2016年华东师范大学考博英语真题

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Part I: Vocabulary and Structure (15%)

Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A9 B. C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center.

1. The boss of the company        his request to be transferred to the sales department.

A. turned down     B. turned out        C. turned over         D. turned in

2. Nowadays more and more people are aware that        can broaden their mind.

A. trip         B. journey         C. tour            D. travel

3. They often quarreled with each other. They seemed often        .

A. in trouble     B. in strangeness     C. at odds            D. in conformity

4.        , a television set is in use in every home for about 6 hours each day.

A.It is averaged B. On the average

C. The average is D. According to the average

5. Of the thousands of known volcanoes in the world, the overwhelming majority are        . In other words, they are inactive.

A. minor          B. unpredictable C. dormant D. uncharted

6. Foxes are solitary most of the year except during the breeding season, which means they are       most of the time.

A. alert            B. alone C. restless D. fearless

7. I was misunderstood by the boss because John often       what I said in front of him.

A. solicited         B. told C. twisted D. propagated

8. All living things have certain       that are passed on from one generation to the next.

A. cells             B. viruses C. attributes D. flaws

9. Because of        weather conditions, more than a dozen states in the US were declared disaster areas last year.

A. moist           B. harsh           C. bizarre      D. impossible

10. The gunshot        the birds from their hiding place.

A. spread         B. separated      C. flushed         D. dispersed

11. The new reservoir will play a decisive part in ending the flood       .

A. venture        B. menace       C. adventure         D. impetus

12. He got a very low score because his handwriting is simply       .

A. illegible       B. inaudible      C. incomprehensible     D. inconceivable

13. After crude oil is        a well, it is usually piped to a refinery.

A. processed in    B. located in      C. transported from      D. extracted from

14. Man is superior to animals       between an eye and a camera.

A. a simplicity     B. a difference    C. an analogy           D. an unevenness

15. By today's standards, early farmers were       because they planted the same crop repeatedly, exhausting the soil after a few harvests.

A. stupid B. stubborn C. unwise D. incautious

16. Last year he went to a tropical island where no one knew him and he didn't have to do       lie on the beach.

A. nothing but        B. anything but        C. something but D. all but

17. This town is famous for       bridge.

A. a white beautiful stone           B. a beautiful stone white

C. a white stone beautiful           D. a beautiful white stone

18.Just as the soil is part of the earth,       the atmosphere.

A. and so is          B. so is           C. the same is            D. also is

19. Nearly a whole week passed        the patient was able to explain what had happened to him.

A. when B. till C. before D. after

20. Though she is already sixty, she is still      good shape from running 10 kilometers a day.

A. in              B. on C. with D. of

21. Scientists estimated that the strength of the new material would be      of steel.

A. twice what       B. twice that C. twice D. twice double

22. The inductive method of reasoning is the basis of the common sense       .

A. people act on it                      B. which people act

C.on which people act                  D. which people act on it

23. Peter Debye developed a method for burning substances to the lowest temperatures       .

A. known to science              B. known in science

C. known by science              D. known for science

24. Respiration is necessary for cells of plants       for those of animals.

A. including B. furthermore          C. such as D. as well as

25. Since the war there have occurred on our British roads       casualties as we suffered in the war.

A. more than half            B. what are half as many

C. half as many are           D.more than half as many

26.        a baby turtle is hatched, it must be able to fend for itself.

A. Not sooner than       B. No sooner than         C. As soon as            D. So soon as

27. One important lemon by-product is citric acid,       white crystalline powder.

A. that it is a             B. is a           C. a            D. which a

28. Wool processing        arts to be developed by man.

A. was the first one        B. it was the first

C. as one of the           D.was one of the first

29. Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than       eastern Nebraska.

A. does           B. in         C. it does in           D. in it does

30. The committee had resolved that the vote       until December.

A.will be postponed         B. is going to be postponed

C.is to be postponed         D. be postponed

Part II: Cloze (20%)

Directions: Read the passage through, then go back and choose one item of suitable word (s) marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word (s) you have chosen with a single line across the bracket on ANSWER SHEET I.

A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply—-all these were important

31  in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution.  32  they were not enough. Something  33  was needed to start the industrial process. That “something special” was men  34   individuals who could invent machines, find new  35  of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society.

