2012年华东师范大学考博英语真题

Part I: Vocabulary and Structure (15%)

Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A9 B. C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center.

1.The concept of vocational or professional identity differs       between the United Sates and Japan.

A.clear           B. markedly          C. outstandingly      D. greedily

2.Now that her son was old enough to support the family, Mr. Williams decided to leave everything at his        .

A.hand            B. advocacy        C. tackling           D. disposal

3.Accused of neglecting this part of our education, my father       a summer school for my brother and me.

A.enjoyed           B. formulated      C. instituted       D. predominated

4.I wandered through the cool        of the forested trees.

A.shadow            B. dark             C. shade           D. obscurity

5.As the classroom will be closed for the vacation, you must remember to take all your       out of it today.

A.belongings        B. goods          C. property        D. matters

6.The hall seemed        lit after the bright sunshine outside.

A. faintly            B. slightly          C. vaguely        D. dimly

7.The scene of the lake by the moonlight was so       that I wished I were an artist and could capture it on paper.

A. conspicuous       B. picturesque      C. benign           D. unspoken

8.There was an        response from a large number of students when the Student's Union organized a camping trip to the mountain.

A. overwhelming      B. eager         C. enthusiastic        D. interested

9.It has been        by the principal that four students will represent the college at the speech contest.

A. confirmed        B. regulated         C. assured           D. defined

10.They are so broadminded as to be led to believe that all men are equal,        their race, color and creed.

A. in view of        B. with regard to     C. irrespective of       D. on account of

11.This book contains a totally new        that combines the wisdom of the past with scientific knowledge to solve the problems of the present.

A.angle           B. outlook        C. product           D. definition

12.Aristotle, whose natural science        Western thought for two thousand years, believed that human beings could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles.

A.dominated        B. relieved        C. overwhelmed        D. distorted

13.At the office, the attitude of vast superiority of the clerk set the farmer on        .

A.nerve           B. rest            C. stress            D. edge

14.Our holiday was ruined by the weather;        have stayed at home.

A.it may be as well                   B. it was just as well

C. we might just as well               D. we might do as well as we

15.1 found the book you recommended in the library,        is missing.

A.the front cover of which               B. the front cover of that

C. that front cover                      D. of what front cover

16.The novelist is a highly        person whose works appeal to many readers.

A. imaginable        B. imaginative      C. imaginary       D. imagined

17.The weather forecast is not for cooler weather;        , it is expected to be warmer.

A. if anybody        B. if any            C. if anywhere       D. if anything

18.Do you anticipate        any real problem in getting support?

A. there being        B. there to be       C. there's being       D. there be

19.To my surprise, as soon as the TV lit up, the baby quieted right down,      brightly on the tube.

A. his little eyes to be focused            B. for his little eyes to focus

C. his little eyes focusing                D. his little eyes being focusing

20.I'd rather you        anything about what we have just discussed.

A. hadn't said        B. not to say      C. won't say      D. didn't say

21.       is often the case with a good idea, much preliminary activity and discussion produce no concrete proposals.

A. As               B. That             C. It             D. There

22.I am in a very difficult position       I have been offered three jobs and they all sound pretty good.

A. in what            B. in which          C. in how          D. in that

23.        nonsense the newspapers print, some people always believe it.

A. However         B. Whoever       C. Whichever       D. Whatever

24.These students will graduate from the university next summer, by which time they    here for four years.

A. have been studying B. will study        C. have studied      D. will have studied

25.It is      she is too inexperienced that she does not know how to deal with the serious situation.

A. when            B. since              C. because       D. until

26.By 2015 or so, doctors will be able to send X-rays stored in a hospital computer almost       to a specialist's video display terminal on the other side of the world.

A.intentionally       B. instantaneously     C. spontaneously    D. compulsorily

27.Not until the early years of the 19th century        what heat is.

