2013年北京师范大学考博英语真题

希赛网英语频道为同学们整理了北京师范大学考博英语真题.请同学们多多复习.专心备考。

Part I Reading Comprehension (45%)

Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D by marking the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.

Passage One

In contrast to rock musicians, jazz players prefer to spend their time with their music and tend to measure success by that single standard, as a trombonist once put it: ‘‘ A jazz musician would rather play a good concert for three people than a bad one for three thousand. ” All the same, with their fellow players, jazzmen are collegiate and gregarious, exchange musical ideas in a spirit of mutual support or friendly competition, uniting in a collaborative effort to raise the level of their art. Even the greatest individuals have benefited from the talents of others. In this legendary band, Duke Ellington provided star soloists with the ideal framework for their abilities. At the same time, they inspired him with the rich material of their personal idioms and phrases, which found their way into his compositions. In fact, Ellington was so adept at recycling what he heard that one of them described him as “ not a composer but a compiler”.

Ellington’s creative gifts were genuine and vast, but for much of his life he did receive crucial assistance not only from the involvement of his band, but from an actual day-in, day-out collaborator. In 1938 he met Billy Strayhom, a young pianist-composer who was immediately brought into the ducal fold. Strayhom became Ellington’s altered ego, contributing scores to the band but functioning even more importantly as a silent partner, completing pieces Ellington left unfinished, reworking others and acting as all-purpose composer — sometimes credited, more often not. Ellington provided Strayhom with financial security, artistic respect and the creative medium of the Ellington band. Throughout their partnership 一 which lasted until Strayhom’s death in 1967 一 they never had a contract. Ellington simply paid all creative equal and friends, describing him as “ my favorite human being”，Strayhom, a homosexual bon vivant, brilliant but self-effacing, let Ellington take both the glory and the strain of stardom, while he relieved some of the artistic pressure with a talent comparable to the leader’s own.

Though occasionally there was discord over the matter of official composer credit in their joint works, Ellington always publicly acknowledged his colleague’s contributions, and the many Strayhom originals in Ellington’s book speak for themselves, including the band’s famous theme and greatest hit, “Take the Train”. Thought the young man was adept at imitating the ducal style, his own unique voice, full of subtle impressionist colors, influenced a generation of later jazz composers.

1. According to the article, jazzmen .

A. compete fiercely with each other

B. are not sociable when they are with their fellow players

C. refuse to exchange ideas about music with their fellow players

D. collaborate a lot with their fellow players to improve the level of their art

2. Which of the following statements is TRUE about Duke Ellington?

A. He refused to collaborate with but a few talented musicians.

B. He had little natural talent but rather used other’s genius for his own purposes.

C. He entered into a collaborative relationship with Billy Strayhom that suited both men.

D. He often utilized material from lesser known musicians without proper acknowledgement.

3. Of the Strayhorn/Ellington relationship，the author believes .

A. both men were ultimately dissatisfied with their working arrangement

B. Strayhom was respected and well compensated for his contributions to the band

C. Strayhom provided the bulk of the creative talent while Ellington received the public recognition for their effort

D. while their professional relationship was productive, their personalities often clashed, putting a strain on their relationship

