2015年华东师范大学考博英语真题

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Part I: Vocabulary and Structure (15%)

Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A9 B. C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center.

1. Mo Yan is        as one of China's most talented writers.

A.acclaimed B. claimed C. blamed D. studied

2. There has been no twentieth-century anthropologist more      or more controversial than Margaret Mead.

A.imaginative B. hard-working      C. celebrated D. strong-minded

3. Communication satellites transmit information more        than do ordinary shortwave radios.

A.conveniently B. reliably C. accessibly D. concisely

4.       evidence indicates that acid rain is damaging historic sites in many parts of this developing country.

A.Many B. Little C. Tentative D. Mounting

5.        all living things have some way of getting from here to there.

A. Certainly B. Virtually C. Deplorably D. Eventually

6. I        him that I would help him if he had any difficulty in carrying out the task.

A. ensured B. assured C. guaranteed D. vowed

7.It is dangerous to walk through a thick forest        a winter afternoon without a guide.

A. in                B. at C. on D. towards

8.At the end of the year all department stores        prices to encourage sales.

A. promote B. produce C. reduce D. induce

9.The scholarship is open to all the students        race or sex.

A. regardless of B. with regard to      C. in conformity to D. according to

10.That company claimed that this new material can        water like a sponge.

A. suck               B. absorb C. squeeze D. drink

11.Although a recession is usually characterized by at least two consecutive quarters of        GDP, this is not a fixed rule.

A. falling B. declining C. fluctuating D. impending

12.Forest fires frequently threaten human lives and cause great property damage to people        in southern California.

A.working B. sleeping C. dwelling D. playing

13. Music and paintings can communicate one's       feelings and emotions when words fail to express them.

A.slightest B. innermost C. rarest D. secret

14. All living creatures have to constantly        various changes in their environment in order to survive.

A.interfere with        B. react to C. comply with D. succumb to

15. Pregnant women are advised to take a        , balanced, and varied diet that contains plenty of nutrients from fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and fish.

A .wholesome B. gradual C. well-cooked D. delicious

16. Our Chinese tradition is quite different        we only want to defend our own country, not to invade other countries.

A.because B. for C. in that D. that

17. China hosted the Olympic Games in 2008, thus        her dream to be recognized as one of the greatest nations in the world.

A.having realized      B. realizing C. realized D. to realize

18. Suddenly the donkey gave a loud bray. Thinking that the donkey      eat him, the tiger ran away hurriedly.

A.would B. was going to C. was about to D. was to

19. Ancient Chang'an was seven times        the size of today's Xi'an city.

A. /                B. as much as C. that of D. of

20. The reason why he didn't take the exam was        he had an accident on his way to the school.

A. because B. because of C. that             D. due to

21. If it        for his help, I wouldn't be a university student now.

A. hasn't been B. hadn't been C. wasn't            D. weren't

22. According to the weather forecast, it        this afternoon.

A. will rain B. rains C. is going to rain D. is to rain

23. Neither John nor his roommates        in the dormitory yesterday evening.

A. was               B. were C. has been D. had been

24. Malaysian Airlines lost an airplane on March 8 last year,        whereabouts still remains a mystery.

A. its               B. whose C. their D. the

25.        you need any further information, please do not hesitate to let me know.

A. would B. should C. will D. shall

26. Since you have already come, you        stay here for a couple of days.

A. might well B. might as well C. might have to D. might

27. She told her parents that she had decided to marry him,        a prince or a pauper.

A. if he was B. were he C. was he D. be he

28.         you work hard enough        you be able to get a PhD degree in three years.

A. Only if, will B. If only, would C. Should, will D. Unless, would

29. Hardly        the train        when the waiting crowd ran towards it.

A. did, arrive B. has, arrived C. had, arrived D. was, arriving

30. The conference        next year will be an important event in the history of the country.

A. having been held B. being held C. to be held D. held

Part II: Cloze (20%)

Directions: Read the passage through, then go back and choose one item of suitable word (s) marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word (s) you have chosen with a single line across the bracket on ANSWER SHEET I.

To say that the child learns  31  imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every  32  he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to  33

is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn  34  a more subtle theory than “Monkey see, monkey do”.

Look at it from the child's point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a  35  response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain  36  . If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason  37  what to do, he observes a  38  who seems able to get the right  39  . The child looks for a/an  40  or expert who can show what to do.

