考博英语语法知识点：关系代词

语法的复习是比较枯燥的，同时对于参加博士生入学考试的学员来说，基础语法的学习已经是很久之前的事情了。要想在短期内提高语法基本功，最理想的办法就是复习语法知识和做题。以下是小编为大家整理分享的考博英语常见的语法知识点内容，希望能给大家提供帮助。

►指人的关系代词：who, whom, whose, that 的用法：

（1） 作主语（who, that ）

the man who/that is talking with mr. wang is a famous doctor.

正在和王先生说话的那个人是一个有名的医生。

在本句中，先行词是the man；关系代词who/that引导定语从句，同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词is talking的主语。

这个复合句可以还原成两个句子：the man is a famous doctor. he is talking with mr. wang.

（2） 作宾语包括作介词宾语（whom, that ）。此种情况下的关系代词可以省略；

this is just the man （whom/that） i want for the job.这正是我要的做这份工作的人。

在本句中，先行词是the man；关系代词whom/that引导定语从句，同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词want 的宾语。

（3） 当关系代词紧跟介词作介词宾语时，不能用that，也不能省略，

如：the book from which i got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.

我从中得到许多有用信息的那本书是一位著名科学家写的。

►指物的关系代词which和that的用法：

1. 作主语

this is the instruction manual which/that tells you how to operate the computer.

这是那本教你如何操作计算机的说明手册。

2. 作宾语包括作介词宾馆。此种情况下的关系代词可以省略：

the chair （which /that） you broke yesterday is now being repaired.

你昨天弄坏的那把椅子现在正在修理。

3.whose 和of which 指代人或事物，作定语。of which 可用whose 代替；

the car whose lights （of which the lights/the lights of which） were all broken was my father’s.

那辆所有的灯都破了的汽车是我父亲的。

4.关系代词的格应与它在从句中充当的成分一致。特别要注意插入语，

如：peter is the one who everybody believes will fail to bring off the contract. peter 是那个人人都认为不能完成合同的人。（everybody believes 是插入语）

5.关系代词作从句的主语时，从句的动词必须和先行词的人称和数一致：

例：these are the operating instructions that/which are written in english 。

这就是用英文写成的使用说明。

6.非限定性定语从句不用that，只用who（whose, whom）和which代表人和物；

例：her brothers, both of whom work in america, ring her up every week。

她的兄弟们——两个人都在美国工作——每个星期都给她打电话。

7.关系副词（=介词+关系代词）：

例：i shall never forget the day when （=on which） we first met.

我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。

this is the house in which （=where） my parents used to live.

这就是我父母以前住过的房子。

注意事项：

（1）在非正式场合， that有时可用来代替关系副词或相当于关系副词的“介词+which”，而且经常全部省略，

如：in all the years that （=when/during which） i was at collage

在我读大学的那些年里

the reason that（=why/for which）he is not happy

他不高兴的理由

（2）是用关系代词还是用关系副词：

关系词（包括关系代词和关系副词）是学习英语定语从句的关键。用关系代词还是用关系副词，一要看关系词在从句当中作什么成分；二要看关系词所代表的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因；三要看所引导的是限定性定语从句还是非限定性定语从句。所以同样的先行词会有不同的关系词，这是因为关系词在从句当中担当的作用不同而决定的。

如：this is the room where/in which we’ll celebrate the new year.

这是我们将要在里面庆贺新年的房间。（充当地点状语）

this is the house where she lives.这是她住的房子。

【比较：this is the house （that/which） she has bought. 这是她买的房子。this is the house that/which i’ve told you is extremely expensive.这就是我和你说过极其昂贵的那幢房子。】

that is the reason why he did not come that morning.

那就是那天上午他没来的原因。

（3）定语从句中的时态。如果主句是一般将来时或过去将来时，从句的动作与主句的同时发生，那么该从句要用一般现在时表示一般将来时、用一般过去时表示过去将来时。

例：anyone who/that touches the wire will get an electric shock.

任何碰这根电线的人将受到电击。（不用will touch）

注：①先行词有较高级形容词修饰时，常用that，而不用which：

例：edison was one of the greatest inventors that ever lived.

爱迪生是曾经有过的最伟大的发明家之一。

②先行词有the same, the very, the first, the last, all, no, the only, much, little, none, any, every等时，常用that, 而不用which：

例：he was the first man that we saw in the village.

他是我们在那个村子里看到的第一个人。

there is little that is interesting.

没什么令人感兴趣。

③当先行词既有人又有物时，用that，不用which，

如：we were deeply impressed by the workers and their working conditions that we had visited.

我们参观过的工人及他们的工作条件留下了深刻印象。

④在same和such之后，定语从句用as引导，

如：let’s discuss only such questions as concern us.

让我们只讨论与我们有关的问题。

such machines as are used in our workshop are made in china.

我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。

但是，如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生，则两部分都要用来将来时，

as 引导非限定性定语从句即可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接下列句型。如：as is known, as is said, as is reported as is announced 等。

例如：as we all know, mr. wang is a good teacher.

as is known to all, the earth revolves round the sun.

he is tired, as you can see.

as i expected, he didn’t believe me.

as 引导非限定性定语从句时与which的区别：当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which。

如：he made a long speech, as was expected.

he made a long speech, which was unexpected.

tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.

但是，如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生，则两部分都要用来将来时，

注：⑤在“介词+关系代词”的结构中，也可用复杂介词，如：by means of （用，依靠），as a result of （作为结果）等：

例：i have three children, one daughter and two sons, all of whom graduated from the same university .

我有三个孩子：一个女儿、两个儿子，他们都毕业于同一所大学。

the police, in whom i have great confidence, are trying to find out who did it.

我对警察有极大的信心，他们正在努力寻找是谁做的这件事。

注：⑥一个先行词后面可以跟一个以上的定语从句，这种现象叫双重关系从句：

例：here are some words which are often used but which are very confusing.

这里有些常用但非常混乱的词。

he is the only person that i can find who is able to solve the problem.

他是我能找到的解决这个问题的人。

但是当介词放在从句末尾时，作为介词宾语的关系代词可以用that 并且可以省略。

如上头两句可改为：

the book （that /which） i got a lot of information from was written by a famous scientist.

who is the boy （that/whom） you were talking with a moment ago?

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