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本文提供考研201英语(一)在线题库每日一练,以下为具体内容
1、As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember(1)we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain(2), we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.”(3)seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n)(4)impact on our professional, social, and personal(5).Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It (6)out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental (7)can significantly improve our basic cognitive(8). Thinking is essentially a (9) of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to (10) in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. (11), because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate (12) mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step (13) and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental (14).The Web-based program (15) you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps (16) of your progress and provides detailed feedback (17) your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it (18) modifies and enhances the games you play to (19) on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) (20) exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.
问题1
A、why
B、when
C、that
D、where
问题2
A、improves
B、fades
C、collapses
D、recovers
问题3
A、While
B、Unless
C、Once
D、If
问题4
A、uneven
B、limited
C、damaging
D、obscure
问题5
A、relationship
B、environment
C、wellbeing
D、outlook
问题6
A、turns
B、finds
C、points
D、figures
问题7
A、responses
B、roundabouts
C、workouts
D、associations
问题8
A、genre
B、criterion
C、circumstances
D、functions
问题9
A、channel
B、process
C、sequence
D、condition
问题10
A、excel
B、feature
C、persist
D、believe
问题11
A、However
B、Moreover
C、Otherwise
D、Therefore
问题12
A、instead of
B、regardless of
C、apart from
D、according to
问题13
A、back
B、further
C、aside
D、around
问题14
A、framework
B、stability
C、sharpness
D、flexibility
问题15
A、hurries
B、reminds
C、forces
D、allows
问题16
A、order
B、track
C、hold
D、pace
问题17
A、to
B、on
C、for
D、with
问题18
A、constantly
B、habitually
C、irregularly
D、unusually
问题19
A、carry
B、put
C、build
D、take
问题20
A、risky
B、familiar
C、idle
D、effective
2、Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is(1)a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has (2). The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted (3) 1,932 unique subjects which (4) pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both (5). While 1% may seem (6), it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even (7) their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who (8) our kin.” The team also developed a "friendship score" which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.The study (9) found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now, (10), as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more (11) it. There could be many mechanisms working together that (12) us in choosing genetically similar friends (13) “functional kinship” of being friends with (14)! One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolving (15) than other genes. Studying this could help (16) why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major (17) factor. The findings do not simply explain people's (18) to befriend those of similar (19) backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to (20) that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.
问题1
A、what
B、why
C、how
D、when
问题2
A、defended
B、concluded
C、withdrawn
D、advised
问题3
A、for
B、with
C、by
D、on
问题4
A、separated
B、sought
C、compared
D、connected
问题5
A、tests
B、objects
C、samples
D、examples
问题6
A、insignificant
B、unexpected
C、unreliable
D、incredible
问题7
A、visit
B、miss
C、know
D、seek
问题8
A、surpass
B、influence
C、favor
D、resemble
问题9
A、again
B、also
C、instead
D、thus
问题10
A、Meanwhile
B、Furthermore
C、Likewise
D、Perhaps
问题11
A、about
B、to
C、from
D、like
问题12
A、limit
B、observe
C、confuse
D、drive
问题13
A、according to
B、rather than
C、regardless of
D、along with
问题14
A、chances
B、responses
C、benefits
D、missions
问题15
A、faster
B、slower
C、later
D、earlier
问题16
A、forecast
B、remember
C、express
D、understand
问题17
A、unpredictable
B、contributory
C、controllable
D、disruptive
问题18
A、tendency
B、decision
C、arrangement
D、endeavor
问题19
A、political
B、religious
C、ethnic
D、economic
问题20
A、see
B、show
C、prove
D、tell
3、Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest. California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies. The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants. They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to say, going through a suspect's purse. The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier. Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution's prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn't ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom. But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now. 1.The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to( ).2.The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of ( ). 3.The author believes that exploring one's phone contents is comparable to ( ). 4.In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that ( ). 5.Orin Kerr's comparison is quoted to indicate that( ).
问题1
A、search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant
B、check suspects' phone contents without being authorized
C、prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents
D、prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones
问题2
A、tolerance
B、indifference
C、disapproval
D、cautiousness
问题3
A、getting into one's residence
B、handling one's historical records
C、scanning one's correspondences
D、going through one's wallet
问题4
A、principles are hard to be clearly expressed
B、the court is giving police less room for action
C、phones are used to store sensitive information
D、citizens, privacy is not effectively protected
问题5
A、the Constitution should be implemented flexibly
B、new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution
C、California's argument violates principles of the Constitution
D、principles of the Constitution should never be altered
4、France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting. Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That's a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth. The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques. The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison. The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement. In contrast to France's actions, Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charter's main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance. Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry. 1.According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?2.The phrase “impinging on” (Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to( ).3.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?4.A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for( ). 5.Which of the following may be the best title of the text?
问题1
A、Physical beauty would be redefined.
B、New runways would be constructed.
C、Websites about dieting would thrive.
D、The fashion industry would decline.
问题2
A、indicating the state of
B、heightening the value of
C、losing faith in
D、doing harm to
问题3
A、The French measures have already failed.