There is a second element at  41  in this situation. The child may be able to  42  his immediate goal only to  43  that his method brings criticism  44  people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is  45  emphatically that this action is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus,the desire to  46  any objective situation is overlaid  47  the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and  48  when his parents like his response. Then other adults  49  some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must  50  responses his social group approves.

31. A. through       B. from         C.by               D. with

32. A. action        B. thing         C. situation          D. adult

33. A. learn         B. set           C. imitate           D. follow

34. A, from         B. to            C. for              D. into

35. A. ready         B. immediate    C. good             D. reasonable

36. A. ends         B. purpose       C. intention          D. goal

37. A. up           B. for           C. through           D. out

38. A. student       B. example       C. model            D. child

39. A. effect        B. reward        C. result             D. outcome

40. A. professional   B. authority      C. specialist          D. teacher

41. A. working      B. work         C. the work           D. his

42. A. attain        B. find          C. acquire            D. grasp

43. A. tell          B. get           C. find              D. realize

44. A. to           B. into          C. from              D. out of

45. A. informed     B. asked         C. notified           D. told

46. A. solve        B. face          C. encounter          D. avoid

47. A. by          B. with          C. in                D. for

48. A. like         B. love          C. consent            D. approval

49. A. grant        B. appraise       C. reward            D. award

50. A. do          B. take          C. adopt             D. employ

Part III: Reading Comprehension (25%)

Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center:

(1)

One of the most important periods in Greek history was the Hellenistic Age which began after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C., and lasted almost 200 years. It was during this time in history that Greek ideas and Greek culture spread to Egypt and throughout the Near East. A Greek state even existed as far west as India.

During the Hellenistic Age, there were great advances in such areas as philosophy, science, religion, art and social justice. Important discoveries were made in the sciences. Eratosthenes, for instance, made an accurate calculation of the diameter of the earth, while Aristarchus declared that the earth was round. Social reformers attempted to abolish debt and institute a program of land redistribution among the poor but met with little success. Women achieved a better social standing and among the middle class education became widespread.

Peace of mind was the great concern of the philosophers of the Hellenistic Age. The Stoics insisted that happiness could be achieved when man learned to accept the events which were beyond his control and, at the same time, did his duty. The Epicureans espoused the idea that moderation in pleasure and the avoidance of pain produced the desired result. The Cynics turned away from all desires and pleasures, and advocated a pursuit of virtue. In religion, many Greeks turned to the worship of such Egyptian gods as Serapis and Isis.

During the Hellenistic Age, the area of Greek influence included such political powers as the Ptolemies of Egypt, the Seleucids of Syria, the Antigonids of Macedon and the Attalids of Pergamum, and it was their fighting against each other and among themselves that paved the way for the aggressive Romans to conquer Greece and most of the Hellenistic world in the 100's B.C. The Romans brought the Hellenistic Age to a close when they conquered the last major power, Egypt, in 30 B.C.

51.What part did Alexander the Great play in the flowering of Greek culture during the Hellenistic Age?

A.It was his wisdom and power which aided its growth.

B.He helped especially in the area of science.

C.It was in social reforms that he contributed most.

D.He had no direct involvement whatsoever.

52.Which statement about the Hellenistic Age is not correct?

A.Land redistribution was less than successful.

B.The social standing of women improved.

C.Education spread from the middle to the lower classes.

D.Attempts to abolish debt did not find great success.

53.According to the passage, which statement is most likely?

A.A Cynic would seek a life of comfort and ease.

B.A Stoic would try to do what was expected of him.

C.An Epicurean would enjoy a hard fight.

D.A Stoic would attempt to triumph over nature.

54.The Roman conquest of the Hellenistic world was helped greatly by the        .

A.divisions existing among its political factions

B.inability of its philosophers to work together

C.conflict between its several religious groups

D.lack of agreement on its necessary social reforms

55.The word “espouse” in the third paragraph of this passage probably means        .

A.propose        B. marry       C. support        D. reject

(2)

Why are so many people unhappy in their jobs? There are two primary reasons. First, some people are convinced that earning a living is wasting time that they could spend enjoying themselves or uncovering their true talents.

If this is the case with you, recall your last long vacation. Was it two weeks of complete enjoyment? More likely it was a week and a half of fun in the sun, with another half of “Boy,I can't wait to get back to work.” While all work and no play is not good, all play and no work is disastrous. We need to feel we are accomplishing something. We also need some form of order in our lives.

