2021年考博英语翻译专项练习（八）

考博英语翻译题一般包括英译汉题、汉译英题。其中汉译英要求考生能将一篇社会、文化、经济或科技类汉语短文译成英语，要求译文忠实原文，无明显误译、漏译；译文通顺，用词正确、表达基本无误，无明显语法错误；总量为150个左右汉字。英译汉要求考生能将一篇英语社会、文化、经济、科技等为背景的英语短文译成汉语，要求译文忠实原文，无明显误译、漏译；译文通顺，用词正确、表达基本无误，无明显语病；总量为100个左右单词。为帮助大家更好的备考这类翻译题型，小编为大家整理了部分院校的往年考博英语翻译真题（中国社会科学院），一起来练习下吧。

Direction: Write your translations in your answer sheet．

Part A

Translate into good Chinese the underlined sentences only. (15％)

Nearly every society in human history has considered its own language finer, its own food tastier, its own manners more refined (or more honest), its own morals better (or more sensible), and its own religion the one true religion. In smaller groups ethnocentrism takes the form of “team spirit”, “local pride”, and “company morale”. (1) Taken to extremes, ethnocentrism easily leads to chauvinism (the glorification of one's own group along with fear and hatred of others), racial and religious oppression, warfare, and even genocide. In moderate forms, however, ethnocentrism makes for high morale and effective cooperation within a group. Whether in a football team before a big game or in a nation at war, ethnocentric feelings have the beneficial effect of mobilizing and uniting a threatened group against its enemy. (2) Finally, ethnocentrism can provide satisfaction and comfort. People often make themselves feel better by believing in other's inferiority. “At least I'm not a grind,” An important step in the uphill struggle of American blacks and woment to win social equality was the increased self—esteem generated by such ethnocentric slogans as “Black is beautiful” and “Sisterhood is powerful.”

As soon as it became clear that ethnocentrism was a common phenomenon, social scientists realized that they themselves might be unfairly judging the behavior of different peoples according to their own cultural values. To avoid any taint of ethnocentric prejudice, anthropologists began to adopt an attitude of cultural relativism, the view that human thoughts and deeds should be judged not by any outside standards but only by those of the society or group in which they take place. (3) Cultural relativism

thus stood for scientific objectivity, fair—mindedness, and liberalism. It rapidly became the dominant view in anthropology and sociology．

At first, some anthropologists interpreted cultural relativism so rigidly that they refused to make any judgments whatever about human behavior. In the 1930s the anthropologist Ruth Benedict maintained, for instance, that the cultures of the would were all equally valied patterns of life and nothing any people did was invalid if it was in harmony with the rest of their culture. (4) Paradoxically, the extreme cultural relativists, who wanted to give all other peoples due respect and resist all tendencies toward ethnocentrism in themselves, were drawn to the logical conclusion that anything goes—infanticide, headhunting, slavery, torture, ritual mutilation—provided only that it is in accord with the culture in which it occurs．

History soon exposes the fallacy of this doctrine of total objectivity. Under Hitler, the Nazis enslaved millions and put millions more to death. After the 1930s it was no longer possible for scholars to maintain the stance of total cultural relativism (5) While contemporary anthropologists and sociologists continue to believe that the practices of another people cannot be judged on the same terms as their own culture, they also believe that those practices can be judged in the light of universal values and basic human requirements. Thus, any cultural practice that conflicts with such universal human needs as emotional security, physical health, and self—preservation should not be deemed as valid as practices that serve those needs．

Part B

Translate into good English the following sentences. (15％)

(1)在世界各地，今天比任何时候都更加感觉到中国的存在，它在世界政治形势中占有历史性的重要地位。

(2)我们的社会主义实践，与其说是出于社会主义理论的理解和运用，还不如说是为了适应现实的需要。

(3)我们现在面临的所有重大世界性问题中最重要的问题就是人口对土地和土地资源的压力正在迅建增长。

(4)在科学技术迅猛发展的今天，振兴经济的希望在教育，教师队伍的数量和质量对教育发展只有决定性的影响。

(5)必须引导人们正确处理竞争和协作、自主和监督、效率和公平、先富和共富、经济效率和社会效益等关系。

KEY

Part A

1．民族中心主义在较小的群体中表现为“团队精神”，“地域主义”和“公司时期”等具体形式。

2．民族中心主义情绪无论是在一个面临一场重大比赛的足球中还是在一个处于战争状态的中，都发挥着动员和联合一个受到威胁的群体起来对抗敌手的有益作用。

3．人类学家们为了避免出现民族中心主义偏见的迹象，开始采取一种文化相对主义的态度，文化相对主义是一种人为评价人的思想行为应该依照其发生的社会或团体的标准而不是任何外来的标准的观点。

4．二十世纪三十年代，例如人类学家鲁斯，斑斌迪克特就坚持道，世界上所有的文化都是具有同等法律效力的生活方式，只要与其文化中的其他事物相一致，无论人们做甚么都是正当有效的。

5．从二十世纪三十年代以后，学者们再也不可能坚持绝对的文化相对主义观点了。

Part B

1．The presence of China is felt, more than ever, all over the world, assuming historic dimensions in the world political situation．

2．Our socialist practice has been the result much more of responding to a felt need than to any understanding and application of sociality theory．

3．The most important of all the great world problems which face us at the present time is the rapidly increasing pressure of population on land and on land resources．

4．Nowadays in the condition of the science and technology being developed swift and violent, the hope of vitalizing economy is education, the quality and quantity of the teachers group has a decisive effect on the education development．

5．It is imperative to guide people to correctly handle relations between competition and cooperation between the exercise of decision making power and supervision, between efficiency and fairness between achieving prosperity sooner and achieving common prosperity, and between economic returns and social effects．