B、New standards are being set in Denmark.
C、Models are no longer under peer pressure.
D、Its inherent problems are getting worse.
问题4
A、pursuing perfect physical conditions
B、caring too much about models' character
C、showing little concern for health factors
D、setting a high age threshold for models
问题5
A、A Challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body Ideals.
B、A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France.
C、Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty.
D、The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry.
5、“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist,“ That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.’’ But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders' money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies—at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company's products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial lab our-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.1.The author views Milton Friedman's statement about CSR with( ).2.According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by ( ). 3.The expression “more lenient”(Paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to ( ). 4.When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record ( ). 5.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?
问题1
A、uncertainty
B、skepticism
C、approval
D、tolerance
问题2
A、guarding it against malpractices
B、protecting it from being defamed
C、winning trust from consumers
D、raising the quality of its products
问题3
A、less controversial
B、more lasting
C、more effective
D、less severe
问题4
A、comes across as reliable evidence
B、has an impact on their decision
C、increases the chance of being penalized
D、constitutes part of the investigation
问题5
A、The necessary amount of companies' spending on it is unknown.
B、Companies' financial capacity for it has been overestimated.
C、Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.
D、It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.
本文提供考研201英语(一)在线题库每日一练,以下为具体内容
1、As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember(1)we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain(2), we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.”(3)seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n)(4)impact on our professional, social, and personal(5).Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It (6)out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental (7)can significantly improve our basic cognitive(8). Thinking is essentially a (9) of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to (10) in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. (11), because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate (12) mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step (13) and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental (14).The Web-based program (15) you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps (16) of your progress and provides detailed feedback (17) your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it (18) modifies and enhances the games you play to (19) on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) (20) exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.
问题1
A、why
B、when
C、that
D、where
问题2
A、improves
B、fades
C、collapses
D、recovers
问题3
A、While
B、Unless
C、Once
D、If
问题4
A、uneven
B、limited
C、damaging
D、obscure
问题5
A、relationship
B、environment
C、wellbeing
D、outlook
问题6
A、turns
B、finds
C、points
D、figures
问题7
A、responses
B、roundabouts
C、workouts
D、associations
问题8
A、genre
B、criterion
C、circumstances
D、functions
问题9
A、channel
B、process
C、sequence
D、condition
问题10
A、excel
B、feature
C、persist
D、believe
问题11
A、However
B、Moreover
C、Otherwise
D、Therefore
问题12
A、instead of
B、regardless of
C、apart from
D、according to
问题13
A、back
B、further
C、aside
D、around
问题14
A、framework
B、stability
C、sharpness
D、flexibility
问题15
A、hurries
B、reminds
C、forces
D、allows
问题16
A、order
B、track
C、hold
D、pace
问题17
A、to
B、on
C、for
D、with
问题18
A、constantly
B、habitually
C、irregularly
D、unusually
问题19
A、carry
B、put
C、build
D、take
问题20
A、risky
B、familiar
C、idle
D、effective
2、Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is(1)a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has (2). The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted (3) 1,932 unique subjects which (4) pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both (5). While 1% may seem (6), it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even (7) their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who (8) our kin.” The team also developed a "friendship score" which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.The study (9) found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now, (10), as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more (11) it. There could be many mechanisms working together that (12) us in choosing genetically similar friends (13) “functional kinship” of being friends with (14)! One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolving (15) than other genes. Studying this could help (16) why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major (17) factor. The findings do not simply explain people's (18) to befriend those of similar (19) backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to (20) that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.
问题1
A、what
B、why
C、how
D、when
问题2
A、defended
B、concluded
C、withdrawn
D、advised
问题3
A、for
B、with
C、by
D、on
问题4
A、separated
B、sought
C、compared
D、connected
问题5
A、tests
B、objects
C、samples
D、examples
问题6
A、insignificant
B、unexpected
C、unreliable
D、incredible
问题7
A、visit
B、miss
C、know
D、seek
问题8
A、surpass
B、influence
C、favor
D、resemble
问题9
A、again
B、also
C、instead
D、thus
问题10
A、Meanwhile
B、Furthermore
C、Likewise
D、Perhaps
问题11
A、about
B、to
C、from
D、like
问题12
A、limit
B、observe
C、confuse
D、drive
问题13
A、according to
B、rather than
C、regardless of
D、along with
问题14
A、chances
B、responses
C、benefits
D、missions
问题15
A、faster
B、slower
C、later
D、earlier
问题16
A、forecast
B、remember
C、express
D、understand
问题17
A、unpredictable
B、contributory
C、controllable
D、disruptive
问题18
A、tendency
B、decision
C、arrangement
D、endeavor
问题19
A、political
B、religious
C、ethnic
D、economic
问题20
A、see
B、show
C、prove
D、tell
3、Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest. California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies. The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants. They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to say, going through a suspect's purse. The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier. Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution's prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn't ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom. But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now. 1.The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to( ).2.The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of ( ). 3.The author believes that exploring one's phone contents is comparable to ( ). 4.In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that ( ). 5.Orin Kerr's comparison is quoted to indicate that( ).