The second and perhaps more prevalent reason for people not to like their work is that they feel trapped. Once you've been at a company for five years and have a spouse, mortgage and child, you often feel you have very little choice about jumping ship if things aren't turning out as you'd planned. A steady paycheck can be the biggest manacle of all. People resent having to do something because they have no other choice.

If you find yourself resenting your job because you can't afford to quit, it may be time to prepare what one career counselor humorously calls a “cyanide capsule”. He recalls spy movies in which the secret agent has such a capsule hidden somewhere on his body. If he's captured and tortured unbearably, he has an option. And having an option gives him the strength to hold on a little longer in the hope that the situation may change.

Rather than cyanide, your option takes the form of an up-to-date resume. Your might also take a weekly glance through the help-wanted section, and make some visits to industry functions where low-key networking can take place. You're not giving up your current job. Rather, you could jump ship. Being in this position can do wonders for your attitude. It allows you to enjoy your work since, in reality, you are there only because you want to be.

At the core of adopting a positive attitude to your workplace is,above all, assuming responsibility for your own situation. More people feel controlled by their environment, but they really aren't. They have to learn to manage that environment so they can get from it what they need.

56.What do we most likely want during a long vacation, according to the author?

A.To extend their vacation as long as possible.

B.To gain a balance between work and play.

C.To get back to work as soon as possible.

D.To relax completely, free from worry.

57.It is indicated in the passage that most people dislike their jobs because        .

A.going to work is wasting their time

B.they can't feel fulfilled in their jobs

C.they are confined to the jobs tightly

D.pay seldom corresponds with work

58.When one considers changing job,the biggest difficulty is        .

A.leaving a company and a good boss

B.reducing the family burden

C.giving up a stable income

D.drawing up a better plan for the future

59.The author suggests that, by having a “cyanide capsule” at work, one will        .

A.find a satisfactory job soon

B.be as brave as the hero in spy movies

C. be more tolerant with the present job

D. have the courage to give up the unbearable job

60.You will change your attitude towards your job when        .

A.you are provided with the chance to choose

B.you are responsible for your present job

C.you get ready your up-to-date resume

D.you get what you need from your job

(3)

Watch a baby between six and nine months old, and you will observe the basic concept of geometry being learned. Once the baby has mastered the idea that space is three-dimensional, it reaches out and begins grasping various kinds of objects. It is then, from perhaps nine to fifteen months, that the concepts of sets and numbers are formed. So far, so good. But now an ominous development takes place. The nerve fibers in the brain insulate themselves in such a way that the baby begins to hear sounds very precisely. Soon it picks up language, and it is then brought into direct communication with adults. From this point on, it is usually downhill all the way for mathematics, because the child now becomes exposed to all the nonsense words and beliefs of the community into which it has been so unfortunate as to have been born. Nature, having done very well by the child to this point, having permitted it to the arbitrary conventions and beliefs of society. But at least the child knows something of geometry and numbers, and it will always retain some memory of the early halcyon days, no matter what vicissitudes it may suffer later on. The main reservoir of mathematical talent in any society is thus possessed by children who are about two years old, children who have just learned to speak fluently.

61.What does the passage mainly discuss?

A.The impact of language on mathematics

B.Children's ability to learn languages

C.How basic concepts of physics are learned

D.Math-learning strategies for babies

62.According to the passage, which of the following activities would teach a baby about geometry?

A.Picking up a wooden block

B.Recognizing the number 2

C.Uttering a nonsense word

D.Looking at distant objects

63.According to the author, at what age does a child probably begin to learn about sets and numbers?

A.Six months      B. Nine months      C.Fifteen months        D. Eighteen months

64.The use of the word “ominous” shows that the author believes the child's    .

A.linguistic future is threatened

B.nerves will deteriorate

C.hearing will suffer

D.mathematical ability will decline

65.The author's attitude toward early childhood education can best be described as somewhat       .

A. indifferent        B. compromising         C. indulgent         D. cynical

(4)

Discovered in the early 1800s and named nicotianine, the oily essence now called nicotine is the main active ingredient of tobacco. Nicotine, however, is only a small component of cigarette smoke, which contains more than 4,700 chemical compounds, including 43 cancer-causing substances. In recent times, scientific research has been providing evidence that years of cigarette smoking vastly increases the risk of developing fatal medical conditions.

