2010年中国传媒大学考博英语真题

Part I Listening Comprehension (20%)(略)

Part II Reading Comprehension (40 %)

Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A ), B ), C ). and D ) . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet A with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

It was once assumed that all living things could be divided into two fundamental and exhaustive categories. Multicellular Plants and animals, as well as many unicellular organisms, are eukaryotic—their large, complex cells have a well-formed nucleus and many organelles. On the other hand, the true bacteria are prokaryotic cell, which are simple and lack a nucleus. The distinction between eukaryotes and bacteria, initially defined in terms of subcellular structures visible with a microscope, was ultimately carried to the molecular level.

Here prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many features in common. For instance, they translate genetic information into proteins according to the same type of genetic coding. But even where the molecular processes are the same, the details in the two forms are different and characteristic of respective forms. For example, the amino acid sequences of various enzymes tend to be typically prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The differences between the groups and the similarities within each group made it seem certain to most biologists that the tree of life had only two stems.

Moreover, arguments pointing out the extent of both structural and functional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria convinced many biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have diverged from the common ancestor before the bacteria arose. Although much of this picture has been sustained by more recent research, it seems fundamentally wrong in one respect. Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and from the true bacteria, and it now appears that there are three stems in the tree of life. New techniques for determining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the degree to which organisms are related, the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a large coherent group, certain other bacteria, the archaebacteria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria.

16.The passage is primarily concerned with          .

A.detailing the evidence that has led most biologists to replace the trichotomous picture of living organisms with a dichotomous one

B.outlining the factors that have contributed to the current hypothesis concerning the number of basic categories of living organisms

C.evaluating experiments that have resulted in proof that the prokaryotes are more ancient than had been expected.

D.summarizing the differences in structure and function found among true bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes

17.According to the passage, investigations of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells at the molecular level supported the conclusion that          .

A.most eukaryotic organisms are unicellular

B.complex cells have well-formed nuclei

C.prokaryotes and eukaryotes form two fundamental categories

D.subcellular structures are visible with a microscope

18.According to the passage, which of the following statements about the two-category hypothesis is likely to be true?

A.It is promising because it explains the presence of true bacteria-like organisms such as organelles in eukaryotic cells.

B.It is promising because it explains why eukaryotic cells, unlike prokaryotic cells, tend to form multicellular organisms.

C.It is flawed because it fails to account for the great variety among eukaryotic organisms.

D.It is flawed because it fails to recognize an important distinction among prokaryotes.

19.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following have recently been compared in order to clarify the fundamental classifications of living things?

A.The genetic coding in true bacteria and that in other prokaryotes.

B.The organelle structures of archaebacteria, true bacteria, and eukaryotes.

C.The cellular structures of multicellular organisms and unicellular organisms.

D.The molecular sequences in eukaryotic RNA, true bacterial RNA, and archaebacterial RNA.

20.The author's attitude toward the view that living things are divided into three categories is best described as one of          .

A.tentative acceptance B. mild skepticism   C. limited denial D. studious criticism

Passage Two

Modem manufacturers, who need reliable sources of materials and technologically advanced components to operate profitably, face an increasingly difficult choice between owning the producers of these items (a practice known as backward integration) and buying from independent producers. Manufacturers who integrate may reap short-term rewards, but they often restrict their future capacity for innovative product development.

Backward integration removes the need for some purchasing and marketing functions, centralizers overhead, and permits manufacturers to eliminate duplicated efforts in research and development.

Where components are commodities (ferrous metals or petroleum, for example) , backward integration almost certainly boosts profits. Nevertheless, because product innovation means adopting the most technologically advanced and cost-effective ways of making components, backward integration may entail a serious risk for a technologically active company—for example, a producer of sophisticated consumer electronics.

A company that decides to make rather than buy important parts can lock itself into an outdated technology. Independent suppliers may be unwilling to share innovations with assemblers with whom they are competing. Moreover, when an assembler sets out to master the technology of producing advanced components, the resulting demands on its resources may compromise its ability to assemble these components successfully into end products. Long-term contracts with suppliers can achieve many of the same cost benefits as backward integration without compromising a company's ability to innovate.