问题1
A、search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant
B、check suspects' phone contents without being authorized
C、prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents
D、prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones
问题2
A、tolerance
B、indifference
C、disapproval
D、cautiousness
问题3
A、getting into one's residence
B、handling one's historical records
C、scanning one's correspondences
D、going through one's wallet
问题4
A、principles are hard to be clearly expressed
B、the court is giving police less room for action
C、phones are used to store sensitive information
D、citizens, privacy is not effectively protected
问题5
A、the Constitution should be implemented flexibly
B、new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution
C、California's argument violates principles of the Constitution
D、principles of the Constitution should never be altered
4、France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting. Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That's a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth. The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques. The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison. The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement. In contrast to France's actions, Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charter's main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance. Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry. 1.According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?2.The phrase “impinging on” (Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to( ).3.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?4.A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for( ). 5.Which of the following may be the best title of the text?
问题1
A、Physical beauty would be redefined.
B、New runways would be constructed.
C、Websites about dieting would thrive.
D、The fashion industry would decline.
问题2
A、indicating the state of
B、heightening the value of
C、losing faith in
D、doing harm to
问题3
A、The French measures have already failed.
B、New standards are being set in Denmark.
C、Models are no longer under peer pressure.
D、Its inherent problems are getting worse.
问题4
A、pursuing perfect physical conditions
B、caring too much about models' character
C、showing little concern for health factors
D、setting a high age threshold for models
问题5
A、A Challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body Ideals.
B、A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France.
C、Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty.
D、The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry.
5、“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist,“ That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.’’ But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders' money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies—at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company's products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial lab our-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.1.The author views Milton Friedman's statement about CSR with( ).2.According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by ( ). 3.The expression “more lenient”(Paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to ( ). 4.When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record ( ). 5.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?