In addition to being responsible for more than 85 per cent of lung cancers, smoking is associated with cancers of, amongst others, the mouth, stomach and kidneys,and is thought to cause about 14 per cent of leukemia and cervical cancers. Last year, smoking caused more than 84,000 deaths, mainly resulting from such problems as pneumonia, bronchitis and influenza. Smoking, it is believed, is responsible for 30 per cent of all deaths from cancer and clearly represents the most important preventable cause of cancer today.

Passive smoking, the breathing in of the side-stream smoke from the burning of tobacco between puffs or of the smoke exhaled by a smoker, also causes a serious health risk. A report published last month by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emphasized the health dangers, especially from side-stream smoke. The type of smoke contains more, smaller particles and is therefore more likely to be deposited deep in the lungs. On the basis of this report, the EPA has classified environmental tobacco smoke in the highest risk category for causing cancer.

As an illustration of the health risks, in the case of a married couple where one partner is a smoker and the other a non-smoker, the latter is believed to have a 30 per cent higher risk of death from heart disease because of passive smoking. The risk of lung cancer also increases over the years of exposure and the figure jumps to 80 percent if the spouse has been smoking four packs a day for 20 years. It has been calculated that 17 percent of cases of lung cancer can be attributed to high levels of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke during childhood and adolescence.

Some reports also emphasizes that cancer is not caused by a single element in cigarette smoke; harmful effects to health are caused by many components. Carbon monoxide, for example, competes with oxygen in red blood cells and interferes with the blood’s ability to deliver life-giving oxygen to the heart. Nicotine and other toxins in cigarette smoke activate small blood cells called platelets, which increases the likelihood of blood clots, thereby affecting blood circulation throughout the body.

66.According to the passage, leukemia and pneumonia        .

A.are responsible for 84,000 deaths each year

B.are strongly linked to cigarette smoking

C.are strongly linked to lung cancer

D.result in 30 per cent of deaths per year

67.According to the passage, intake of carbon monoxide        .

A.inhibits the flow of oxygen to the heart

B.increases absorption of other smoke particles

C.inhibits red blood cell formation

D.promotes nicotine absorption

68.According to the passage, intake of nicotine encourages        .

A.blood circulation through the body

B.activity of other toxins in the blood

C.formation of blood clots

D.an increase of platelets in the blood

69.It can be inferred from the passage that        .

A.we can reduce deaths from cancer by 30% if no one smokes in the world

B.we can reduce deaths from lung cancer by 85% if no one smokes in the world

C.a non-smoker can reduce the risk of death from heart disease by 30% if he or she is able to avoid passive smoking

D.all of the above

70.The word “pneumonia” is a disease that has to do with        .

A.the heart          B.the lungs         C.the stomach       D.the kidneys

(5)

Biology may not be destiny, but genes apparently have a far greater influence on human behavior than is commonly thought. Similarities ranging from phobias to hobbies to bodily gestures are being found in pairs of twins separated at birth.

Professor Bouchard of the University of Minnesota reports that so far, exhaustive psychological tests and questionnaires have been completed with approximately 50 pairs of identical twins reared apart, 25 pairs of fraternal twins reared apart, and comparison groups of twins reared together. Studies show that twins tend to have similar mannerisms, gestures, speed and tempo in talking, habits, and jokes.

Many of the twins dressed in similar fashion. One pair had practically the same items in the toilet cases,including the same brand of cologne and a Swedish brand of toothpaste.

Twins also tend to have similar hobbies and interests—a male pair had similar workshops in their basements and a female pair had strikingly similar kitchen arrangements.

Bouchard doesn't have enough information on abnormal behavior or psychopathology to make generalizations, but he has found repeated similarities. One pair of women were both very superstitious; another pair would burst into tears at the drop of a hat,and questioning revealed that both had done so since childhood.

Overall the emerging findings of the study constitute a powerful rebuttal to those who maintain that environmental influences are primary shaping forces of personality. The textbooks are going to have to be rewritten, Bouchard predicts.

71.According to the passage, twins tend to have similar behavior        .

A.because they share the same experiences

B.because they have the same parents

C.if they are not reared together

D.no matter whether they are reared together or not

72.In Bouchard's research,        .