However, moving away from backward integration is not a complete solution either. Developing innovative technologies requires independent suppliers of components to invest huge sums in research and development. The resulting low profit margins on the sale of components threaten the long-term financial stability of these firms. Because the ability of end-product assemblers to respond to market opportunities depends heavily on suppliers of components, assemblers are often forced to integrate by purchasing the suppliers of components just to keep their suppliers in business.

21.According to the passage, all of the following are benefits associated with backward integration EXCEPT          .

A.improvement in the management of overhead expenses

B.enhancement of profit margins on sales of components

C.simplification of purchasing and marketing operations

D.reliability of a source of necessary components

22.According to passage, when an assembler buys a firm that makes some important component of the end product that the assembler produces, independent suppliers of the same component may          .

A.withhold technological innovations from the assembler

B.experience improved profit margins of on sales of their products

C.lower their prices to protect themselves from competition

D.suffer financial difficulties and go out of business

23.Which of the following best describes the way the last paragraph functions in the context of the passage?

A.The last in a series of arguments supporting the central argument of the passage is presented.

B.A viewpoint is presented which qualifies one presented earlier in the passage.

C.Evidence is presented in support of the argument developed in the preceding paragraph.

D.Questions arising from the earlier discussion are identified as points of departure for further study of the topic.

24.According to the passage, which of the following relationships between profits and investments in research and development holds true for producers of technologically advanced components?

A.Modest investments are required and the profit margins on component sales are low.

B.Modest investments are required but the profit margins on component sales are quite high.

C.Despite the huge investments that are required, the profit margins on components sales are high.

D.Because huge investments are required, the profit margins on component sales are low.

Passage Three

Campaigning on the Indian frontier is an experience by itself. Neither the landscape nor the people find their counterparts in any other portion of the globe. Valley walls rise steeply five or six thousand feet on every side. The columns crawl through a maze of giant corridors down which fierce snow-fed torrents, foam under skies of brass. Amid these scenes of savage brilliancy there dwells a rave whose qualities seem to harmonize with their environment. Except at harvest time, when self-preservation requires a temporary truce, the Pathan tries are always engaged in private or public war. Every man is a warrior, a politician and a theologian. Every large house is a real feudal fortress made, it is true, only of sun-baked clay, but with battlements, turrets, loopholes, drawbridges, etc. complete. Every village has its defense. Every family cultivates its vendetta; every clan, its feud. The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one another. Nothing is ever forgotten, and very few debts are left unpaid. For the purposes of social life, in addition to the convention about harvest-time, a most elaborate code of honor has been established and is on the whole faithfully observed. A man who knew it and observed it faultlessly might pass unarmed from one end of the frontier to another. The slightest technical slip would, however, be fatal. The life of the Pathan is thus full of interest, and his valleys, nourished alike by endless sunshine and abundant water, are fertile enough to yield with little labor the modest material requirements of a sparse population.

Into this happy world the nineteenth century brought two new facts: the rifle and the British Government. The first was an enormous luxury and blessing; the second, an unmitigated nuisance.

The convenience of the rifle was nowhere more appreciated than in the Indian highlands. A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred yards opened a whole new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it. One could actually remain in one's own house and fire at one's neighbor nearly a mile away. Even villages could fire at each other without the trouble of going far from home. Fabulous prices were therefore offered for these glorious products of science. Rifle-thieves scoured all India to reinforce the efforts of the honest smuggler. A steady flow of the coveted weapons spread its genial influence throughout the frontier and the respect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christian civilization was vastly enhanced.

The action of the British Government on the other hand was entirely unsatisfactory. The great organizing, advancing, absorbing power to the southward seemed to be little better than a monstrous spoil-sport. If the Pathan made forays into the plains, not only were they driven back ( which after all was no more than fair) , but a whole series of subsequent interferences took place, followed at intervals by expeditions which toiled laboriously through the valleys, scolding the tribesmen and exacting fines for any damage which they had done. No one would have minded these expeditions if they had simply come, had a fight and then gone away again. In many cases this was their practice under what was called the “butcher and bole policy” to which the Government of India long adhered. But towards the end of the nineteenth century these intruders began to make road through many of the valleys, and in particular the great road to Chital. They sought to ensure the safety of these roads by threats, by forts and by subsidies. There was no objection to the last method so far as it went. But the whole of this tendency to road-making was regarded by the Pathans with profound distaste. All along the road people were expected to keep quiet, not to shoot one another, and above all not to shoot at travelers along the road. It was too much to ask, and a whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source.