The men who  36  the machines of the Industrial Revolution  37  from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were  38  inventors than scientists. A man who is a  39  scientist is primarily interested in doing his research  40  . He is not necessarily working  41  that his findings can be used.

An investor or one interested in applied science is  42  trying to make something that has a concrete  43  . He may try to solve a problem by using the theories  44  science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a  45  result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of   46  other objectives.

Most of the people who  47  the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and investors. Even those who had  48  or no training in science might not have made their inventions  49  a ground-work had not been laid by scientists years  50  .

31. A. cases        B.reasons        C. factors         D. situations

32. A. But       B. And        C. Besides      D. Even

33. A. else         B. near           C. extra           D. similar

34. A. generating   B. effective         C. motivating     D. creative

35. A. origins      B. sources          C. bases         D. discoveries

36. A. employed   B. created         C. operated       D. controlled

37. A. came       B. arrived        C. stemmed       D. appeared

38. A. less        B. better          C. more          D. worse

39. A. genuine    B. practical        C. pure          D. clever

40. A. happily    B. occasionally     C. reluctantly      D. accurately

41. A. now       B. and          C.all              D. so

42. A. seldom      B. sometimes     C. usually       D. never

43. A. plan        B. use          C. idea          D. means

44. A. of         B. with          C. to            D. as

45. A. single      B. sole         C. specialized      D. specific

46. A. few        B. those        C. many          D. all

47. A. proposed     B. developed     C. supplied       D. offered

48. A. little        B. much          C. some         D. any

49. A. as          B. if              C. because      D. while

50. A. ago        B. past            C. ahead         D. before

Part III: Reading Comprehension (25%)

Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center:

Passage 1

Here is my simple test for a product of today's technology: I go to the bookstores and check the shelves for remedial books. The more books, the more my suspicions are raised. If computers and computer programs supposedly are getting easier to use, why are so many companies still making a nice living publishing books on how to use them?

Computers manipulate information, but information is invisible. There is nothing to see or touch. The programmer decides what you see on the screen. Computers don't have nobs like old radios. They don't have buttons, not real buttons. Instead, more and more programs display pictures of buttons, moving even further into abstractions and arbitrariness. I like computers, but I hope they will disappear, that they will seem as strange to our descendants as the technologies of our grandparents appear to us. Today's computers are indeed getting easier to use, but look where they started: so difficult that almost any improvement was welcome.

Computers have the power to allow people within a company, across a nation or even around the world to work together. But this power will be wasted if tomorrow's computers aren't designed around the needs and capabilities of the human beings who must use them—a people-centered philosophy, in other words. That means retooling computers to mesh with human strengths—observing, communicating and innovating_instead of asking people to conform to unnatural behavior computers demand. That just leads to error.

Many of today's machines try to do too much. When a complicated word processor attempts to double as a desktop publishing program or a kitchen appliance comes with half a dozen attachments, the products are bound to be unwisely and burdensome. My favorite example of a technological product on just the right scale is an electronic dictionary. It can be made smaller, lighter and far easier to use than a print version, not only giving meanings but even pronouncing the words. Today's electronic dictionaries, with their tiny keys and barely legible displays, are primitive but they are on the right track.

51. According to the author, companies can make a living by publishing books on how to use computers because           .

A. few companies are publishing such books

B. computers manipulate invisible information

C. it is not easy to learn how to use computers and computer programs

D. books on how to use computers are cheaper

52. The author hopes that           .

A. the elderly can learn new technologies if they need

B. future generations can use something better than computers

C. he himself can get rid of computers as quickly as possible

D. radios will be made as complicated as computers

53. According to the passage, today's computers should be           .

A. improved to conform to international conventions

B. designed with more buttons

C. based on people-centered philosophy

D. made with more information shown on the screen

54. The word “retooling” in Para. 3 can best be replaced by           .

A.recovering          B.replacing       C.rearranging       D.reproaching

55. Which of the following seems to be the author's conclusion?

A. It is burdensome to learn the arbitrary ways of the computer.

B. It is a mistake to invent computer technology.

C. Primitive machines are easier to manipulate.

D. Products of today's technology are on the right track.

Passage 2

The widely used Shorter Oxford English Dictionary gives three meanings for the word “euthanasia”: the first: “a quiet and easy death”; the second, “the means of procuring this”; and the third, “the action of inducing a quiet and easy death”. It is a curious fact that no one of the three gives an adequate definition of the word. The definition specifies only the manner of the death, and if this were all that was implied, a murderer, careful to drug his victim, could claim that his act was an act of euthanasia. We find this ridiculous because we take it for granted that in euthanasia it is death itself,not just the manner of death, that must be kind to the one who dies.