4. The author feels jazz musicians .

A. strive for commercial success over musical accomplishment

B. differ from rock musicians in their ability to raise the level of their music

C. are traditionally soloists who gain little from cooperative collaboration

D. gain much through mutual collaboration, although often individualists

5. It is indicated that Billy Strayhom .

A. wrote many famous songs and often attributed to Duke Ellington

B. ended his work with Duke Ellington amid tension and frustration

C. struggled financially as he never received proper credit for his work

D. was basically known for integrating different jazz themes into a larger compilation

6. The title for this passage would be •

A. Jazzmen Strayhom and Ellington Walk Alone

B. A Classic Collaborative Effort during Jazz’s Finest Hour

C. Strayhom and Ellington: an Unequal and Frustration Collaboration

D. Jazz Is Never Played in Group: Ellington and Strayhom Tell the World

7. What is the possible meaning of the underlined word “hit” in the last paragraph?

A. a successful play

B. striking vigorously

C. a song that was welcomed by the public

D. a headline printed prominently to draw the public attention

Passage Two

Water is the giver and, at the same time, the taker of life. It covers most of the surface of the planet we live on and features large in the development of the human race. On present predictions，it is a cement that is set to assume even greater significance. Throughout history, water has had a huge impact on our lives. Humankind has always had a rather ambiguous relationship with water, on the one hand receiving enormous benefit from it, not just as a drinking source, but as a provider of food and a means whereby to travel and to trade. But forced to live close to water in order to survive and to develop, the relationship has not always been peaceful or beneficial. In fact, it has been quite the contrary. What has essentially been a necessity for survival was turned out in many instances to have a very destructive and life-threatening side.

Through the ages, great floods alternated with long periods of drought have assaulted people and their environment, hampering their fragile fight for survival. The dramatic changes to the environment that are now a feature of our daily news are not exactly new: fields that were once lush and fertile are now barren； lakes and rivers that were once teeming with life are now long gone； savannah has been turned to desert. What perhaps is new is our native wonder when faced with the forces of nature. Today, we are more aware of climatic changes around the world. Floods in far-flung places are instant news for the whole world. Perhaps these events make us feel better as we face the destruction of our own property by floods and other natural disasters.

In 2002, many parts of Europe suffered severe flood damage running into billions of euros. Properties across the continent collapsed into the sea as waves pounded the coastline wreaking havoc with sea defenses. But it was not just the seas. Rivers swollen by heavy rains and by the effects of deforestation carried large volumes of water that wrecked many communities. Building stronger and more sophisticated river defenses against flooding is the expensive short-term answer. There are simpler ways. Planting trees in highland areas, not just in Europe but in places like the Ganges Delta, is a cheaper and more attractive solution. Progress is already being made in convincing countries that the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is causing considerable damage to the environment. But more effort is needed in this direction. And the future? If we are to believe the forecasts, it is predicted that two thirds of the world population will be without fresh water by 2025. But for a growing number of regions of the world the future is already with us. While some areas are devastated by flooding, scarcity of water in many other places is causing conflict. The state of Texas in the United States of America is suffering a shortage of water with the Rio Grande failing to reach the Gulf of Mexico for the first time in 50 years in the spring of 2002, pitting region against region as they vie for water sources. With many parts of the globe running dry through drought and increased water consumption, there is now talk of water being the new oil.

Other doom-laden estimates suggest that, while tropical areas will become drier and uninhabitable, coastal regions and some low-lying islands will in all probability be submerged by the sea as the polar ice caps melt. Popular exotic destinations now visited by countless tourists will become no-go areas. Today’s holiday hotspots of southern Europe and elsewhere will literally become hotspots — too hot to live in or visit. With the current erratic behavior of the weather，it is difficult not to subscribe to such despair.

Some might say that this despondency is ill-founded, but we have had ample proof that there is something not quite right with the climate. Many parts of the world have experienced devastating flooding. As the seasons revolve, the focus of the destruction moves from one continent to another. The impact on the environment is alarming and the cost to life depressing. It is a picture to which we will need to become accustomed.

