生有。B项则是利用段落中的原词properly设置了干扰improperly shaped，但是对文中的mix（混合）进行了概念的偷换，换成了shape（塑形），故也是错误的。

首先，根据题干关键词Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi's artworks定位到第四段最后一句 “Museums locked some of them away in the dark.”其中locked some of them away in the dark被改写成了stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi’s artworks。再通过语义的理解，找到这种做法的目的为第五段的第三句：Van Oosten calls those chemicals "sunscreens" because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. 说明了这些措施的目的，是防止这些艺术品受到更大的光破坏。因此选择D。

A、C 项的内容在定位段落中找不到根据，属于无中生有；B选项利用段落中的原词further设置干扰，语义信息在文中则没有根据。

首先，根据题干关键词preservation of plastics定位到第六段第一句话“Despite success stories like van Oosten's, preservation of plastics will likely get harder.”这句话为作者的观点，且是关于塑料物品保存。作者认为要保存塑料物品可能会变得越来越难（will likely get harder），因此选择D。

A、B、C 项在文中均没有根据，属于无中生有。

根据题干信息 Ferreira和preservation of plastic artifacts定位到最后一段第二句至第三句。其中题干中的plastic artifacts对应what we decide to collect；题干中的preservation对应what we decide to prserve；will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen（对于后代如何看待我们产生重要影响），能够对应这一信息的是B项，也就是具有深远的历史意义，因此选择B。

A项利用段落中出现的原词future设置干扰，但是该选项的信息在段落中没有根据，属于无中生有；C项:将有助于我们区分物品年代，但是段落中说的是确定（define），而非区分（separate），属于偷梁换柱；D项利用段落中出现的原词today设置了干扰，但是该选项的信息则在段落中找不到依据。

5、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:B;第3题:B;第4题:C;第5题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

根据第一段第2句中的however, the conventional view that is wrong可知，作者在转折词后清楚地表达了自己的观点，即那种认为“教育应该是促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的最首要因素之一”的传统观点是错误的。由此可知，贫穷国家教育的重要性被高估了。所以D选项是正确答案。文中没有提到贫穷国家对教育重要性产生“质疑”或者“偏见”，故选项A.B均排除。C选项“被低估了"与原文内容截然相反，故也排除。

第一段第3句building new educational systems...would require two or three generations表达的意思是：创立新的教育体制，让足够多的人接受教育以推动经济发展需要两代或三代人来完成。选项B与此表达一致，原文中的require two or three generations与选项中的takes efforts of generations是同义替换。故正确答案是B。第一段第1句提到，经济学家及政治家们误解了教育与经济发展之间的关系，但没有提及构建新的教育体系对经济学家和政治家是挑战，故排除选项A。文中没有提到教育系统的构建需要政府给予优先权（priority），选项C也排除。选项D是根据putting enough people through them设置的干扰项，enough people在文中指新的教育体系培养出来的促进经济发展的人才，不是建立新的教育体系所需要的劳动力，故排除选项D。

根据第二段第3句，“在全球，不管过去还是现在，日本一直是汽车组装生产力最高的国家（leader in automotive-assembly productivity）”，也就是说日本工人的生产效率要高于美国工人，所以B选项是正确答案。文中没有提到美国工人和日本工人的组织性和纪律性，故排除选项A和D，根据第二段第2、4句，美国工人被嘲讽没有受过良好教育（poorly educated），美国工厂的生产率大约是日本同行的95%（about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts），可以明显看出是美国工人的教育水平不如日本工人。所以C选项是正反混淆，也要排除。

第四段第2句为主题句，即教育在经济得到发展后才能实现。C选项的“不挨饿”说明经济得到了发展，也就是说，当人们不挨饿，经济发展起来之后，教育就出现了，所以c选项和原文表达含义相同，为正确答案。A选项：time这个单词来自第四段第4、5句，但实际上这两句话是为了证明第2句，即“经济持续增长也会促进（promote）教育事业的发展”A选项是例子本身，不是主题，而且A选项“有时间”并不能证明经济得到发展，所以A选项错误。B选项：表述与原文刚好相反，把prior to改为after就正确了。D选项：第四段第2句说“即使政府不强迫发展教育，经济持续增长也会促进教育事业的发展”，由此可知，教育的产生并不是对政府施加压力的结果，故排除选项D。

第五段第2句指出：“竞争的环境推动我们的祖先实现这一生产潜力，他们反过来又有能力获得更多的教育机会。”即：竞争的环境→生产率的发展一教育发展（development of education），所以C选项说教育发展“发生在生产效率提高之后”符合文意，故为正确答案。同时选项A说教育发展“直接源自竞争的环境”是错误的，因为中间还有生产率发展这一环节。第五段第2句还说明教育的发展需要依赖于经济表现，所以B选项是正反混淆。根据D选项关键词political changes可以定位到末段第4句，“政治改革（political changes）或许只能靠更广泛的正规教育去实现”，因此，正规教育的发展可以推进或支持政治变革，所以D选项也是正反混淆。