问题1
A、uncertainty
B、skepticism
C、approval
D、tolerance
问题2
A、guarding it against malpractices
B、protecting it from being defamed
C、winning trust from consumers
D、raising the quality of its products
问题3
A、less controversial
B、more lasting
C、more effective
D、less severe
问题4
A、comes across as reliable evidence
B、has an impact on their decision
C、increases the chance of being penalized
D、constitutes part of the investigation
问题5
A、The necessary amount of companies' spending on it is unknown.
B、Companies' financial capacity for it has been overestimated.
C、Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.
D、It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.
1、试题答案:第1题:D;第2题:B;第3题:A;第4题:C;第5题:C;第6题:A;第7题:C;第8题:D;第9题:B;第10题:A;第11题:A;第12题:D;第13题:B;第14题:C;第15题:D;第16题:B;第17题:B;第18题:A;第19题:C;第20题:D;
试题解析:
1.应选[D]。考点:语法知识+常识
【试题解析】(1)空缺设计在“remember”的宾语从句中,在从句中作状语。(2)上文提到记忆力和清晰度不如过去(not what they used to be),而本句提到“突然无法记起片刻之前放钥匙的……”。(3)从常识角度看,“遗忘放钥匙的地点”“老熟人的名字”和“老乐队的名字”三个并列项是已经发生的“事件”(occurrences),即一般情况下,遗忘了摆放的“地方”。因此,选项[D]最佳。
2.应选[B]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)空缺的是分句的谓语动词,即“As the brain...”(随着大脑……)。(2)这一部分的意思与上文“记忆力和清晰度不如过去”(not what they used to be)照应,而又呼应着下文的“精力不集中”(loss of mental focus)。(3)应在[B]和[C]之间做判断,句子应该是“随着大脑的衰老”。此外,“fade” 侧重一个渐进的过程,原文介绍脑力的衰老和培养是一个渐进的“过程”(process)。综合这些线索,[B] 最佳。
3.应选[A]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)空缺部分是从句中的连词,引导一个让步状语从句。(2)从句内容为“表面上无害”(innocent),主句内容为“实际上造成破坏性影响”(damaging),前后两者存在转折对比关系。(3)从句法角度看,连词“while”可以接不完整(包含省略成分)的分句,例如“Your missive, while complete in other regards, skirted the subject of cost.”(你的信件虽然在其他方面很周全,但却回避了成本问题。)(4)“while”的这种用法表示从句中所说的属实,但并不影响句子其他部分的真实性,尽管两种说法有些矛盾。所以,无论从语义角度考虑还是从句法角度考虑,[A]最佳。
4.应选[C]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)空缺形容词作定语修饰“impact”,是作者对某种影响的评价。(2)本题与上一题如出一辙。作者评价说“精力不集中表面上无害”,但“很可能造成不良影响”。换言之,空缺内容需要 “innocent”的反义表达。(3)下文提出了解决对策,说明这个空缺表达的是某一需要处理的问题。鉴于此,选项[C]最佳。
5.应选[C]。考点:句义理解+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)空缺处为名词,被“professional, social, personal”三个形容词共同修饰。(2)文中多次提及“improve”(改善,改进)一词,其英语解释是“to make or become better”,该词包含“good,well”的义素,即“好,安泰,善”。综合这些分析,[C]最佳。
6.应选[A]。考点:句义理解+小品词
【试题解析】(1)空缺谓语动词,而且构成“...out”短语搭配。空缺前的“it”是形式主语,其具体内容由下文“that”从句阐述。(2)空缺的前一句是段落主题句,“事实上(actually),人们可以有所为”,那么本句就应该承接这种语气继续分析,即提供具体的事实性分析(turn out)。(3)上文提到神经学家,那么他们研究的结果如何呢?本句正好回答了这个问题。综合这些线索,选项[A]为最佳选择。
7.应选[C]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)空缺在分句中充当主语,即“思维的……改进认知功能”。(2)从语篇角度来看,作者反复提出了“锻炼、实践”的重要性。换言之,上下文的“exercise, practice, performance”等与其构成了照应关系。鉴于此,选项[C]最佳。本题的难点主要在于“workouts”是一个超纲词汇,但是这个题目也体现出考试对考生词汇能力的要求,即推测词义的能力。
8.应选[D]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)空缺为名词,在句中充当宾语,即“锻炼改进了基本的认知……”(2)从上文来看,篇章侧重的是我们的认知能力“memory, clarity, mental focus”,这些属于“(认知)功能方面”。(3)从下文内容看,作者阐释的是“思考”(thinking)的过程以及智力方面的信息,而非“类型、标准、环境”等侧面。鉴于此,选项[D]最佳。
9.应选[B]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)空缺为名词,作表语,而且被“进行连接”(of making connections)所修饰。(2)“process”一词侧重于“(产生变化或作用的)过程”。下文正是对这种“过程”的阐释和分析。(3)最后一个自然段亦提供了照应信息,即“改进思维能力,发展优势”(developing strengths)。因此,选项[B]最佳。
10.应选[A]。考点:句子含义+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)空缺为动词,构成不定式做后置定语修饰“ability”,即“……进行神经元联系的能力”。(2)从常识角度考虑,人类的智力比其他动物优越而且超常。(3)回顾上文信息,“大脑能力衰减”, 暗示着“过去曾经旺盛(超常)”,这也提供了明显的线索。(4) “excel”与空缺后面的介词“in”可构成搭配。综合这些考虑,[A]为最佳选择。
