2011年中国传媒大学考博英语真题

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Part I Listening Comprehension (20%)(略)

Part II Reading Comprehension (40 %)

Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A ), B ), C ). and D ) . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet A with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Among the questions that attracted interest in that fanatically inquisitive age was one that had puzzled people for a very long time—namely, why ancient clamshells and other marine fossils were so often found on mountaintops. How on earth did they get there? Those who thought they had a solution fell into two opposing camps. One group, known as the Neptunists, was convinced that everything on Earth, including seashells in improbably lofty places, could be explained by rising and falling sea levels. They believed that mountains, hills, and other features were as old as the Earth itself, and were changed only when water sloshed over them during periods of global flooding.

Opposing them were the Plutonists, who noted that volcanoes and earthquakes, among other enlivening agents, continually changed the face of the planet but clearly owed nothing to wayward seas. The Plutonists also raised awkward questions about where all the water went when it wasn’t in flood. If there was enough of it at times to cover the Alps, then where, pray, was it during times of tranquility, such as now? Their belief was that the Earth was subject to profound internal forces as well as surface ones. However, they couldn’t convincingly explain how all those clamshells got up there.

It was while puzzling over these matters that Hutton had a series of exceptional insights. From looking at his own farmland, he could see that soil was created by the erosion of rocks and that particles of this soil were continually washed away and carried off by streams and rivers and redeposited elsewhere. He realized that if such a process were carried to its natural conclusion then Earth would eventually be worn quite smooth. Yet everywhere around him there were hills. Clearly there had to be some additional process, some form of renewal and uplift, that created new hills and mountains to keep the cycle going. The marine fossils on mountaintops, he decided, had not been deposited during floods, but had risen along with the mountains themselves. He also deduced that it was heat within the Earth that created new rocks and continents and thrust up mountain chains. It is not too much to say that geologists wouldn’t grasp the full implications of this thought for two hundred years, when finally they adopted plate tectonics. Above all, what Hutton’s theories suggested was that Earth processes required huge amounts of time, far more than anyone had ever dreamed. There were enough insights here to transform utterly our understanding of the Earth.

In 1785, Hutton worked his ideas up into a long paper, which was read at consecutive meetings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. It attracted almost no notice at all. It’s not hard to see why.

Needless to say, almost no one in the audience had the faintest idea what he was talking about. Encouraged by his friends to expand his theory, in the touching hope that he might somehow stumble onto clarity in a more expansive format, Hutton spent the next ten years preparing his magnum opus, which was published in two volumes in 1795.

16.What puzzled people for a long time mentioned in this article?

A.how the mountains were formed

B.why seashells can be found on mountaintops

C.why people found marine fossils on mountaintops

D.where water went when the earth wasn’t in global flood

17.Which one can replace the word “tranquility” in paragraph two?

A.indifference      B. triviality C. frivolity D. equability

18.Which is INCORRECT according to this article?

A.Neptunists were convinced that all the mountains were as old as the Earth itself.

B.Plutonists also believed that changeable sea helped change the earth to some extent.

C.Hutton believed fossils of the top of mountains hard risen along with the mountains themselves.

D.Hutton’s works were not accepted because of its difficulty.

19.When did the theory of plate tectonics be finally adopted?

A.in 1785              B. in eighteenth century

C. in nineteenth century D. in seventieth century

20.According to this article, whose idea is relatively more accepted by Hutton?

A.Neptunists                   B. Plutonists

C. both Neptunists and Plutonists D. neither Neptunists nor Plutonists

Passage Two

Study of the codes of television, film, or popular music, for instance, is enhanced by studying the formulas and conventions of production. These cultural forms are structured by well-defined rules and conventions, and the study of the production of culture can help elucidate the codes actually in play.