To see how important it is that “euthanasia” should not be used as the dictionary definition allows it to be used, one has only to remember Hitler's “euthanasia” program. Under this program, planned before the War but brought into full operation by an order of 1 September 1939, some 275,000 people were gassed in centers which were to be a model for those in which Jews were later wiped out. The Jews captured were considered “useless” and a “burden on society”,as Hitler called them; only the manner of their deaths could be thought of as relatively easy and quiet.

To explain the word “euthanasia”,we can resort to its Greek origins to say that when we talk about euthanasia we are talking about a death understood as a good or happy event for the one who dies. This explanation, however, is not exactly in line with current usage, which would be captured by the condition that the death should not be an evil rather than that it should be a good. That this is how people talk is shown by the fact that the case of Karen Ann Quinlan and others in a state of permanent coma (昏迷)is often discussed under the heading of “euthanasia”. Perhaps it is not too late to object to the use of the word “euthanasia” in this sense. Given the importance of the issue, it is essential to have a definition of euthanasia which brings under this heading only cases of deciding on death for the sake of the one who dies.

56. When explaining the meaning of “euthanasia”, Shorter Oxford English Dictionary          .

A.fails to touch the core of the issue

B.gives too many definitions

C.encourages murderers to drug their victims

D.makes a vague distinction between euthanasia and murder

57. It can be inferred from the first and second paragraphs that          .

A. “euthanasia” was practiced before the Second World War

B. “euthanasia” is a difficult word to define

C. it is ridiculous to discuss the meaning of “euthanasia” with murderers

D. “euthanasia” can be distorted by people with evil motives

58. What's wrong with the current usage of “euthanasia”?

A. It has extended the application of “euthanasia”.

B. It is contradictory to the Greek origins of the word.

C. It focuses too much on the condition of the dying person.

D. It fails to make a distinction between an evil and a good.

59. The writer indicates that the discussion of the case of Karen Ann Quinlan shows         .

A. the necessity of practicing “euthanasia”

B. the wide-spread misunderstanding of “euthanasia”

C. people's correct interpretation of “euthanasia”

D. the importance of giving up “euthanasia”

60. The writer thinks that the most important thing in euthanasia is         .

A. showing kindness to the one who dies

B. reducing the pain of the dying person

C. benefiting the one who dies

D. discussing the issue with the dying person

Passage 3

Business has slowed, layoffs mounted, but executive pay continues to soar—at least so far. Business Week's annual survey finds that chief executive officers (CEOs) at 365 of the largest US companies got compensation last year averaging $3.1 million—up 1.3 percent from 1994.

Why are the top bosses getting an estimated 485 times the pay of a typical factory worker? That is up from 475 times in 1999 and a mere 42 times in 1980. One reason may be what experts call the “Lake Wobegon effect”. Corporate boards tend to reckon that “all CEOs are above average”一a play on Garrison Keillor's famous line in his public radio show, A Prairie Home Companion, that all the town's children are “above average”. Consultants provide boards with surveys of corporate CEO compensation. Since directors are reluctant to regard their CEOs as below average, the compensation committees of boards tend to set pay at an above-average level. The result: Pay levels get ratcheted up.

Defenders of lavish CEO pay argue that there is such a strong demand for experienced CEOs that the free market forces their pay up. They further maintain most boards structure pay packages to reflect an executive's performance. They get paid more if their companies and their stocks do well. So companies with high-paid CEOs generate great wealth for their shareholders.