11.应选[A]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)空缺为表述逻辑关系的连接词,连接前后两个句子的对比关系。(2)上文提到“智力与遗传有关”,而下文陈述“能力可以增强或变化”,前后两者间显然是一种转折对比关系。因此,[A] 最佳。
12.应选[D]。考点:逻辑关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)空缺为介词短语,连接“智力提高和波动”与“努力锻炼”的关系。(2)在“however” 之前作者介绍了“智力的遗传性”(inherited),之后提出“智力可能通过努力和锻炼而提高”(effort and practice)的看法,再次肯定了锻炼作为导因的重要性。即:因为锻炼,所以会增强和波动。而且,空缺所在的句子侧重于因果关系的分析(because)。(3)在四个备选中,“according to”的含义为“按照,取决于”(depending upon),能够表达出这种因果关系(in response to)。鉴于此,[D]选项最佳。
13.应选[B]。考点:段间关系+小品词使用
【试题解析】(1)空缺为小品词(作副词)。(2)从短语搭配角度看,“take a step further”的含义为“采取进一步措施”。(3)上文第二段介绍了神经学家提出的加强锻炼的观点(exercise),本段段首的“Now”既表达了时间的递进关系,又预示下文将补充说明,即最后两个段落介绍的“训练程序”可视为第二段“a lot that can be done”的进一步发展。鉴于此,[B]最佳。
14.应选[C]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)空缺为名词,被形容词“mental”修饰,作“improve and regain”的宾语。(2)上文提到智力衰老(fades),思想不集中(loss of mental focus),需要提高认知功能(cognitive functions),那么这个程序的目的便是“增强智力的敏锐”(sharpness)。(3)下文提到改进“记忆力和注意力”(memory and attention skills),也在谈论智力的话题。很明显,若填入选项[C],它将增强篇章的一致性和连贯性。
15.应选[D]。考点:句义理解+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)空缺为谓语动词。填入的动词应符合“...you to ... improve ... skills”(动词不定式)这一结构,意思为“程序……你增进智力”。(2)上文提到“程序实际上可以改进或重获智力”(actually);下文提到“拓展优势”(to build on the strengths)。这些信息说明,“程序能够给使用者带来益处,帮助提高智力”。(3)选项[D]可理解为“to give the ability or opportunity for someone to do something”(使能够……)。鉴于此,[D]选项最佳。
16.应选[B]。考点:句子含义+短语搭配
【试题解析】(1)空缺为名词,构成“keeps…of”的搭配,而且说明“程序”与“进步”的关系。(2)整个句子的含义是,“跟踪记录进度,且给予详尽的信息反馈”,那么“给予信息反馈”的前提自然是“跟踪进度”。鉴于此,[B]最佳。
17.应选[B]。考点:句际关系+短语搭配
【试题解析】(1)空缺为介词(小品词),表达“反馈”与“表现和提高”之间的关系。(2)从搭配上看, 与“feedback”搭配的两个介词是“on”或“from”。(3)句义为“提供关于你的表现和改进方面的详尽反馈”,是通顺的。因此,[B]最佳。
18.应选[A]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)空缺为副词,修饰“modifies and enhances”,即“程序会……调整和改进”。(2)上文提到,智力锻炼是一个“过程”(a process),需要“反复实践”(practice),且改进是“系统性的” (systematically),这里作者强调介绍“调整和改进”的“连续性”。(3)从词义的色彩看,“constantly”是一个含有积极色彩的词汇,作者流露出对这一程序作用的肯定。综合这些信息,选项[A]最佳。
19.应选[C]。考点:句子含义+短语搭配
【试题解析】(1)空缺为介词(小品词),结构上与“build”搭配,意义为“……你正在获得的优势”,“to...on the strengths”不定式在分句中作目的状语。(2)作者在本段中强调了锻炼过程中的连续性 (constantly),过程的系统性(systematically),空缺后的介词“on”(继续)其实也在营造这种连续性。(3)从下文看,提到了不断提高(enhances)和增加(increase)耐力,因此,选项[C]最佳。
20.应选[D]。考点:作者态度+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)空缺为形容词,修饰“routine”,句义为“就像一个……的锻炼常规做法”。(2)纵观 全文,作者在字里行间流露出对这种训练程序的积极评价(the first, systematically, enhances等)。而空缺的形容词应该照应这种评价态度。(3)“effective”除了表达“有效、有力”之外,还暗示某种“事实性”存在。原文反复使用的“actually”也提供了有力的线索。鉴于此,[D]最佳。
2、试题答案:第1题:A;第2题:B;第3题:D;第4题:C;第5题:C;第6题:A;第7题:C;第8题:D;第9题:B;第10题:D;第11题:B;第12题:D;第13题:B;第14题:C;第15题:A;第16题:D;第17题:B;第18题:A;第19题:C;第20题:A;
试题解析:
1.应选[A]。考点:语法知识+常识
【试题解析】(1)本题较容易。空缺设计在“That is...”的表语从句中,需要一个关系代词,即“...a study...has concluded”。当然,本题的判断需要与下一题一起考虑。(2)在所提供的四个备选中,只有“what”从句法上看是可接受的,“what”既作为连词,连接“That is”与“a study...has concluded”,又做第二个从句中“concluded"的宾语。因此,选项[A]最佳。
2.应选[B]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题容易。空缺的是第二个分句的谓语动词,“a study...”(一项研究……)。(2)从全文看,文章开门见山,第一段提出了中心议题,即“朋友之间存在如同远房表亲一样的‘相互关联’”。该段第一句介绍观点,第二句说明这一观点的提出者。(3)从第二段看,研究者是通过一项具体的科学研究得出的这一结论。据此,[B]最佳。
3.应选[D]。考点:小品词+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。解题关键在于对“subjects”一词的理解。空缺的是一个介词,“analysis conducted... subjects”,即“在某人身上做实验”。(2)下文的“The same people” 具体阐释了“subjects”的含义,其含义是实验对象或受试者。选项[D]最佳。