A.man did know     B. did man know      C. man knew       D. didn't man know

28.The president has issued a statement recently as a reminder of the university's long-standing      to equal opportunity.

A.approval          B. advantage          C. dedication         D. acknowledgement

29.Being both spoiled and lazy he        everyone else for his lack of success.

A.refuted           B. approached       C. condemned        D. manipulated

30.Despite his disappointing record this year, I       feel that he is the best man we have in the department.

A. none the less    B. not any the less      C. all the less         D. so much the less

Part II: Cloze (20%)

Directions: Read the passage through, then go back and choose one item of suitable word (s) marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word (s) you have chosen with a single line across the bracket on ANSWER SHEET I.

Love and friendship have much  31  . If two persons are to be  32  , they must find contentment in each other's  33  , suffer pain in each other's failure, and  34  pleasure in each other's success. Each must find  35  the mood and temperament of the other something  36  and congenial. But any deep and permanent friendship  37  a larger common area than romantic love. Notoriously, the prince may fall in love with the chorus girl when the two have almost  38  in common. But friendships are based,  39  , on common interests in a project, an art, or a cause; one thinks of Marks and Engels, Cobden and Bright, Gilbert and Sullivan, the Mayo brothers, Weber and Fields.

Still, common interests by themselves will not  40  friendship and many co-workers have been  41

and enemies.  42  friendship must see  43  about values, about things, admired and liked and  44  . It is not  45  if, whenever we grow enthusiastic about dancing or music or flying or science, our companion can only say, “Sorry, but I  46  all that detestable.”   47  of the blessings of friendship is that it supplies a sounding-board which,  48  our own delights, makes them greater. And by a happy correlative law, sorrows when shared grow less. Friends  49  each other like the sides of an arch; they gain  50  , security, reassurance in failure, added happiness in success, and a large increment of courage merely from facing things side by side.

31. A. in common         B. differences              C. differentiations       D. to learn

32. A. professors          B. friends                 C. students          D. competitors

33. A. attitude            B. personality              C. company         D. emergency

34. A. make            B.rake                  C. fake              D. take

35. A. for            B. in                      C. at              D. on

36. A. strange            B. exclusive              C. destructive      D. attractive

37. A. calls for        B. calls on              C. calls off          D. calls down

38. A. nothing        B. something              C. anything          D. everything

39. A. as a rule        B. by rule                  C. to a rule          D. with a rule

40. A. guard            B. guarantee              C. grow          D. grease

41. A. rivals            B. collaborators          C. dedicators      D. keepers

42. A. A                B.No                  C. Full              D. Few

43. A. face to face        B. from mouth to mouth     C. eye to eye      D. nose to nose

44. A. disliking        B disliked                  C. to dislike          D. dislike

45. A. featured        B. feathered              C. furthered          D. fettered

46. A. locate            B. provide              C. find             D. sustain

47. A. Any            B. Some                  C. None          D. One

48. A. in echoing        B. in writing              C. in drawing      D. in making

49. A. produce        B. fortify                  C. yield          D.abuse

50. A. irritation        B. silence                  C. suspicion      D. contentment

Part III: Reading Comprehension (25%)

Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center:

(1)

In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A theory involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.

A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the theory is supported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.

Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: “Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.”

Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.

In a way, any hypothesis is a leap to the unknown. It extends the scientist's thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.

51.What is the main idea of this passage?

A.Any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown.

B.The importance of hypotheses.

C.The definition of a scientific theory.

D.A theory involves an imaginary model.

52.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined phrase “in constant motion” in the first paragraph?

A.Moving all the time.

B.Changing once in a while.

C.Pulling reluctantly.

D.Walking steadily.

53.What might Not be the cause if the observations do not confirm the predictions?

A.There is a mistake in the experiment.

B.The prediction is not perfect.

C.The new theory is totally wrong.

D.The predictor is irresponsible.

54.What does Jules Henri Poincare intend to prove?