Because of the demands of the format of radio or music television, for instance, most popular songs are three to five minutes, fitting into the format of the distribution system. Because of their control by giant corporations oriented primarily toward profit, film and television production in the U. S. is dominated by specific genres such as talk and game shows, soap operas, situation comedies, action/adventure series, reality TV, and so on. This economic factor explains why there are cycles of certain genres and subgenres, sequelmania in the film industry, crossovers of popular films into television series, and a certain homogeneity in products constituted within systems of production marked by rigid generic codes, formulaic conventions, and well-defined ideological boundaries.

Likewise, study of political economy can help determine the limits and range of political and ideological discourses and effects. My study of television in the United States, for instance, disclosed that takeover of the television networks by major transnational corporations and communications conglomerates was part of a “right turn” within USsociety in the 1980s whereby powerful corporate groups won control of the state and the mainstream media. For example, during the 1980s all three networks were taken over by major corporate conglomerates: ABC was taken over in 1985 by Capital Cities, NBC was taken over by GE, and CBS was taken over by the Tisch Financial Group. Both ABC and NBC sought corporate mergers and this motivation, along with other benefits derived from Reaganism, might well have influenced them to downplay criticisms of Reagan and to generally support his conservative programs, military adventures, and simulated presidency.

Corporate conglomeratization has intensified further and today AOL and Time Warner, Disney, and other global media conglomerates control ever more domains of the production and distribution of culture. In this global context, one cannot really analyze the role of the media in the Gulf war, for instance, without analyzing the production and political economy of news and information, as well as the actual text of the Gulf war and its reception by its audience. Likewise, the ownership by conservative corporations of dominant media corporations helps explain mainstream media support of the Bush administration and their policies, such as the war in Afghanistan.

Looking toward entertainment, one cannot fully grasp the Madonna phenomenon without analyzing her marketing strategies, her political environment, her cultural artifacts, and their effects. In a similar fashion, younger female pop music stars and groups such as Mariah Carey, Britney Spears, Jennifer Lopez, or N’Sync also deploy the tools of the glamour industry and media spectacle to make certain stars icons of fashion, beauty, style, and sexuality, as well as purveyors of music. And in appraising the full social impact of pornography, one needs to be aware of the sex industry and the production process of, say, pornographic films, and not just dwell on the texts themselves and their effects on audiences.

21.Why most popular songs are three to five minutes?

A.Because audiences don’t like longer songs.

B.Because of the demand of the radio and televisions.

C.Because the radio and music television could not afford longer minutes.

D.Because of the demand formats of distribution systems.

22.Which of the following TV programs may not be highly profited?

A.talk and games shows B. soap operas

C. newsreel D. situation comedies

23.According to the author, mergers between media corporation in 1980s have not          .

A.made powerful corporate groups won control of the state and the mainstream media

B.influence media to enhance criticisms of Reagan

C.been helpful to the president’s military adventures

D.been part of big changes within U. S. society

24.Which one is not mentioned in this article about how to understand the social impact of pornography?

A.Watch as many as pornographic films.

B.Analyze the texts of pornographic films.

C.Learn the effects of pornographic films on audiences.

D.Pay attention to the production process of sex industry.

25.What’s the main idea of this article?

A.Study of political economy can help determine the limits and range of political and ideological discourses and effects.

B.To learn the production and political economy of news and information is of significance in understanding the media industry.

C.The ownership by conservative corporations of dominant media corporations helps explain mainstream media support of the Bush administration and their policies.

D.Demands of the format of radio or music television are essential to the production of programs.

Passage Three

There’s a running gag in Floater, Calvin Trillin’ s 1980 comic novel about a newsmagazine that sounds a lot like TIME, in which the medicine writer comes down with the symptoms of whatever disease he, s writing about that week. I was reminded of that hapless writer when I read about a new study out of University College London that found that people who use the Web to get information about their chronic diseases often wind up in worse shape than before they logged on.

Could the medical information on the Internet actually be making people ill?