8. The writer believes that water .

A. is gradually becoming of greater importance

B. will have little impact on our lives in future

C. is something we will need more than anything else

D. will have even greater importance in our lives in future

9. Humankind’s relationship with water has been •

A. two-sided B. one-side

C. purely one of great benefit D. fairly frightening

10. The writer suggests that .

A. we are in awe of the news we read and see on TV every day

B. change to the environment leaves us speechless

C. we should not be in awe of the news we read and see on TV every day

D. our surprise at the environmental change brought about by nature is something new

11. According to the passage, planting trees .

A. has to be coordinated internationally

B. is more expensive than building sea and river defenses

C. is a less expensive answer to flooding in all regions

D. is not an answer to the problem of flooding in all regions

12. By 2025, it is projected that .

A. at least half the world population will have fresh water

B. one-third of the world population will have fresh water

C. the majority of the world population will have fresh water

D. fresh water will only be available to half of the world population

13. According to the passage, in the future low-lying islands .

A. will still be habitable B. will not be under water

C. are likely to be under water D. will probably not be under water

14. According to the writer, .

A. people do not need to get used to environmental damage

B. people will need to get used to climate changes that cause environmental damage

C. people are now more used to environmental damage than they have been in the past

D. the general despondency about environmental changes is ill-founded

Passage Three

The legend of Paul Revere’s midnight ride through the Massachusetts countryside in 1775 is known to most Americans, young and old. As the story goes, Paul Revere was a silversmith in Boston at the time of the American Revolution. When he learned that the British army planned to attack the towns and villages of Middlesex County, farmhouse and village hall, to warn the local revolutionary soldiers of the planned attack. Because of his warning (according to legend) the struggling American colonies were able to defeat the British in an important battle. One reason for the popularity of the legend may be the publicity it has received through Henry

Wadsworth Longfellow’s commemorative poem, Paul Revere，s Ride. Longfellow wrote the poem in 1861 and it has since then become one of the most well-known and well-loved poems in the country. The poem certainly captures the sense of danger and excitement, met with courage and ingenuity which many Americans associate with the American Revolution. It is easy to understand why the poem evokes such a large audience.

However, Longfellow’s poem contains a number of historical errors. According to Longfellow’s poem, Paul Revere instructed a friend to watch the movement of the British troops and determine whether they marched inland or towards their boats. The friend was then to hang lanterns in the tower of the Old Church in Boston: one lantern if the British marched by land and two lanterns if they marched by sea. The expression “one if by land and two if by sea，” taken from Longfellow’s poem, has become very popular and is often quoted. But this idea contains two inaccuracies. First, the lanterns were hung in the tower of the Old Christ Church, not the Old North Church, which is in a completely different part of Boston and would not have been visible from Paul Revere’s lookout point. Second, Longfellow confused the meaning of the number of lanterns to be hung: the actual arrangement was “two if by land and one if by sea. ”

Not all of Longfellow’s historical mistakes are so minor. It seems as though Longfellow chose to emphasize the idea of one lone hero struggling against many opposing forces，with only his own abilities to rely on. But actually, Paul Revere was only one of three riders delegated to warn the Revolutionary soldiers about the coming attack. Some people feel that Longfellow’s errors are insignificant, and that the ideals of courage and cunning are the important features of both the poem and the historical events which inspired it. But others feel that, while it probably makes little difference how many lanterns were hung from which church tower, the poem’s emphasis on the solitary hero runs counter to the most valuable idea in the poem: the idea of unity and cooperation in the face of danger. Critics of the poem raise an important question: Longfellow’s poem tells a famous story, and tells it powerfully — but is it the right story?