A.A house can't be called a house without bricks.

B.Lots of facts should be collected if a house is to be built.

C.Facts are only one of the indispensable elements of science.

D.Science is built with facts.

55.Which of the following is true according to the whole passage?

A.Hypotheses are sure to be incorporated into theories.

B.A theory is formulated once the scientist puts it forward.

C.A theory is full of hypotheses.

D.A theory results from observations, investigations and confirmations

(2)

Expressionism, as a label, can be applied to paintings from the early years of the century right up to the 1950, s. It is not the title of a specific group as much as a general term applied to a succession of artists. The Expressionist painter will deliberately distort the shape of the objects he depicts in order to emphasize the emotions he wishes to express in his work, and will intensify their color to reinforce the exaggerated effects.

Edvard Munch (1863-1944) is often considered to be the first true Expressionist. A Norwegian, he had considerable influence, particularly in Germany. A neurotic and miserable man with a profound fear of women, he allowed his works to express an introspective consciousness of individual isolation. One of his most famous works, The Cry of 1893 concentrates on a single terrified figure, his cry echoed in the brightly colored sky and swirling landscape. Munch had written in his diary in 1892, “I stopped and leaned against the railings, dead tired, and I looked at the flaming clouds that hung over the blue-black fjord and the city like blood and a sword. My friends walked on, I stood there, trembling with fright. And I felt a loud, unending scream piercing nature.” The freedom to paint such an intensely personal experience became a basic tenet of Expressionism—-while the distorted forms and garish colors became its methods.

56.The passage is mainly about        .

A.the development of painting in the first half of the twentieth century and Edvard Munch as the leading artist.

B.how Edvard Munch felt about Expressionism and why he took up painting.

C.the brief introduction of Expressionism and its representative, Edvard Munch.

D.exploring the origin of Expressionism from Edvard Munch's diary.

57.Why did Expressionists distort the shape of the objects in their paintings?

A.Because such is their way to stress the emotion they intended to create in their works.

B.Because they were discontented with the label "Expressionism" although they didn't have any title.

C.Because they wanted to cover up their poor craftsmanship.

D.Because they viewed the world in such a way.

58.What is Edvard Munch's nationality?

A.England          B.France         C.Germany         D.Norway

59. It can be concluded that Edvard Munch was        .

A.a poor man.                       B.a shy man.

C.not popular among his friends.        D.a man who was talkative.

60.As indicated in the passage, the Expressionists        .

A. were often eccentric in their behavior.

B.used distorted forms and bright colors to intensify their experience.

C.always manifested an introspective consciousness in their works.

D.hated each other and couldn't form a specific group.

(3)

The way people cling to the belief that a fun-filled, pain-free life equals happiness actually diminishes their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equated with happiness, then pain must be equated with unhappiness. But, in fact, the opposite is true: more times than not, things that leads to happiness involve some pain.

As a result, many people avoid the very endeavors that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment, civic or charitable work, self-improvement.

Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he's honest, he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features.

Similarly, couples who choose not to have children are deciding in favor of painless fun over painful happiness. They can dine out whenever they feel like and sleep as late as they wish. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night's sleep or a three-day vacation. I don't know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children.

Understanding and accepting that true happiness has noting to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations we ever come to. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buy that new car those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those rich and glamorous people we were so sure are happy because they are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all. The moment we understand that fun does not bring happiness, we begin to lives differently. The effect can be , quite literally, life-transforming.

61.According to the writer, people who think happiness as fun        .

A.are actually denied the chances of gaining happiness

B.will be free to have pains in their lives

C.must know what true happiness is

D.will necessarily enjoy a painless life

62. Which of the following is true?

A.A life full of fun and no pain is an ideal life.

B.Most people want to be happy by having some painful experience.

C.The writer regards happiness as having fun and pleasure.

D.Happiness and pain cannot be separated in most cases.

63.If a person decides to marry,        .