Not exactly, says Dr. Elizabeth Murray of the college’s department of primary care and population sciences. She and her colleagues reviewed 28 studies involving 4,042 patients, all experiencing an ongoing illness such as asthma, cancer or diabetes. Consulting Web-based health programs and support groups increased these patients ’ knowledge and feelings of social support. But it didn’t lead to behavior changes, and it had a striking—and surprising—negative effect on outcomes.

One reason for this, Murray speculates, is that patients get so steeped in information that they make their own treatment decisions—ignoring their doctor’s advice. Another possibility is that they discover that the unfavorable consequences of their behavior may be a long way off and far from a statistical certainty. “They might appreciate that there’s a risk in having a stroke,” says Murray, “but not take their meds, knowing there’s a possibility that they may not have one.”

As a doctor, I am concerned about this. I’m a great believer in patients being well informed, and I’ m encouraged being well informed, and I’m encouraged by reports like the Pew Internet and the American Life Project that found some 93 million Americans use the Web to research health topics. But there’s a difference between having well-developed knowledge about a medical issue and just having loads of information—especially if much of that information is wrong. One study of Web searches for the term vaccination found that 43% led to sites advising people not to get vaccines. That’s not what I’d call sound advice.

There’s plenty of good medical information on the Internet, but you have to look carefully at the source. Who runs the website? How often is it updated? How well is it vetted? The websites sponsored by the National Institutes of Health are generally excellent, as are many sites produced by universities and hospitals. Patient organizations can be wonderful sources of support, but they can be repositories of rumor and misinformation too.

Your health is a partnership between you and your physician. It’s fine to use the Internet to understand your health better, but it should never replace your doctor’s counsel.

26.What’s the main idea for the author in this article?

A.don’t believe in disease information from websites

B.information on websites could not replace doctor’ s counsel

C.authoritative disease information on websites is safe and useful

D.you should pay attention to the source of the medical information on websites before you take actions following the suggestion

27.Which the following is Correct in this article?

A.Research found that those who use internet to get medical information always fell into worse condition before they log on the internet.

B.According to Dr. Elizabeth Murray medical information on the Internet is not actually making people ill.

C.Consulting Web-based health programs and support groups could help the patients cure their disease.

D.Information on websites is not helpful to patient’s health.

28.Why did some patients fall into worse condition after they log on the internet?

A.They don’t think the information on websites useful to their health.

B.They may ignore the useful information on websites and adopt some wrong methods on the webs.

C.The reason is that they believe that the unfavorable consequences of their behavior may be a long way off and far from a statistical certainty and do not take any actions.

D.They take all the methods on the websites but no use.

29.What’s the attitude of the author towards getting medical information on the websites?

A.Supportive      B. Opponent C. Rational D. Dialectic

30.What kind of websites are the author worried about?

A.Websites sponsored by the National Institutes of Health.

B.Many sites produced by universities.

C.Websites supported by patient organizations.

D.Any website providing medical and disease information.

Passage Four

Many top European politicians have a deep suspicion of referendums. European issues, they argue , are too complex and too easily distorted to be subjected to so fickle a procedure. A German official argues that if the Treaty of Rome, which started the process of European integration in 1957, had been put to a vote. “Germans might have rejected it because it raised the price of bananas.”

This argument is not only cynical but also unwarrantedly defeatist. It is simply not true that all European referendums are doomed to be lost. On the same day that Sweden voted no to the euro. Estonia became the eighth country this year to vote in favour of joining the EU. Latvia followed suit a week later. All the central European referendums on EU accession have been won by crushing margins. Cynics might argue that poor countries from the former Soviet block have little option but to say yes. But rich Ireland also voted yes in a European referendum last year. Having rejected the Nice treaty of 1999 once, the Irish reversed course in a more keenly debated second referendum in October last year.