15. According to the article, which of the following statements about Paul Revere is TRUE?

A. Paul Revere was a silversmith in Boston.

B. Paul Revere rode on horseback all alone in Massachusetts.

C. Paul Revere was instructed to watch closely the movements of the British troops.

D. Paul Revere was instructed to watch closely the movements of the British people.

16. Paul Revere RODE THROUGH Middlesex County because he wanted to warn the local townspeople that •

A. the British were going to steal their silver

B. the British army was going to attack them

C. the British were going to plunder the town

D. they should escape from the British soldiers by sea instead of running away over land

17. According to the article, what is one of the factors that contribute to the popularity of the story of Paul Revere?

A. Longfellow’s poem “Paul Revere’s Ride”.

B. Paul Revere’s courage and bravery.

C. The important event of the American Revolution.

D. An important question raised by critics of the poem.

18. According to the article, what the opponents of Longfellow’s poem really mean •

A. are all minor

B. make his poem unpopular

C. may confuse people about the important ideas behind the historical events on which the poem is based

D. show that Longfellow did not care how many or from which church tower lanterns were hung

19. The lantern hung from the tower of Old North Church .

A. was visible from Paul Revere’s lookout point

B. indicated that the British were going to attack by land

C. is one of many inaccuracies in Longfellow’s poem

D. indicated that the British were going to attack by sea

20. The author thinks that Longfellow’s poem •

A. has helped to publicize the story of Paul Revere

B. contains both major and minor historical inaccuracies

C. may emphasize the wrong features of the story

D. all of the above

21. The author’s attitude toward Longfellow’s poem is •

A. largely satirical B. partially critical C. fairly appreciative D. very ironical

Passage Four

In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer — government or private — school have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women’s earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs，results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employers would be 14. 6 percent employers, other things

being equal.

In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of White male and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. ( Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earning differentials that were the result of racial disparities. ) Brown’s research design controlled for education, labor force participation, mobility, motivations, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study’s results. Brown’s results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.

One can infer from Brown’s results that consumer discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions. Brown’s results are clearly consistent with Fuchs’ argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on women’s earnings as is

discrimination in the private sector.

22. The passage mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employed women may encounter except .

A. discrimination from suppliers B. discrimination from consumers

C. problems in obtaining good employees D. problems in obtaining government assistance

23. A study of the practices of financial institutions that revealed no discrimination against self- employed women would tend to contradict which of the following?

A. Some explicit results of Brown’s study. B. Fuchs’ hypothesis.

C. A suggestion made by the author. D. Sanborn’s hypothesis.

24. According to Brown’s study, women’s earnings categories occur in which of the following orders, from highest earnings to lowest earnings?

A. Government employment, private employment, self-employment.

B. Self-employment, private employment, government employment.

C. Private employment, self-employment, government employment.

D. Private employment, government employment, self-employment.

25. Which of the following questions does the passage explicitly answer?

A. Why do self-employed women have more difficulty than men in hiring high quality employees?

B. Why do private employers discriminate more against women than do government employers?

C. Why were Black workers excluded from the sample used in Brown’s study?

D. Why do suppliers discriminate against self-employed women?

26. It can be inferred from the passage that the statements in the last paragraph are most probably

A. Brown’s elaboration of his research results

B. the author’s conclusions, based on Fuchs’ and Brown’s results

C. Brown’s tentative inference from his data

D. the author’s criticisms of Fuchs’ argument, based on Brown’s results

27. Which of the following titles best describe the content of the passage as a whole?

A. The Necessity for Earnings Differentials in a Free Market Economy.

B. How Discrimination Affects Women’s Choice of Type of Employment?

C. The Relative Effect of Private Employer Discrimination on Men’s Earnings as Compared to Women’s Earnings.

D. The Relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers, Private Employers, and Consumers on Women’s Earnings.

Passage Five

Famed for their high-elevation forests, the Appalachian Mountains sweep south from Quebec to Alabama. Highest in New England and North Carolina, this broad system covers more than 1, 200 miles to form the rocky backbone of the eastern United States. The Blue Ridge Mountains form a substantial part, 615 miles, of the far-reaching Appalachians. They begin as a narrow, low ridge in Pennsylvania, then slowly spread and rise until they reach the height of 5, 938 feet at majestic Grandfather Mountain in North Carolina. The Blue Ridge technically includes among its major spurs the Great Smoky Mountains and the Black Mountains ； Mount Mitchell, in the latter range, is at 6, 684 feet the highest peak east of the Mississippi River. Like the rest of the Appalachians, these mountains were once substantially higher and bolder. Their uplift was completed some 289 million years ago, and they have been drastically eroded ever since. At one time, immense continental glaciers covered the land as far south as Pennsylvania. Although they did not spread over the Blue Ridge, plants and animals far beyond their reach became adapted to the cold. When the climate wanned and the ice melted, the cold-adapted species retreated northward, surviving in the south only at higher, cooler elevations.