But the supposed cream-of-the-crop executives did surprisingly poorly for their shareholders in 1999, says Scott Klinger, author of this report by a Boston-based Organization United for a Fair Economy. If an investor had put $10,000 apiece at the end of 1999 into the stocks of those companies with the 10 highest-paid CEOs,by year-end 2000 the investment would have shrunk to $8,132. If $10,000 had been put into the Standard & Poor's 500 stocks, it would have been worth $9,090. To Mr. Klinger, these findings suggest that the theory that one person,the CEO, is responsible for creating most of a corporation's value is dead wrong. “It takes many employees to make a corporation profitable.”

With profits down,corporate boards may make more efforts to tame executive compensation. And executives are making greater efforts to avoid pay cut. Since CEOs, seeing their options “under water” or worthless because of failing stock prices,are seeking more pay in cash or in restricted stock.

61.Which of the following statements is true about Garrison Keillor?

A.His idea on the CEOs was recognized by corporate boards.

B.One of his lines had been modified to describe the CEOs.

C.His play pointed out that “all CEOs are above average”.

D.His radio program aroused the “Lake Wobegon effect”.

62.According to the second paragraph, CEOs,pay keeps soaring mainly because         .

A.surveys indicate that CEOs deserve higher pay

B.consultants tend to believe CEOs are above average

C.directors' belief greatly influences the pay standard

D.compensation committees seldom evaluate the CEOs' ability

63.Scott Klinger most probably tends to agree that         .

A.most people lose money in the investment into the stocks

B.the CEOs' performance can't be reflected by the value of stocks

C.the CEOs are not the only factor that prospers a corporation

D.the pay of the CEOs greatly influences the profit of a company

64.“Cream-of-the-crop” is closest in meaning to         .

A. competent      B. courageous         C. disappointing     D. hard-working

65.Which of the following is the biggest concern of the corporate boards?

A. The free market.                B. The CEOs' performance.

C. The corporations' profit.          D. The CEOs' pay.

Passage 4

Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”,the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations （即兴演奏）on popular tunes. At first,the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.

As movie theatres grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist,would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters small orchestras were formed. For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown （if, indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then）, the musical arrangement was normally improvised in the greatest hurry.

To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the practice of publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments. In 1909, for example, the Edison Company began issuing with their films such indications of mood as “pleasant”,“sad”,“lively”. The suggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue （提示）sheet containing indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precise directions to show where once piece led into the next.

Certain films had music specially composed for them. The most famous of these early special scores （乐谱）was that composed and arranged for D.W. Griffith's film Birth of a Nation, which was released in 1915.

66.The passage mainly discusses music that was         .

A.performed before the showing of a film

B.played during silent films

C.specifically composed for certain movie theaters

D.recorded during film exhibitions

67.What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?

A.They were truly silent.

B.They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.

C.They incorporated the sound of the actors' voices.

D.The corresponded to specific musical compositions.

68.It can be inferred that orchestra conductors who worked in movie theaters needed to         .

A.be able to play many instruments

B.have pleasant voices

C.be familiar with a wide variety of music

D.be able to compose original music

69.The word “composed” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to         .

A.selected       B.combined        C.played        D.created

70.The passage probably continues with a discussion of          .

A.famous composers of the early twentieth century

B.other films directed by D.W. Griffith

C.silent films by other directors

D. the music in Birth of a Nation

Passage 5

Hostility to Gypsies has existed almost from the time they first appeared in Europe in the 14th century. The origins of the Gypsies, with little written history, were shrouded（笼罩）in mystery. What is known now from clues in the various dialects of their language, Romany, is that they came from northern India to the Middle East a thousand years ago, working as minstrels（吟游诗人或歌手）and mercenaries, metal-smiths and servants. Europeans misnamed them Egyptians, soon shortened to Gypsies. A clan system, based mostly on their traditional crafts and geography, had made them a deeply fragmented and fractious（难以控制的）people, only really unifying in the face of enmity from non-Gypsies, whom they call gadje. Today many Gypsy activists prefer to be called Roma, which comes from the Romany word for “man”. But on my travels among them most still referred to themselves as Gypsies.