In any event, regardless of the result, referendums on European issues serve a vital democratic purpose. Politicians and civil servants in Brussels spend a lot of time searching for ways to “bring Europe closer to the people”. The Irish and Swedish experiences show that referendums are the best way―possibly the only way—to achieve this. For a jaded observer from Brussels it was oddly heartening to get into a taxi in Dublin at the height of the referendum campaign and be treated not to the usual moans about traffic and football but to an expletive-filled tirade against article 133 of the Nice treaty. In a politer, more Nordic way the Swedes also had an intense debate about the Europe. The constraints of Europe’ s stability-and-growth pact, which limits government borrowing, are normally debated only by economists and Brussels nerds. Yet in Sweden, you heard ordinary people discussing the impact of the pact on the Portuguese welfare state.

In normal circumstances, public indifference to EU issues is entirely understandable. People believe, rightly, that such issues are usually decided far away, and above their heads. But give ordinary people a chance to have a say, and the Swedish and Irish experiences show that the great unwashed are perfectly capable of a proper debate about Europe. Recent experience also shows that a standard argument against referendums—that elected politicians can represent the views of their voters—is questionable when it comes to European issues, where the professional political class is often totally out of tune with public opinion. Ministers from governments who have to attend regular meetings in Brussels often develop reciprocal loyalties to colleagues from other EU countries and gradually accept the logic of the European project”. Doubtless, this mutual understanding is a fine thing in many ways. But it does mean that EU deals—over the constitution, for instance—that seem necessary and inevitable to professional politicians often fail to convince the voters back home. If those deals keep on being made, regardless of what the folks back home think, the EU will lose its democratic legitimacy.

31.For many top European politicians European issues should not be put to a referendum because            .

A.German people would vole “no” for fear that the price of bananas will rise

B.European issues should be distorted first

C.European issues are too complicated to be well understood by common people

D.the referendum procedure constantly gives out negative results

32.“To bring Europe closer to the people” means            .

A.to let people travel more in Europe

B.to make the transportation in Europe faster

C.to let the European people meet each other more frequently

D.to let the people feel that the European issues are relevant to them

33.An observer from Brussels found the Irish driver’s tirade against article 133 of the Nice treaty heartening because

.

A.he himself was against this article of the Nice treaty

B.he liked the driver’s expletive-filled speech

C.it proved that ordinary people were interested in European issues

D.this kind of talk was more interesting than complains about the weather or football

34.It is the author’s belief that            .

A.the European people should be decided in high places

B.European issues should be decided in high places

C.if the people do not wash themselves they will be capable of a proper debate about Europe

D.ordinary people can understand European issues

35.The argument that the elected politicians can represent the views of their voters is questionable because            .

A.these politicians often do not hold the same opinions as their people about Europe

B.these politicians do not live in their home country

C.they are too interested in making European deals

D.these politicians fail to convince their voters

Part III Vocabulary (10%)

Directions:In this part there ere twenty sentences with a missing word each. There are four chokes marked A, B, C and D for you to make a choice. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

36.His plans to be a politician came to            . When he failed to get any votes.

A. engagement  B. agreeable C. grief D. buzzing

37.He thought the painting was of little           so he sold it to me at a very low price.

A. price B. cost C. value D. money

38.Water can dissolve a part of everything           it gets into contact.

A. that B. as   C. where D. with which

39.This is the          piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.

A. actual B. genuine C. real D. original

40.The purpose of education should be to expand the          of children.

A. eyes B. minds C. heads D. thoughts

41.The boss said he would fire you if you didn’t work harder and he          .