Red Spruces and Fraser firs are remnants of the Ice Age, thriving in the higher elevations of the Blue Ridge； and local belches, birches, and red oaks are typical of forests farther to the north. Sharing the high peaks is another distinctive plant community. This is the “bald” 一 a treeless area covered with grass, or more commonly, with broad-leaved shrubs. Often large and vigorous, the latter include huckleberries, mountain laurel, and most especially, rhododendron, an evergreen shrub that blossoms in June and creates some of the most spectacular wild gardens on Earth.

28. The southernmost point of the Appalachian Mountains is in .

A. Quebec B. New England C. Alabama D. North Carolina

29. The expression “the latter range” in paragraph two refers to .

A. Appalachians B. the Black Mountains -

C. the Great Smoky Mountains D. Grandfather Mountain

30. According to the passage, the melting of glaciers caused some plant species to .

A. adapt to the heat B. die out

C. grow bigger and stronger D. move northward

31. The author mentions all of the following as plants that can be found in a “bald” EXCEPT

A. mountain laurel B. huckleberries C. red oaks D. rhododendron

32. Where in the passage does the author mention what has happened to the development of the mountains since they reached their highest point?

A. The second sentence of Paragraph One. B. The latter half of the second paragraph.

C. The first two sentences of Paragraph Two. D. The whole Paragraph Two.

33. According to the passage, a 615-mile expanse of the Appalachians is known as .

A. the Blue Ridge Mountains B. Grandfather Mountain

C. the Black Mountains D. the Great Smoky Mountains

Passage Six

Throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, citizens of the United States maintained a bias against big cities. Most lived on farms and in small towns and believed cities to be centers of corruption, crime, poverty, and moral degradation. Their distrust was caused, in part, by a national ideology they proclaimed fanning the greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living. This attitude prevailed even as the number of urban dwellers increased and cities became an essential feature of the national landscape. Gradually, economic reality overcame ideology. Thousands abandoned the precarious life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the city. But when these people migrated from the countryside, they carried their fears and suspicious with them. These new urbanities, already convinced that cities were overwhelmed with great problems, eagerly embrace the progressive reforms that promised to bring order out of the chaos of the city.

One of many reforms came in the area of public utilities. Water and sewerage systems were usually operated by municipal governments, but the gas and electric networks were privately owned. Reformers feared that the privately owned utility companies would charge exorbitant rates for these essential services and deliver them only to people who could afford them. Some city and state governments responded by regulating the utility companies, but a number of cities began to supply these services themselves. Proponents of these reforms argued that public ownership and regulation would insure widespread access to these utilities and guarantee a fair price. While some reforms focused on government and public behavior, others looked at the cities as a whole. Civic leaders, convinced that physical environment influenced human behavior, argued that cities should develop master plans to guide their future growth and development. City planning was nothing new, but the rapid industrialization and urban growth of the late nineteenth century took place without any consideration for order. Urban renewal in the twentieth century followed several courses.

Some cites introduced plans to completely rebuild the city core. Most other cities contented themselves with zoning plans for regulating future growth. Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aide for industrial or commercial development.

34. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. A comparison of urban and rural life in the early twentieth century.