In Europe their persecution by the gadje began quickly, with the church seeing heresy（异教,异端）in their fortune-telling and the state seeing anti-social behavior in their nomadism（流浪生活）. At various times they have been forbidden to wear their distinctive bright clothes, to speak their own language, to travel, to marry one another, or to ply（从事,经营）their traditional crafts. In some countries they were reduced to slavery—it wasn't until the mid-1800s that Gypsy slaves were freed in Romania. In more recent times the Gypsies were caught up in Nazi ethnic hysteria, and perhaps half a million perished in the Holocaust（大屠杀）. Their horses have been shot and the wheels removed from their wagons, their names have been changed, their women have been sterilized（使绝育）, and their children have been forcibly given for adoption to non-Gypsy families.

But the Gypsies have confounded （挫败）predictions of their disappearance as a distinct ethnic group, and their numbers have burgeoned. Today there are an estimated 8 to 12 million Gypsies scattered across Europe, making them the continent's largest minority. The exact number is hard to pin down. Gypsies have regularly been undercounted, both by regimes anxious to downplay their profile and by Gypsies themselves, seeking to avoid bureaucracies. Attempting to remedy past inequalities, activist groups many overcount. Hundreds of thousands more have emigrated to the Americas and elsewhere. With very few exceptions Gypsies have expressed no great desire for a country to call their own—unlike the Jews, to whom the Gypsy experience is often compared. “Romanestan, ” said Ronald Lee, the Canadian Gypsy writer, “is where my two feet stand.”

71.Gypsies are united only when they          .

A. are engaged in traditional crafts          B. call themselves Roma

C. live under a clan system                D. face external threats

72.In history hostility to Gypsies in Europe resulted in their persecution by all the following EXCEPT          .

A. the Egyptians     B. the state       C. the church        D. the Nazis

73.According to the passage, the main difference between the Gypsies and the Jews lies in their concepts of          .

A. language         B. culture        C. identity          D. custom

74.Which of the following is NOT true about the history of the Gypsies?

A.The origin of the Gypsies can only be guessed from their language.

B.Europeans had thought that the Gypsies originated from Egypt.

C.Some people had thought that the Gypsies might disappear as a distinct nationality.

D.There was once a country of the Gypsies in northern India.

75.The word “burgeoned” in the first sentence of the last paragraph probably means          .

A. grown rapidly    B. shrunk rapidly     C. grown slowly    D. shrunk slowly

Part IV: Translation (25%)

Section A (10%)

Directions: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on ANSWER SHEET II.

Aristotle defined a friend as “a single soul dwelling in two bodies”. Some people who have many friends may have a looser definition, but how many friends we have, and how easily we make, maintain and lose them, has a significant impact on our emotional well-being.

Friends can improve just about every aspect of our life. A recent study says that the recovery from a surgery included, incredibly, a reduction in the level of pain felt by patients with the most friends. Likewise, friends can protect us from the aftershocks of bereavement （丧失亲人）or divorce. They don't even have to be great friends—some of the positive effect is simply down to the company（陪同,陪伴）：have a pint（品脱；一杯啤酒）with a mate and you're by definition not socially isolated.

....A study of long-term friendships found that friendships formed during college years stayed close 20 years later, if they scored highly in closeness as well as communication to begin with. “At college you can cultivate close friendships because you're in such close proximity for sustained periods,” says Glenn Sparks, Purdue's（普渡大学的）professor of communication....

Section B (15%)

Directions: Put the following into English. Write your English version on ANSWER SHEET II.

新中国成立后,特别是改革开放以来,中国政府高度重视旅游工作,旅游业持续快速发展。

21世纪头20年,是中国全面建设小康社会,加快推进社会主义现代化的重要战略机遇 期,也是中国旅游业发展的有利时期。我们要把旅游业培育成为中国国民经济的重要产业, 合理保护和利用旅游资源,努力实现旅游业的可持续发展。中国政府欢迎各国朋友到中国旅 游观光,我们将全力保障广大旅游者健康和安全；同时鼓励更多的中国人走向世界。我们愿 同各国广泛开展合作,推动世界旅游业的发展。

Part V: Writing (15%)

Directions: Please write an argumentation based on the following topic and elaborate your point of view in about 200 words. Remember to write your composition neatly and clearly on ANSWER SHEET II.

Some people think that the national graduate entrance examination, especially at PhD level, should be suspended. Others insist that it should be kept as it is. What is your opinion? Give your reasons and use examples to support your opinion.

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