A.he will not have fun and excitement in his life any more

B.he is sure to suffer endless pains

C.he must be a very happy man

D.he must make certain commitment

64.Couples having infant children        .

A.are lucky since they can have a whole night's sleep

B.find fun in tucking them into bed at night

C.find more time to play and joke with them

D.derive happiness from raising their children

65.If one knows the true sense of happiness, he will        .

A. stop playing games and joking with others

B.make the best use of his time increasing happiness

C.give a free hand to money

D.keep himself with his family

(4)

How we look and how we appear to others probably worries us more when we are in our teens or early twenties than at any other time in our life. Few of us are content to accept ourselves as we are, and few are brave enough to ignore the trends of fashion.

Most fashion magazines or TV advertisements try to persuade us that we should dress in a certain way or behave in a certain manner. If we do, they tell us, we will be able to meet new people with confidence and deal with every situation confidently and without embarrassment. Changing fashion, of course, does not apply just to dress. A barber today does not cut a boy's hair in the same way as he used to, and girls do not make up in the same way as their mothers and grandmothers did. The advertisers show us the latest fashionable styles and we are constantly under pressure to follow the fashion in case our friends think we are odd or dull.

What causes fashions to change? Sometimes convenience or practical necessity or just the fancy of an influential person can establish a fashion. Take hats for example. In cold climates, early buildings were cold inside, so people wore hats indoors as well as outside. In recent times, the late President Kennedy caused a depression in the American hat industry by not wearing hats: more American men followed his example.

There is also a cyclical pattern in fashion. In the 1920s in Europe and America, short skirts became fashionable. After World War Two, they dropped to ankle length. Then they got shorter and shorter until the miniskirt was in fashion. After a few more years, skirts became longer again.

Today, society is much freer and easier than it used to be. It is no longer necessary to dress like everyone else. Within reason, you can dress as you like or do your hair the way you like instead of the way you should because it is the fashion.

The popularity of jeans and the “untidy” look seems to be a reaction against the increasingly expensive fashion of the top fashion houses.

At the same time, appearance is still important in certain circumstances and then we must choose our clothes carefully. It would be foolish to go to an interview for a job in a law firm wearing jeans and a sweater; and it would be discourteous to visit some distinguished scholar looking as if we were going to the beach or a nightclub. However, you need never feel depressed if you don't look like the latest fashion photo. Look around you and you'll see that no one else does either.

66.In the opening paragraph, the author thinks that people are        .

A.satisfied with their appearance

B.concerned about appearance in old age

C.far from neglecting what is in fashion

D.reluctant to follow the trends in fashion

67.Fashion magazines and TV advertisements seem to link fashion to        .

A. confidence in life                  B. personal dress

C. individual hair style               D. personal future

68.According to the author, causes of fashion are        .

A. uniform           B. varied         C. unknown        D. inexplicable

69.Present-day society is much freer and easier because it emphasizes        .

A. uniformity        B. formality       C. informality       D. diversity

70.The last paragraph most probably denotes        .

A.care about appearance in formal situations

B.fashion in formal and informal situations

C.ignoring appearance in informal situations

D.ignoring appearance in all situations

(5)

In most work success is measured by income, and while our capitalistic society continues, this is inevitable. It is only where the best work is concerned that this measure ceases to be the natural one to apply. The desire that men feel to increase their income is quite as much a desire for success as for the extra comforts that a higher income can procure (获得).

However dull work may be, it becomes bearable if it is a means of building up a reputation whether in the world at large or only in one's own circle. Continuity of purpose is one of the most essential ingredients of happiness in the long run, and for most men this comes chiefly through their work. In this respect those women whose lives are occupied with housework are much less fortunate than men, or than women who work outside the home. The domestic wife does not receive wages, has no means of bettering herself, is taken for granted by her husband (who sees practically nothing of what she does), and is valued by him not for housework but for quite other qualities.