4.应选[C]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。空缺一个谓语动词,“which...pairs”,定语从句关系词“which”指代“the study”,即“研究对这些受试者……”。换言之,定语从句说明研究分析的内容。(2)结合下文的内容看,文章只提到受试者在该研究中的情况,没有提到如何“寻找” “联系”这些受试者,所以只能在[A]和[C]之间选择。(3)那么,再从文章的宏线看,第一段就提到了“物以类聚”的观点——朋友之间的相似性和关联性的话题——文章侧重于某种相似性的比较。综合这些线索,选项[C]最佳。
5.应选[C]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题较难。空缺为名词,与上文的“friends and unrelated strangers”照应。(2)解题时注意空缺与上文的照应关系。另外还需要从文章的第六段寻找线索,根据文章,“所有受试者都是从欧洲血统的人群中抽取出来的,研究人员还是采取措施确保研究对象中的朋友和陌生人都来自于同一族群”(第六段:a population of European extraction),这一信息本身就足以说明了无论是朋友还是陌生人都是某种“采样;抽样”。据此,选项[C]最佳。
6.应选[A]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。空缺一个感情色彩形容词,做“seem”的表语,意思为“1%的相似性似乎……”。(2)“While”(尽管)引导的从句含否定意义,而主句是肯定句,才构成了对比关系。全句含义为:“尽管1%的相似基因看上去可能微不足道(insignificant),但遗传学家并不这么认为。”(3)在第五段,作者又对这项研究进行了评价,认为它“可圈可点”(第五段:remarkable)——与“insignificant”为反义照应。据此,选项[A]最佳。
7.应选[C]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)本题较容易。空缺一个谓语动词,“people do not...cousins”(多数人没有远亲)。(2)本空与上一题解题思路如出一辙,“1%的相似性无足轻重”(第三段:insignificant)与“人们(不了解)‘远房亲戚’”之间存在相互阐释的逻辑关系。(3)再从下文的转折关系看,“人们选择与自己亲人相像的人作为朋友”(第三段:manage),虽然他们对此毫不知情。据此,选项[C]最佳。
8.应选[D]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。空缺从句的谓语动词,“who...our kin”(与我们的亲属……)。(2)从前后句判断,“选择了有些人作为朋友”,那么是什么样的朋友呢?根据篇章的一致性,“这些朋友是我们 的‘远房亲戚’(第一段:fourth cousins)”,与我们具有相似性。(3)从篇章的写作手法看,文章中多次使用 了“比较”“相似性”“雷同”等表达方式。据此,选项[D]最佳。
9.应选[B]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】本题较容易。空缺一个副词,承接上段和本段内容。上文从交朋友的角度谈论,而本段从基因的角度对问题进行深入剖析——上下文表达了某种承接关系。选项[B]最佳。
10.应选[D]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)本题较难。空缺在句首,需要一个副词,而从所给的四个备选看,填入的可能是逻辑关系副词([A][B][C]),也可能是语气副词([D])。(2)从空缺的上文看,“Why...”,提出了一个问题,下文应该进行因果分析,但是四个备选都未涉及因果关系,那么可以从语气方面考虑。(3)从上下句语气看,作者流露出的是一种不确定的或尝试性的语气,例如:“difficult to explain” “suggests” “could”,这些词项都表露出了某种主观推测语气。在下一段,作者又使用了类似的表达,例如“seem”。因此,选项[D]最佳。
11.应选[B]。考点:句际关系+小品词使用
【试题解析】(1)本题偏难。空缺一个介词,“it draws us to similar environments but there is more...it”,这个介词解释“more”和“it”的关系。句中的代词“it”为同一指代,即上文的“this similarity”, 第二个“it”不指代“environments”。(2)句子的大意是:“这种相似性(基因)吸引着我们去相似的环境,而且(由于)这种(基因)相似性还有许多其他的情形”——下文便阐释了许多“机制”。这样理解,符合上文 “why”引导的因果分析,也符合下文承接的信息。(3)如果从“相关性或关联性”角度考虑,可以在[A]和[B]之间挑选。但如果考虑上下文因果关系的承接,那么选项[B]最佳。注意,在“draw... to”搭配中的 “to”与“more to it”中的“to”,两个“to”的词性一样,但含义不同。
12.应选[D]。考点:逻辑关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题较容易。空缺定语从句中的谓语动词,“There could be many mechanisms working together that us in choosing…” (可能还有很多共同作用的机制……我们选择与自己基因类似的人作为朋友)。(2)空缺语句的上下文在分析原因和影响,若填入因果关系的表达,便增强了语句之间的连贯性。此外,第11题也提供了线索。故此,选项[D]最佳。
13.应选[B]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。题目的难点在于理解空缺前后语句的意义。(2)空缺前面为“‘基因相似’的朋友”,后面是“功利亲属”,两者之间是相互排斥的对比关系,因此选项[B]最佳。
14.应选[C]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题较难。空缺一个名词,“with...”短语修饰上文的“friends”。(2)其实,“friends with...”部分是“functional kinship”的附加信息,这两者相互解释。“functional”的英文解释是“intended to be useful and practical”。那么,四个备选中,选项[C]的词义是对此最佳的解释。
15.应选[A]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。空缺一个比较级的副词,修饰“evolving”。(2)根据下文线索,“过去3万年里人类进化速度加快”(picked pace),前后句是某种承接关系,因此,[A]最佳。
16.应选[D]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题较容易。空缺一个动词,构成“help...why...”。(2)该段给予这项研究很高的评价(第五段:remarkable),而本句在阐释研究基因进化速度的意义,即“有助于人们理解人类进化速度加快的原因”。(3)其实,本题与第7题的“know”如出一辙。从常识角度思考,求索自然、认知自然是英文文化价值观的重要部分。据此,选项[D]最佳。
17.应选[B]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。空缺在独立主格“with environment being a major...factor”中,形容词修饰“factor”一词。(2)主句的含义是“人类的进化加快了速度”,而独立主格部分分析原因:“环境起了作用。”(3)这篇文章中作者多次使用了因果表达,这也是这类科技文章的主要写作手法。综合这些信息,选项[B]最佳。