B. The role of government in twentieth century urban renewal.

C. Efforts to improve urban life in the early twentieth century.

D. Methods of controlling urban growth in the twentieth century.

35. The first paragraph suggests that most people who lived in rural areas .

A. were suspicious of their neighbors B. were very proud of their lifestyle

C. believed city government had too much power D. wanted to move to the cities

36. In the early twentieth century, many rural dwellers migrated to the city in order to .

A. participate in the urban reform movement B. seek financial security

C. comply with a government ordinance D. avoid crime and corruption

37. What concern did reformers have about privately owned utility companies?

A. They feared the services would not be made available to all city dwellers.

B. They believed private ownership would slow economic growth.

C. They did not trust the companies to obey the government regulations.

D. They wanted to ensure that the services would be provided to rural areas.

38. All of the following were the direct result of public utility reforms EXCEPT .

A. local governments determined the rates charged by private utility companies

B. some utility companies were owned and operated by local governments

C. the availability of services was regulated by local government

D. private utility companies were required to pay a fee to local governments

39. Why does the author mention “industrialization” in Paragraph 3?

A. To explain how fast urban growth led to poorly designed cities.

B. To emphasize the economic importance of urban areas.

C. To suggest that labor disputes had become an urban problem.

D. To illustrate the need for construction of new factories.

Passage Seven

By 1776 the fine art of painting as it had developed in western Europe up to this time had been introduced into the American colonies through books and prints, European visitors and immigrants, and traveling colonists who brought back copies ( and a few original) of old master paintings and acquaintance with European art institutions. By the outbreak of the Revolution against British rule in 1776, the status of the artists had already undergone change. In the mid-eighteenth century, painters had been willing to assume such artisan- related tasks as varnishing, gilding teaching, keeping artists were described at the time suggests their status: “limner” was usually applied to the anonymous portrait painter up to the 1760，s: “painter” characterized anyone who could paint a flat surface. By the second half of the century, colonial artists who were trained in England or educated in the classics rejected the status of laborer and thought of themselves as artists. Some colonial urban portraitists, such as John Singleton Copley, Benjamin West, and Charles Wilson Peale, consorted with affluent patrons. Although subject to fluctuations in their economic status, all three enjoyed sufficient patronage to allow them to maintain an image of themselves as professional artists, an image indicated by their custom of signing their paintings. A few art collectors

James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.

Although the colonists tended to favor portraits, they also accepted landscapes, historical works, and political engravings as appropriate artistic subjects. With the coming of independence from the British Crown, a sufficient number of artists and their works were available to serve nationalistic purposes. The achievements of the colonial artists, particularly those of Copley, West, and Peale, lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste — a necessary step before art could assume an important role in the new republic.

40. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. European influence on colonial American painting.

B. The importance of patronage to artists.

C. The changing status of artists in the American colonies in the eighteenth century.

D. Subjects preferred by artists in the American colonies in the eighteenth century.

41. According to the passage, before the American Revolution the main task of limners was to

A. paint wheel carriages B. paint portraits

C. varnish furniture D. paint flat surfaces

42. It can be inferred from the passage that artists who were trained in England •

A. considered artists to be superior to painters B. barely painted portraitists

C. were often very wealthy D. imitated English painters

43. According to the passage, artists such as Copley, West and Peale signed their paintings because this .

A. increased the monetary value of the paintings

B. made it more difficult for other artists to copy the paintings

C. supported the artists’ image of professionalism

D. distinguished colonial American artists from European artists

44. The author mentions James Bowdoin III and William Byrd in Paragraph 2 as examples of which of the following?

A. Art gallery owners who displayed only European art.

B. Art collectors who had a profound influence on American attitudes toward art.

C. Artists who gave financial support to other artists.

D. Patrons who helped to encourage artisans to become artists.

45. With which of the following would the author be most likely to agree?

A. Countries that have not had a political revolution are unlikely to develop great art.

B. The most successful art collectors are usually artists themselves.

C. The value of colonial American paintings decreased after the Revolution.

D. Colonial artists made an important contribution to the evolving culture of the new nation.

Part H Translation (40%)

A. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese:

1

A healthy system of higher education offers many rewards: scientific discoveries, eventual and even unforeseen applications, thoughtful political leadership, intelligent public discourse, cultural vitality, and an educated workforce. Higher learning serves several goals in coordination, goals that are mutually reinforcing. The aims are at once personal and social, private and public, economic, ethical, and intellectual. Of course, higher education has a utilitarian function. In that regard, as Robert Bellah (罗伯特.贝拉)states, it possesses “its own legitimacy”. Yet, it is crucial to combine and integrate that function with other aims and ends, with what Bellah calls “ education for the development of character, citizenship, and culture. ’’

2

While it is true that living organisms are profoundly affected by their environment, it is equally important to remember that many organisms are also capable of altering their habitant significantly, sometimes limiting their own growth. The influence of the biological component of an ecosystem is often greater in fresh waters than that in marine or terrestrial systems, because of the small size of many freshwater bodies.

