山东学位英语语法复习资料：时态

学位英语语法复习资料：时态

一般现在时

1)经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every…, som etimes,at…, on Sunday。例如：

I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。

2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：

The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。

Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。

3)表示格言或警句。例如：Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。

注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。

4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：

I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。

Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。

二、一般过去时

1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, l ast week, an hour ago,the other day, in 1982等。

例如：Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?

2)表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。

例如：When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.

那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。

3)句型：It is time for sb. to do sth"到……时间了""该……了"

例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。

It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了""早该……了"

例如：It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。

would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'。

例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。

三、一般将来时

1)shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：

Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?

2)be going to +不定式，表示将来。

a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow?

b. 计划，安排要发生的事。http://www.wendangku.net/doc/03d2c257b90d6c85ed3ac62f.html

例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。

c. 有迹象要发生的事。

例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.

看那乌云，快要下雨了。

3)be +to表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：

We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。

4)be about to +动词原形，意为马上做某事。例如：

He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。

注意：

1、一般现在时表示将来

1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin,

return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。

When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。

2)在时间或条件句中。例如：

When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。

2、用现在进行时表示将来

下列动词come, go, arrive, leave等现在进行时可以表示将来：

I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。

四、现在进行时

a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如：

We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。

b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：

Mr. Green is writing another novel.

他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)

c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：The leaves are turning re

d. 叶子在变红。

It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。

d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：

You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。

五、过去进行时

过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用，如：

I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。

They were expecting you yesterday.他们昨天一直在等待。

难点释疑：

when作并列连词，表示“(这时)突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如： .

I was taking a walk when I met him.我正在散步，突然遇见了他。

We were playing outside when it began to rain.我们正在外边玩，这时下起雨来了。

六、将来进行时

1)表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：

She'll be coming soon. 她会很快来的。

I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。

2)常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this

time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。

注意：“主将从现原则”，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时(代替一般将来时)

When, as soon as, if,等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：

He is going to visit her aunt t when he arrives in Beijing.

他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。

七、现在完成时

a. 现在完成时可表示过去发生的动作对现在所产生的影响，后面通常不用时间状语，但句中常出现already, just,yet等副词。如：

Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。

I’ve just finished reading the novel.我刚刚读完这本小说。

Have you seen the doctor yet?你看过医生了吗?

注：already和yet用法上的区别

already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，常用于句末。但alrea dy有时也可用语疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。如：

b. 现在完成时也可表示从过去某时开始的动作，状态一直持续到现在，常和for, sinc e引导的时间状语连用。

如：I have learned English for 5 years. He has lived in Beijing since he was born.

注：

(1) for和since引导的时间状语的区别: for + 一段时间, since + 一点时间从句(从句中常用一般过去时)。

(2)表示继续的现在完成时也可和lately, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the pas t(last) few years……, this week (month, year……), all day, all this week等时间状语连用。

如：Tom has had a toothache all day.I haven’t heard from him recently.

(3)现在完成时也可表示从过去到现在曾经经历过或做过的事情，常和often, ever, nev er, before, once,…times等时间状语连用。如： .

I’ve never been to Beijing.我从没去过北京。He has read this book before.

难点释疑：

1.点动词与延续性动词的区别 .

所谓点动词是指含有终止或短暂意义的动词。如：begin, end, die, buy, borrow, co me, arrive,

join, marry等动词。它们通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：

I have bought a book.我买了一本书。 .

I’ve had this book for three weeks.这本书我已经买了三星期了。

2. have got的含义 .

have got形式上是现在完成时，却和have是同一个意思

She has got a slight temperature. She has a slight

temperature.她有点发烧。

3、用于现在完成时的句型

It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：

It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。

八、过去完成时

(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用by,

before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。如：

By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from th e spaceship.

到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。

(2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, si nce构成的时间状语连用。例如：

I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.

当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。

He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.

他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。

(3)叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如：

Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.

史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。

I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.

我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。

(4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如：

I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。

She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。

(5)过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如：.

He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。

I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

(6)在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中，例如：

When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。

She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

(7)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan,

intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如：They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.