18.应选[A]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题较容易。空缺一个名词,前面由“people's”修饰,后面由不定式“to befriend...” 修饰。(2)“人们……与自己种族背景相似的人交朋友”,这到底是什么情况?根据上文的信息,“人们选择朋友”(manage to select),“(某些因素)促使人们选择朋友”(第五段:drive us in choosing)。再从[A] 看,“tendency”侧重“often,likely”的含义,正好符合上下文主观推测的语气(could, seem等)。综合这些线索,选项[A]最佳。
19.应选[C]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题较容易。空缺形容词修饰“backgrounds”。(2)根据下文,“研究中的受试者都来自于同一族群”(第六段:the same population)。(3)从常识看,基因相似最大的可能是来自于同一族群。而且篇首便提到了“ biologically related”的信息。据此,选项[C]最佳。
20.应选[A]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)本题较难。空缺一个动词,在“to...that”结构中。(2)句子的意思是:尽管所有的受试者都是从欧洲血统的人群中抽取出来的,研究者还是采取措施确保研究对象中的朋友和陌生人来自于同一族群。(3)“see that”是一个固定搭配,相当于“see to it that”。因此,选项[A]最佳。
3、试题答案:第1题:B;第2题:C;第3题:A;第4题:D;第5题:B;
试题解析:
1.应选[B]。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。据题目顺序,出处定位在第一段。(2)根据文章,“最高法院将裁定:警察在逮捕疑犯时,在没有搜查令的情况下,是否可以检查手机的内容”(search the contents of a mobile phone)。(3)根据篇章一致性原则,下文就“手机的内容”展开讨论(contents of a smart phone),说明手机内容是一个关键概念。据此,选项[B]最佳。
2.应选[C]。考查考生把握作者态度和评价的能力。
【试题解析】(1)据题干“California's argument”提示,出处定位在第二段和第三段。(2)根据文章, “若最高法院采纳了加州的建议,那就谨慎过头了”(recklessly modest),言外之意便是加州的建议并不可取。(3)此外,第四段作者直白说明“加州的观点毫无说服力”(lame)。第七段作者认为“法官们不应该完全轻信加州的观点”。综合这些信息,选项[C]最佳。
3.应选[A]。考查考生把握句间和段间关系的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。根据四个备选提供的信息,出处可定位在第四段。(2)作者首先否定了加州所提的观点,即“检查智能手机中的内容就像搜查钱包”(similar to say, going through a suspect's purse),之后针对性提出“检查智能手机就像搜查私人住宅”(like entering his or her home),之后给出这种提法的理由,手机中有许多私密的内容。据此,选项[A]最佳。
4.应选[D]。考查考生把握言外之意的推理能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。题干明示,出处定位在第五、六段。(2)从第五段看,“敏感信息是正常生活的一个部分,公民有保护私人信息私密性的权利,通过宪法禁止不合理的搜查”(to protect their digital privacy),言外之意便是“保护私密信息很重要”。(3)那么实际情况是什么呢?根据第六段,“在实际情况下,划分‘合理性’的界限很难”(challenge),“虽然获取搜查令并不难,但最高法院给警察留出余地,警察享有自由的特殊情况”(entitled to more freedom),言外之意便是:这种做法会造成不合理的搜查,因此数字化隐私也就无法有效得到保护。鉴于此,选项[D]最佳。
5.应选[B]。考查考生把握句间、段间关系的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。根据题干人名提示,出处定位在第七段。(2)段首第一句对加州观点的评价是上文已经谈到的旧信息,起到承上启下的作用,不是作者在本段的论点。本段的论点是:“新技术需要对宪法条款的创新” (novel applications)。为了说明这个观点,作者通过引用法,即题干中 “comparison”(比较相似性)的所指——就像法律对汽车已经有明确的规定,法院也必须明确如何将《宪法第四修正案》适用于数字化信息。鉴于此,选项[B]最佳。
4、试题答案:第1题:A;第2题:D;第3题:B;第4题:C;第5题:A;
试题解析:第1题:
1.应选[A]。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。题干明示定位在第一段。(2)根据文章,“法国时尚界已经失去了界定女性形体美的绝对权力”(define),“雇用超瘦的模特走秀将是非法行为”(ultra-thin)。其言外之意便是“标准会被重新规定”。(3)第一段主要谈论的是“physical beauty”,选项[A]包含段落的文眼。(4)“define”这一概念是本文的重要关键词。基于这些线索,选项[A]最佳。
2.应选[D]。考查考生在语境中推测词义的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题有一定难度。题干明示定位在第二段。(2)从构词法看,“impinge”与“impact”(影响)同源,意思比较接近。(3)根据文章,段首重点句陈述“这些措施有若干令人振奋的目的” (motives),上下文侧重分析“影响”(influence),而“有些对个人健康……的外貌标准将被重新规定”也就通顺了,换言之,“外形标准影响了健康”。(4)下文又提到“有些模特已经饿死了”,说明“impinge”应该是一种负面的影响。综合这些判断,选项[D]最佳。
3.应选[B]。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】(1)由于原文多处出现了“fashion industry”,所以,只能依据题目的顺序,尝试着将本题定位在第四、五、六段,再对应备选进行甄别。(2)第四段介绍法国严厉的惩罚措施。第五段分析了时尚界的固有问题,提出了“制定自愿标准”(voluntary standards)的方案,暗示法国的解决方案未必可行。第六段便提出了针对固有问题的解决方案:“丹麦的做法与法国不同”(rules and sanctions),具体说,“修订了伦理纲领”(revised),有了新的实施办法。综合这些内容,选项[B]是最佳概括。
4.应选[C]。考查考生把握言外之意的推理能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题偏难。根据题干专有名词“CFW”定位在第六段。(2)根据文章,“丹麦的时尚产业界上个月同意了关于模特的年龄、身体状况和其他特征的规定和制裁行动”(health),“新修订的纲领规定:我们意识到时尚产业对人们形体类型目标的影响”(impact),根据纲领,“主要实施手段是拒绝设计师和经纪机构参加由丹麦时尚学院主办的哥本哈根时装周”。这些语句的言外之意是:设计师(designer)会受到惩罚(不能参加CFW),因为设计师忽视了时尚业对人们观念的影响,而这些观念又涉及健康。(3) “健康因素”是作者在本文反复提到的关键词概念。综合这些信息,选项[C]最佳。
