武汉大学2015年考博英语真题及答案

武汉大学2015年考博英语真题及答案

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Part I Reading Comprehension (2x20 =40 分)

Directions: In this part of the test，there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements. Each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D.You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.

Passage One

Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expression the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression: “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. ” That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modem times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who had committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.

Modem jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the causes of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done.

Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.

1. The best title for this passage is.

A. Fitting Punishment to the Crime B. Approaches to Just Punishment

C. Improvement in Legal Justice D. Attaining Justice in the Courts

2. The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the.

A. type of crime that was proven B. severity of the punishment

C. reason for the sentence D. outcome of the trial

3. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be

A. forced labour B. imprisonment C. fair sentence D. the electric chair

4. The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to

A. prove that equality demands just punishment

B. justify the need for punishment as a part of law

C. give moral back to retributive justice

D. show that man has long been interested in justice

PassageTwo

Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U. S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U. S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $ 190 billion over the next 10 years, or $ 83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U. S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step is necessary to “ promote fanner independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations”. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November’s mid-term elections.

Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $ 14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It’s not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Uganda’s Minister of Finance. “What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.

Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as fanning methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie-in-the-sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya’s economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the “ least-developed country ” status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place,the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works:American’s African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proven a boon to Africa’s manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.

This is what makes Bush’s decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing.Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. Butlast November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bush’s handout last month makes a lie of America’s commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.

5. By comparison, farmers receive more government subsidies than others.

A. in the developing world B. in Japan

C. in Europe D. in America

6. In addition to the economic considerations, there is a motive behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.

A. partisan B. social C. financial D. cultural

7. The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that .

A. poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade

B. “the least-developed country” status benefits agricultural countries

C. poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization

D. farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies

8. The author’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U. S. is .

A. favourable B. ambiguous C. critical D. reserved

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