他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。

We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。

(8)过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (se co nd,

etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。例如： .

Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。

九、将来完成时

a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：

They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。

b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：You will have reached

Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了

二、短语讲解

black and blue

鼻青脸肿;伤痕累累

Her arm was black and blue from the accident.

(她的手臂在事故中伤痕累累。)

He beat the boy black and blue.

(他把那个孩子打得鼻青脸肿，遍体鳞伤。)

add fuel to the fire

火上加油

I think we should show our objection by leaving the meeting.

(我认为我们应该以离开会场来表达我们的抗议。)

I'm afraid the move will only add fuel to the fire.

(我怕这么做只会火上加油。)

in one's tracks

当场,当下

The police caught the thief in his tracks.

(警察当场(当下)就把小偷给抓了起来。)

That must have been dangerous - he already shot two police officers. (那一定很危险，他已经枪杀了两名警官。)

out of season

不合时令的

Do you have strawberries in your country?

(你的生产草莓吗?)

Sure we do, but they're out of season right now.

(当然，但现在不是产草莓的季节。)

have butterflies in one's stomach

感到紧张

I always get butterflies in my stomach before a test.

(我在考试之前都会感到紧张。)

I have them before I go on a first date with a girl.

(我第一次和女生约会时也会这样。)

pull one's punches

手下留情

I didn't pull my punches. I told her exactly what I think of her.

(我没有手下留情。我清楚表达对她的想法。)

Did she cry? It must have hurt her feelings.

(她哭了吗?那一定很伤她的心。)

dead set against something

坚决反对

Are you sure you don't want to reconsider his proposal?

(你确定你不要重新考虑他的提案吗?)

Listen, I'm dead set against his plan. So don't waste your time.

(听着，我坚决反对他的构想。所以你别浪费时间了。)

not enough room to swing a cat

没有足够的转身空间

The living room is too small.

(客厅实在太小了。)

I agree! There's not enough room to swing a cat.

(我同意!连转身的空间都没有。)

at the top of one's lungs

声嘶力竭

I yelled at the top of my lungs to get tom's attention. But he seems to be deaf.

(我声嘶力竭地大喊想要引起汤姆的注意。不过他像是聋了一样。)

Didn't you see that he was wearing earphones? Every time he listens to rock-n-roll, he turns the volume way up.

(你没看见他戴着耳机吗?他每次听摇滚乐总把音量开到最大。)

at the helm

掌控全局

How long has our CEO been at the helm?

(我们的总裁当家多久了?)

For almost two decades. We need some fresh blood- that's for sure.

(快二十年了。我们需要一些新血是毋庸置疑的。)

a domino effect

骨牌效应

Those workers make good money. Why are they on strike?

(这些工人的收入不错。他们为什么要罢工呢?)

It's a domino effect. Other lower-paid workers just got their wages raised, so now everybody wants more money.

(这是骨牌效应。其它工资较低的工人刚获得加薪，所以现在每个人都想要更多钱。) another story

另一回事

I like to stay up late. It's the best time for me to write.

(我喜欢熬夜。那是我写作最好的时间。)

But it's quite another story for those of us who have to be at work by 8 a.m.

(但那对我们这些得在八点前上班的人来说就完全是另外一回事了。)

at ease

轻松自若

Were you nervous the first time you taught in front of the whole class?

(你第一次站在全班面前讲课会紧张吗?)

Not really. My students were so cute that they made me feel completely at ease.

(其实还好。我的学生很可爱，他们让我觉得非常轻松自在。)

at the eleventh hour

在最后一刻

Thank God, you're here. I thought you might not be able to make it.

(感谢上帝，你终于来了。我还以为你到不了了。)

I looked everywhere to find my passport. Then I found it at the eleventh hour. (我到处找我的护照。终于在最后一刻找到了。)

at the end of one's rope

失去耐性

I'm at the end of my rope with you. Are you coming with me or not?

(我对你失去耐性了。你到底要不要跟我一起去?)

Give me ten more minutes. I want to know how the show ends.

(再给我十分钟。我想知道这个节目的结局如何。)