A.twins reared apart are studied but those reared together are not

B.twins reared apart are studied in comparison with those reared together

C.identical twins reared apart are studied in comparison with fraternal twins reared apart

D.identical twins reared apart are studied in comparison with fraternal twins reared together

73.It can be inferred from the passage that        .

A.identical twins have the same parents while fraternal twins do not

B.identical twins are of the same sex while fraternal twins are not

C.there are a few differences between identical twins and fraternal twins in terms of behavior

D.twins have many similarities between twins in behavior no matter whether they are identical or fraternal

74.It can be inferred from the passage that        .

A.twins have many similarities because they inherited them from their parents

B.twins tend to be more superstitious than other people

C.twins reared apart tend to have similar mannerisms because they have the same education

D.twins have many similarities because of the genes they inherit from their parents

75.Professor Bouchard seems to be convinced that        .

A.the existing theories about the shaping of personality are valid

B.the textbooks should be rewritten because they are out of date

C.one's environment is more important than his genes in the shaping of his personality

D.one's genes are more important than his environment in the shaping of his personality

Part IV: Translation (25%)

Section A (10%)

Directions: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on ANSWER SHEET II.

There is a theory among Occidentals that the Chinaman is inscrutable (不可理解的,谜一样的),full of secret thoughts, and impossible for us to understand. It may be that a greater experience of China would have brought me to share this opinion, but I could see nothing to support it during the time when I was working in this country.

One of the most remarkable things about the Chinese is their power of securing the affection of foreigners. Almost all Europeans like China, both those who come as tourists and those who live there for many years. In spite of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, I can hardly recall a single Englishman in the Far East who liked the Japanese as well as the Chinese. Those who have lived long among them tend to acquire their outlook and their standards. New arrivals are struck by obvious evils: the beggars, the terrible poverty, the prevalence of disease, the anarchy (无政府状 态)and corruption in politics. Every energetic Westerner feels at first a strong desire to reform these evils, and of course they ought to be reformed.

摘自：Bertrand Russel: The Chinese Character

Section B (15%)

Directions: Put the following into English. Write your English version on ANSWER SHEET II.

明朝有一位伟大的地理学家叫徐霞客。徐霞客从小喜欢阅读历史、地理、探险、游记一 类书籍,长大以后,他决心毕业从事旅行事业,去探寻祖国美好河山的奧秘。在母亲的支 持下,徐霞客22岁那年,踏上了艰苦的探险生活。

徐霞客一生周游考察了十六个省,足迹几乎遍及全国。他认真考察了各地的气候、地 形(topographical features)和植物生长的情况(plant life),留下了中国古代最详细的气象观测 (meteorological observation)记录。后来,他的日记手稿后来被整理成了《徐霞客游记》。达 不仅是一本自然地理的百科全书和导游指南,还是一部明代末年普通百姓生活的生动的历史 实录。

Part V: Writing (15%)

Directions: Please write an argumentation based on the following topic and elaborate your point of view in about 200 words. Remember to write your composition neatly and clearly on ANSWER SHEET II.

Some people are worried that globalization is not good because it actually means Americanization. Other people think that we can all benefit from this process. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Globalization might have become one of the catchiest words of the last decade. By overturning the walls of suspicion and mutual distrust, different countries work together and the world seems to become a smaller place. However, some concerns are also raised.Seeing the American products everywhere and the popularity of American culture in other countries, they are worried that globalization is only an excuse of Americanization. As far as I am concerned, globalization is the irreversible trend of development and refusing it would only lead to isolation and setbacks.

Globalization means a worldwide market where resources can be allocated more reasonably.Developing countries may provide labors or producing factories while developed countries may contribute to the technology and finance needed. By taking advantage of their own strengths, different countries can have a better opportunity to benefit from the worldwide market. Meanwhile, besides economic profits, globalization is also making us more socially open and we can now know different cultures, visit different places or communicate with people in other countries easily. In other words, our horizons are broadened and our hearts become more tolerant towards those who live in the other parts of the world. We can even learn from each other and try to work together to solve the global problem together.

Globalization symbolizes a developing phrase of humans, which is and will remain the trend of the world.In the process of globalization, we may get hurt or get rewarded, but no matter what happened, the best thing we can do is to embrace it, to learn to solve problems when making progress, instead of being picnicking or simply ignorant.

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