25.The word debts in “very few debts are left unpaid” in the first paragraph means          .

A.loans B. accounts    C. killings   D. bargains

26.Which of the following is NOT one of the geographical facts about the Indian frontier?

A.Melting snows B. Large population    C. Steep hillsides    D. Fertile valleys

27.According to the passage, the Pathans welcomed          .

A.the introduction of the rifle    B. the spread of British rule

C.the extension of luxuries        D.the spread of trade

28.Building roads by the British          .

A.put an end to a whole series of quarrels

B.prevented the Pathans from carrying on feuds

C.lessened the subsidies paid to the Pathans

D.gave the Pathans a much quieter life

29.A suitable title for the passage would be          .

A.campaigning on the Indian Frontier

B.why the Pathans Resented the British Rule

C.the Popularity of Rifles among the Pathans

D.the Pathans at War.

Passage Four

Richard, King of England from 1189 to 1199, with all his characteristic virtues and faults cast in a heroic mould, is one of the most fascinating medieval figures. He has been described as the creature and embodiment of the age of chivalry. In those days the lion was much admired in heraldry, and more than one king sought to link himself with its repute. When Richard's contemporaries called him “Coeur de Lion” (The Lion heart) , they paid a lasting compliment to the king of beasts. Little did the English people owe him for his services, and heavily did they pay for his adventures. He was in England only twice for a few short months in his ten years' reign; yet his memory has always English hearts, and seems to present throughout the centuries the pattern of the fighting man. In all deeds of prowess as well as in large schemes of war Richard shone. He was tall and delicately shaped strong in nerve and sinew, and most dexterous in arms. He rejoiced in personal combat, and regarded his opponents without malice as necessary agents in his fame. He loved war, not so much for the sake of glory or political ends, but as other man love science or poetry, for the excitement of the struggle and the glow of victory. By this his whole temperament was toned, and united with the highest qualities of the military commander, love of war called forth all the power of his mind and body.

Although a man of blood and violence, Richard was too impetuous to be either treacherous or habitually cruel. He was as ready to forgive as he was hasty to offend; he was open-handed and munificent to profusion; in war circumspect in design and skilful in execution; in political a child, lacking in subtlety and experience. His political alliances were formed upon his likes and dislikes ; his political schemes had neither unity nor clearness of purpose. The advantages gained for him by military geoids were flung away through diplomatic ineptitude. When, on the journey to the East, Messina in Sicily was won by his arms he was easily persuaded to share with his polished, faithless ally, Philip Augustus, fruits of a victory which more wisely used might have foiled the French King's artful schemes. The rich and tenable acquisition of Cyprus was cast away even more easily than it was won. His life was one magnificent parade, which, when ended, left only an empty plain.

In 1199, when the difficulties of raising revenue for the endless war were at their height, good news was brought to King Richard. It was said there had been dug up near the castle of Chaluz, on the lands of one of his French vassals, a treasure of wonderful quality; a group of golden images of an emperor, his wife, sons and daughters, seated round a table, also of gold, had been unearthed.

The King claimed this treasure as lord paramount. The lord of Chaluz resisted the demand, and the King laid siege to his small, weak castle. On the third day, as he rode daringly, near the wall, confident in his hard-tried luck, a bolt from a crossbow struck him in the left shoulder by the neck.

The wound, already deep, was aggravated by the necessary cutting out of the arrow-head.

Gangrene set in, and Coeur de Lion knew that he must pay a soldier's debt. He prepared for death with fortitude and calm, and in accordance with the principles he had followed. He arranged his affairs, he divided his personal belongings among his friends or bequeathed them to charity. He declared John to be his heir, and made all preset swear fealty to him. He ordered the archer who had shot the fatal bolt, and who was now a prisoner, to be brought before him. He pardoned him, and made him a gift of money. For seven years he had not confessed for fear of being compelled to be reconciled to Philip, but now he received the offices of the Church with sincere and exemplary piety, and died in the forty-second year of his age on April 6,1199, worthy, by the consent of all men, to sit with King Arthur and Roland and other heroes of martial romance at some Eternal round Table, which we trust the Creator of the Universe in. His comprehension will not have forgotten to provide.