A. blows his top     B. takes it easy     C. means business D. attaches importance

42.          I’ve decided to go by sea, as it is obviously cheaper and more comfortable.

A. As second thought       B. On second thoughts

C. In second thought       D. From second thoughts

43. Children are          to have some accidents as they grow up.

A. obvious        B. indispensable    C. bound D. doubtless

44. You are looking a bit          this morning: you must have had too much alcohol last night.

A. stressed     B. drink C. blank D. fragile

45. On weekends my grandma usually          a glass of wine.

A. subscribes to     B. engages in      C. indulges in D. hangs on

46. You are the          person I want to see. Why did you come to see me?

A. very B. fine C. last D. suitable

47. He is          for his knowledge in physics.

A. distinguished       B. distinct       C. distinctive D. distinguishable

48. Building this road will          the construction of ten bridges.

A. evolve   B. involve C. revolve     D. devolve

49. Are all the issues resolved as          as they might have been?

A. imaginatively B. imaginarily     C. imaginingly D. imaginably

50. Some people          in part the defeat of the revolution in France and Germany to the English

A. contributed B. attributed C. distributed D. owned

51.A censor’s duty is to ensure that no content is          in publications or films.

A. evil B. obscure      C. obscene D. opaque

52.In 1976, a terrible earthquake killed countless people in China. People fear an earthquake will          .

A. incur    B. recur     C. occur     D. curb

53. He          his work to his colleagues before he went abroad.

A. transferred        B. commenced     C. delivered    D. commended

54. The Eskimos have long recognized          because of their constant exposure to cold weather.

A. body needed the fat     B. and body needs to be fat

C. the body’s need for fat     D. how fat the body needs

55. There was a minor          during the demonstration, but nobody was injured.

A. disturbance      B. distraction     C. turbulence D. swallow

Part IV Translation (15%)

Directions:Translate the seven underlined sentences in following passage into Chinese and write your translation on your Answer sheet A.

Why the Basis of the Universe Isn’t Matter or Energy一It’s Data

56. Information flows everywhere, through wires and genes, through brain cells and quarks. But while it may appear ubiquitous to us now, until recently we had no awareness of what information was or how it worked. In his new book, The Information, science writer James Gleick documents the rising role of information in our lives and the way new technologies continue to increase its velocity, volume, and importance. Gleick——whose first book, Chaos, was a National Book Award finalist and whose biographies of Richard Feynman and Isaac Newton were both short-listed for the Pulitzer—spent seven years compiling his epic account. Wired senior maverick Kevin Kelly spoke with Gleick about his unified history of the fundamental force behind life, the universe, and everything.

Kevin Kelly: What prompted you to write a whole lot of information about information?

James Gleick: I’ve been thinking of this book my whole career. When I was working on Chaos, the young rebels of the Dynamical Systems Collective in Santa Cruz would try to explain Claude Shannon’s invention of information theory to me. I didn’t understand it at the time. Investigating Shannon’s ideas became the fulcrum of this book.

Kelly: What were those ideas?

Gleick: 57. Shannon said that the notion of information has nothing to do with meaning. A string of bits has a quantity, whether it represents something that’s true, something that’s utterly false, or something that’s just meaningless nonsense. If you were a scientist or an engineer, that idea was very liberating; it enabled you to treat information as a manipulable thing.

Kelly: And how would you define this thing?

Gleick: Scientifically, information is a choice—a yes-or-no choice. In a broader sense, information is everything that informs our world—writing, painting, music, money.

Kelly: And as we came to understand how information works, that impacted our understanding of how our bodies and minds operate, too, right?

Gleick: Yes. Information is crucial to our biological substance—our genetic code is information. But before 1950, it was not obvious that inheritance had anything to do with code. And it was only after the invention of the telegraph that we understood that our nerves carry messages, just like wires. When we look back through history, we can see that a lot of different stories all turn out to be stories about information.

Kelly: Let ’ s talk about your title, The Information. What are you trying to do with the word the there?

Gleick: [ Laughs. ] What can I say about that? I just got it into my head early on. I have tried not to become too conscious of why exactly I came up with it.

Kelly: 58. What it communicates to me is that information is a definite, specific thing, rather than an indefinite generalization.

Gleick: You got the transmission correctly.

Kelly: This is your sixth book. How has the ever-increasing availability of information changed how you write books? Do you still go into libraries with stacks?