B. Translate the following into English:

在当今快速发展变化的世界，各行各业的管理者都需要有充分的想象力和批判精神，而非某种不成熟的狭隘观点。就现实而言，坚实的人文和科学学科的教育通常会对很多具有挑战性的高级职业，以及越来越多的成年人追求的职业做着最实实在在的准备。没有任何一个特别的研究领域会永远成为安全感、领导力和个人满足感的门票。

Part HI Writing (15%)

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 150 words. 

Fishing and Rights

Acidification, warming, the destruction of coral reefs: the biggest problems facing the sea are as vast, deep and seemingly intractable as the oceans themselves. So long as the world fails to cut its emissions of greenhouse gases, cause of the global wanning behind these troubles, they will grow. By

comparison, overfishing, another great cause, should be easier to put right, especially in the coastal waters where most fishing occurs. And yet it goes on, year after year. Fishermen have every reason to do something. Many fisheries are hurtling towards collapse ； stocks of large fish have been reduced by up to 90% . When stocks are overfished, they yield a smaller catch. The cost of mismanagement, in lost economic output, is huge: some $ 50 billion a year, according to the World Bank. One reason why the pillage continues is that knowledge of fish stocks is poor, especially in developing countries. A new statistical attempt at estimating the remaining shoals, from University of California, Santa Barbara, is therefore welcome 一 even if that is not true of its findings that stocks are even more ravaged than previously thought. The study found that better understood fisheries are likelier

to be healthy. Another reason for overfishing is new technology ( developed, aptly enough, for battlefields) , which makes shoals easier to detect. As large boats and refrigeration have spread, fishing fleets have covered greater distances and hovered up larger catches. Because technology lets fishermen fish with less effort, it disguises just how fast the stocks are depleting.

Fishermen generally understand the risks of overfishing. Yet still they flout quotas, where they exist. That is often because they take a short-term view of the asset 一 they would rather cash in now

and invest the money in something else. And it is invariably compounded by a commons-despoiling feeing that if they don’t plunder, others will. In most fisheries, the fishermen would make more money by husbanding their resource, and it should be possible to incentivize them to do so. The best way is to give them a defined, long-term right to a share of the fish. In regulated industrial fisheries, as in Iceland, New Zealand and America, this

has taken the form of a tradable, individual share of a fishing quota. Developing countries, where law enforcement is weak, seem to do better when a group right over an expanse of water is given to a cooperative or village fleet. The principle is the same: fishermen who feel like owners are more likely to behave as responsible stewards. The new statistical study confirms that rights-based fisheries are generally healthier.

Yet only a few hundred of the ocean’s thousands of fisheries are run this way, mainly because such schemes are hard to get right. Limiting access to a common resource creates losers, and therefore discord. Cultural differences affect success rates ； not everyone is as law-abiding as Icelanders. Almost everywhere it takes time to convince fishermen, the last hunter-gatherers, to change their habits. But, barnacled by caveats though it may be, the rights-based approach is the best available. In rich countries, satellite imagery will increasingly help, by making monitoring cheaper and better. In many poor ones, devolution is making it easier to form local organizations. Another promising idea is to incorporate rights-based fisheries with no-catch zones. These safeguard breeding- stocks and are easier to monitor than individual catches. Where stocks are recovering, as a result of these reforms, fishermen are likelier to see scientifically determined quotas as in their self-interest. In the end, that may be the only hope.

点击返回历年北京师范大学考博英语真题总卷<<<

考博英语自学神器：北京师范大学-希赛学习包

版权辅导教材+推荐自学计划+在线智能题库+知识点练习+入群共同学习+1-2年服务期

考博英语培训课程：北京师范大学-希赛课程

结合历年考试真题，辅以相关理论知识，以轻松、简化的语言教授，让学生迅速掌握知识点及做题技巧。

小编推荐：

加入希赛网，获取更多考博英语相关信息，真题解析

>>点击注册会员，享更多英语考试相关资料