The archer was flayed alive.

30.“Little did the English people own him for his service” (paragraph One) means that the English            .

A.paid few taxes to him

B.gave him little respect

C.received little protection from him

D.had no real cause to feel grateful to him

31.To say that his life was a “magnificent parade” (paragraph Two) implies that it was to some extent            .

A. spent chiefly at war B. impressive and admirable

C. lived too pompously D. an empty show

32.Richard's behaviour as death approached showed            .

A. bravery and self-control   B. wisdom and correctness

C. devotion and romance   D. chivalry and charity

33.The point of the last short paragraph is that Richard was            .

A.cheated by his own successors

B.determined to take revenge on his enemies

C.more generous to his enemies than his successor

D.unable to influence the behavior of his successors

34.Which of the following phrase best describes Richard as seen by the author?

A.An aggressive king, too fond of war.

B.A brave king with minor faults.

C.A competent but cunning soldier.

D.A kind with great political skills.

35.The relationship between the first and second paragraphs in that            .

A.each presents one side of the picture

B.the first generalizes the second gives examples

C.the second is the logical result of the first

D.both present Richard’s virtues and faults

Part III Vocabulary (10%)

Directions:In this part there ere twenty sentences with a missing word each. There are four chokes marked A, B, C and D for you to make a choice. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

36.It is generally known that New York is a city for and a center for          odd bits of information.

A. veterans B. victims C. pedestrians D. eccentrics

37.High grades are supposed to          academic ability, but John’s actual performance did not confirm this.

A. certify B. clarify C. classify D. notify

38.In November 1987 the government          a public debate on the future direction of the office sports policy.

A. initiated B. designated C. induced D. promoted

39.I found it difficult to          my career ambitions with the need to bring up my children.

A. consolidate B. amend C. reconcile D. intensify

40.We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it         when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society.

A. compacted B. restricted C. dispersed D. delayed

41.As the trial went on, the story behind the murder slowly          itself.

A. convicted B. released C. haunted D. unfolded

42.We've just installed a fan to          cooking smells from the kitchen.

A. eject B. exclude C. expel D. exile

43.Retirement is obviously a very complex          period ; and the earlier you start planning for it, the better.

A. transformation B. transmission C. transaction D. transition

44.Mutual respect for territorial          is one of the bases upon which our two countries develop relationships.

A. unity B. integrity C. entirety D. reliability

45.The design of this auditorium shows a great deal of          . We have never seen such a building before.

A. invention B. illusion C. originality D. orientation

46.Very few people could understand the lecture the professor delivered because its subject was very          .

A. obscure B. indefinite C. dubious D. intriguing

47.Diamonds have little          value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.

A. intrinsic B. eternal C. subtle D. inherent

48.I had eaten Chinese food often, but I could not have imagined how          and extravagant a real Chinese banquet could be.

A. prominent B. fabulous C. handsome D. gracious

49.They are          investors who always make thorough investigations both on local and international markets before making an investment.

A. implicit B. conscious C. cautious D. indecisive

50. Because of the          noise of traffic I couldn't get to sleep last night.

A. prevalent B. perpetual C. provocative D. progressive

51.If you go to the park every day in the morning, you will          find him doing physical exercise there.

A. ordinarily B. invariably C. logically D. persistently

52.The idea is to          the frequent incidents of collision to test the strength of the windshields.

A. assemble B. simulate C. accumulate D. forge

53.Starting with the          that there is life on the planet Mars, the scientist went on to develop his argument.

A. premise B. pretext C. foundation D. presentation

54.After several nuclear disasters, a          has raged over the safety of nuclear energy.

A. quarrel B. suspicion C. verdict D. controversy

55.Their diplomatic principles completely laid bare their          for world conquest.

A. admiration B. ambition C. administration D. orientation

Part IV Translation (15%)

Directions:Translate the seven underlined sentences in following passage into Chinese and write your translation on your Answer sheet A.