Gleick: Part of this book focuses on people from the 19th century such as Ada Byron, who was the first computer programmer. If you want to understand her life, you need to read her letters. Many of those have been collected and published, but some haven’t. To see those, you have to physically go to the British Library and then place an order with a pencil on a piece of paper and wait for somebody to bring you a package of letters like a sacred offering. I don’t know how much longer that world will work, but it’s lovely that it still does.

Kelly: Isn’t there a sort of loveliness in not having to fly 5 ,000 miles to visit a library but instead being able to recline in your pajamas and read a PDF?

Gleick: Not loveliness. It’s just faster, more efficient. I certainly made extensive use of Google Books for things that even five years ago I would’ve had to drag myself down to the library for. And my readers will be able to use Google Books to retrace my steps through my references in ways that wouldn’t have been possible five years ago.

Kelly: 59. Your book shows that each new communication invention—the talking drums of Africa, the first semaphore telegraphs—inspired predictions of both utopian rhapsody and dire terror.

Gleick: When people say that the Internet is going to make us all geniuses, that was said about the telegraph. On the other hand, when they say the Internet is going to make us stupid, that also was said about the telegraph. I think we are always right to worry about damaging consequences of new technologies even as we are empowered by them. History suggests we should not panic nor be too sanguine about cool new gizmos. There ’ s a delicate balance.

Kelly: Speaking of cool new gizmos, what do you think about Twitter and Facebook?

Gleick: 60. I have my toe in the water, but I am not apologizing for missing a round. We have a big menu of information technologies out there to choose from. Isn’t that the whole point?

Kelly: Yet sometimes new technologies don’t get the attention they deserve. I like your story of Charles Babbage, who in the 1820s basically invented the concept of computer a century before anyone, including him, could make one.

Gleick: Babbage was a man out of his time. People back then didn’t get what he was about. He was a mathematician, but he was engineering this machine that could be programmed. He was also obsessed with lock-picking, and the schedule of railroad trains, and cryptography.

Kelly: He was the prototypical hacker!

Gleick: Yeah, today there are many people who share these same preoccupations. And we’ re aware of what they all have in common: information.

Kelly: According to your book, information underpins everything.

Gleick: Modem physics has begun to think of the bit一this binary choice—as the ultimate fundamental particle. John Wheeler summarized the idea as “it-from-bit.” By that he meant that the basis of the physical universe—the “it” of an atom or subatomic particle—is not matter, nor energy, but a bit of information.

Kelly: That sounds almost spiritual—that the material world is really immaterial.

Gleick: I know it sounds magical, but it needs to be understood properly. Information has a material basis. It has to be carried by something.

Kelly: The extreme view would be that all these bits that make up atoms are running on a very big computer called the universe, an idea first espoused by Babbage.

Gleick: 61. That makes sense as long as this metaphor does not diminish our sense of what the universe is but expands our sense of what a computer is.

Kelly: But as you note, some scientists say that this is not a metaphor: The universe we know is only information.

Gleick: 62. I’m not a physicist, but that concept resonates with something that we all recognize: Information is the thing that we care most about. The more we understand the role that information plays in our world, the more skillful citizens we will be.

Part V Writing (15%)

Background information: According to National Bureau or Statistics of China9 s 6th national population census, Chinese has reached 1,339,724,852 by Nov 1,2010, in Mainland. Yet, according to China, s media reporting, some factories or companies, especially in some big cities or Economic special Zones like Shenzhen, are short of labor forces.

Write a 300-word composition about your view on the abundance or scarcity of Labor Forces and write on your Answer Sheet B.

Your composition is to include 3 paragraphs:

1.In the first paragraph, state your main idea.

2.In the second paragraph, support your main idea with specific examples and necessary reasoning.

3.In the last paragraph, bring your composition to a natural conclusion.

Attention: Write your composition on the Answer Sheet B.

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