Of course this does not apply to those women who are sufficiently well-to-do to make beautiful houses and beautiful gardens and become the envy of their neighbors; but such women are comparatively few, and for the great majority housework cannot bring as much satisfaction as work of other kinds bring to men and to professional women.

71.What will be the best title of the passage?

A. Income and Work               B.Motivation of Work

C.Success in Work                 D.Value of Work

72.According to the passage, women who do housework        .

A.are most respectable              B.may have the feeling of success

C.can build up a reputation           D.are least paid

73.According to the passage, which of the following contributes most to a person's ultimate happiness?

A.To be highly paid for his or her work.      B.To be able to work consistently towards a goal.

C.To have the best kind of job.             D.To be able to build up a good reputation.

74.According to the passage the work of a housewife is        .

A.usually highly valued by the husband

B.valued for its quality by the husband

C.valued for the satisfaction it brings to the husband

D.usually not duly（恰当地）valued by the husband

75.According to the passage housework often brings satisfaction to women        .

A.who are very rich                       B.who envy their neighbors

C.who work outside the home               D.who are dependent on their husbands

Part IV: Translation (25%)

Section A (10%)

Directions: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on ANSWER SHEET II.

It is all very well to say with Voltaire, "I wholly disapprove of what you say, but will defend to death your right to say it," but as a matter of fact most men will not defend to the death the rights of other men: if they disapprove sufficiently what other men say, they will somehow suppress those men if they can. So, if this is the best that can be said for liberty of opinion, that a man must tolerate his opponents because everyone has a nright'' to say what he pleases, then we shall find that liberty of opinion is a luxury, safe only in pleasant times when men can be tolerant because they are not deeply and vitally concerned.

试题答案

正如伏尔泰所说：“我完全不赞同你所说的, 但是我将会誓死捍卫你说话的权利。”但是事实上, 大多数男人不能誓死捍卫他人的权利。如果他们十分不赞成他人所说的, 那么他们将会以某种方式压制住对方, 使对方无法开口。要想获得言论自由权的话；男人就必须容忍他的对手, 因为人人都有权, 想说什么就说什么。至此, 我们就会发现言论自由是个奢侈品。也只有在男人能足够包容时, 才有言论自由可言。因为那些无伤大雅。

Section B (15%)

Directions: Put the following into English. Write your English version on ANSWER SHEET II.

开放教育与传统教育的区别主要在两个方面：老师如何与学生相处以及老师如何管理班级。这两方面是紧密相连的, 因为老师对班级的管理在很大的程度上取决 于老师如何看待学生的成熟度。在传统教育中, 老师总认为学生还没有完全成人。通常说来, 老师比学生年龄大, 因此老师认为学生年纪轻、没有经验、对世界了解 的不多, 所以在大多数的时候, 他们觉得有必要告诉学生该做什么, 有义务让学生 学到具体的东西。相比之下, 在开放式教育中, 老师则认为学生首先是独立的人,  其次冰是学生。他们希望学生能像成年人那样对自己的行为负责。

The main distinctions between traditional education and open education areas follow. One is how teachers get well along with their students, another is class management. There is close link to both sides. As for the reason that die success of class management, to a large extent, lies on how teachers perceive their students’ maturity. In traditional education, the teacher may flunk that the students are not mature. Usually, teachers are older than students, and teachers think that students are young and do not know much about the world. The teachers think that they must tell the students what to do most of the time, and that they must make die student study specific things. In open education, the teacher’s feelings are very different These teachers think that the students are individuals first, and students second. They expect the students to be responsible for what they do, just as adults do.

Part V: Writing (15%)

Directions: Please write an argumentation based on the following topic and elaborate your point of view in about 200 words. Remember to write your composition neatly and clearly on ANSWER SHEET II.

Some students may decide on a major that they are interested in. Other students may choose a major that ensures a promising job. Which of them do you prefer? Give reasons to support your choice.

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