JOE SWANBERG makes films about the romantic lives of young urbanites. He shoots quickly with a digital camera and asks actors to wear their own clothes. His films, which tend to cost between $30,000 and $50,000 to make, are almost never shown in cinemas. Instead they are available on pay-television as video-on-demand, as downloads from iTunes (Apple's digital store) or as DVDs. By keeping his costs down and distributing digitally, Mr Swanberg is making a living.

Technology was expected to help young artists like Mr swanberg. In 2006 Chris Anderson, the author of “The Long Tail”, predicted that the internet would vastly increase the supply of niche media products and bring audiences to them. That has certainly happened. But so has the opposite. In film, music, television and books, blockbusters are tightening their grip on audiences and advertisers (see article). 56. The growth of obscure products has come at the expense of things that are merely quite popular. The loser in a world of almost limitless entertainment choice is not the hit, but the near-miss.

There are several reasons for this. Some are as old as Charles Dickens (or perhaps even Homer) .People still want to have something to talk about with their friends. Thus “American Idol” and “The X-Factor” do pretty much as well as TV hits did ten years ago, “New Moon” has just set a new record at the box office and bestselling books sell better than ever Research shows that people enjoy hits more than they do obscure stuff, often because they are the only thing that many people try in that genre: lucky Dan Brown and Katie Price.

But some things are new. All that technology that has made niche content so much more accessible has also proved handy for pushing blockbusters. Missed “Twilight”, the predecessor of “New Moon”. There will be other chances to catch it, in a wide variety of formats. Technology helps hits zip around the world, too—even in the art market ( see our special report).

Blockbusters are doing well not in spite of the fact that people have more choice in entertainment, but because of it. Imagine walking into a music shop containing 4m songs (the number available on We7, a free music-streaming service in Britain) or more than 10m (the choice on iTunes), all of them arranged alphabetically in plain boxes. The choice would be overwhelming. It is far easier to grab the thing everybody is talking about or that you heard on the radio that morning.

Is this increasing polarization into blockbusters and niches good or bad? It certainly makes life harder for media companies. 57. In a world of growing entertainment options it is more important than ever to make a splash. Miss the top of the chart, even by a little, and your product ends up fighting for attention along with thousands—perhaps millions—of other offerings. That prospect makes for jitters and, sometimes, conservatism. Broadcast television programmes must succeed quickly or they will be cancelled. It is becoming even harder to talk studio bosses in to approving some kinds of film. Want to make a complicated political drama, based on an original screenplay, with expensive actors in exotic locations? Good luck with that.

58. Yet the challenge for the moguls is a boon to consumers. In the past firms made a lot of money supplying content that was not too objectionable to people who did not have much of a choice. In a world of hugely expanded options they cannot get away with this. These days there is rarely nothing good on television. So media companies must raise their game.

59. Creative types who are accustomed to lavishing money on moderately appealing projects will have to do more with less. Or they must learn how to move between big-budget blockbusters and niche, small-budget fare, observing the different genre and budget constraints that apply in these world. A few forward-looking folk, such as Steven Soderbergh, a film-maker, are already doing this. Some will find shelter. Premium television channels such as HBO, which are built on passion more than popularity, offer some protection from chill market winds. So do state broadcasters like the BBC.

60. Thinking people naturally deplore the rise of lowest-common-denominator blockbusters, and wish that more money were available to produce the kind of music, films and television programmes they like. The problem is that everybody has different ideas about exactly what they want to see. Some may thrill to a documentary about Leica cameras ; others may want to spend an hour being told how to cook a better bouillabaisse. But not many want to do either of these things, which explains why such programmes are niche products. There are only a few things that can be guaranteed to delight large numbers of people. They are known as blockbusters.

Part V Writing (15%)

Directions: Write a 250-word composition about your view on the Power of Online Public Opinion.

Your composition is to include 3 paragraphs:

1.In the first paragraph, state your main idea.

2.In the second paragraph, support your main idea with specific examples and necessary reasoning.

3.In the last paragraph, bring your composition to a natural conclusion.

Attention: Write your composition on the Answer Sheet.

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