5.应选[A]。考查考生把握全文中心主旨的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中,需要综合原文各段话题、全文写作思路以及作者的写作目的综合判断。(2)从文章谈论的关键词概念看,“时尚界”“外形”“典型(典范)”是本文讨论的重点概念。(3)文章开门见山提出中心议题:法国时尚产业界已经失去了界定(define)妇女形体美的绝对权力。继而通过许多国家的实情作为事实支撑。最后作者给出了自己的看法:提高审美观念。(4)对比四个备选的合理性,选项[A]是本文的最佳标题。
5、试题答案:第1题:B;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:B;第5题:A;
试题解析:
1.应选[B]。考查考生把握作者态度和评价的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题比较容易。据题目顺序以及题干专有名词的提示,定位在第一段。(2)在第一段,作者先以弗里德曼对公司社会责任的评价作为引子开头,弗里德曼认为:“公司只有一个且唯一的一个社会责任,即利用资源并从事旨在增加利润的活动”(one and only one, to increase its profits)。作者认为:“即便接受了弗里德曼的观点,并把公司的社会责任政策看成浪费股东的金钱, 情况可能也不是绝对清楚的”(waste, may not be absolutely clear-cut)。作者使用的是一种委婉的手法对弗里德曼的观点进行了否定。(3)此外,作者写作本文的目的就是说明“在公司社会责任方面的花销是值得的”,并不是一种浪费,反而可以增加公司的价值(下文的“光环效应”)。(4)选项[B]中的“skepticism”侧重对“断言、坚称”(claims)或“观点”(statements)正确性或真实性的否定。 因此,选项[B]最佳。
2.应选[C]。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】(1)题干明示定位在第二段。题干的“helps a company”是原文“add value to their businesses”的转化。(2)具体需要参考下文三个方面的内容:其一,“消费者可能把公司的社会责任的开支作为公司产品质量高的一个‘信号’"(signal, high quality),说明消费者信任产品质量;其二,“消费者可能愿意把购买一家公司的产品作为向该企业赞助的公益活动而进行的一种间接的捐赠”(good causes);其三,“公司善行得到消费者更大的尊重”(greater consideration)。概括这三个方面的内容,选项[C]最佳。
3.应选[D]。考查考生在语境中推测词义的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题比较容易。题干明示定位在第四段。(2)根据构词法,词根“len”的含义为 “loose”(宽松,松弛),当然“lenient”一词的含义与之相关。(3)为了理解包含“lenient” 一词的句子的含义,从而推测“lenient”的含义,可先理解下一个自然段的内容。根据文章,研究的结论是:起诉人的确受到公司社会责任记录的影响。在正常情况下,记录好的公司所受处罚要更低(第五段:lower than the typical punishment)。那么,再看第四段内容,大致的意思就是:社会责任计划全面的公司所受的处罚较轻。据此,选项[D]最佳。
4.应选[B]。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。根据题干“CSR record”,定位在第五段。其实,本题的解题思路与上一题如出一辙。(2)根据文章,“研究的结论是:起诉人的确好像受到被调查公司在社会责任记录的影响”(seem to be influenced)。选项[B]转述了原文的含义。第五段中所引用的“one researcher”也支持了这个观点。(3)此外,文中反复强调的“光环效应”,也可以证明选项[B]的正确性。
5.应选[A]。考查考生把握言外之意的推理能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题偏难。题干明示定位在六段。(2)根据文章,“研究者不能回答公司应该在社会责任方面具体花费多少的问题”(does not answer)。(3)关于在社会责任上的花费问题是文章讨论的重要话题(第一段:create monetary value),那么在挑选备选时应该从这一角度入手。选项[A]表达了原文的言外之意。
本文提供考研201英语(一)在线题库每日一练,以下为具体内容
1、As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember(1)we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain(2), we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.”(3)seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n)(4)impact on our professional, social, and personal(5).Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It (6)out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental (7)can significantly improve our basic cognitive(8). Thinking is essentially a (9) of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to (10) in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. (11), because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate (12) mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step (13) and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental (14).The Web-based program (15) you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps (16) of your progress and provides detailed feedback (17) your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it (18) modifies and enhances the games you play to (19) on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) (20) exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.
问题1
A、why
B、when
C、that
D、where
问题2
A、improves
B、fades
C、collapses
D、recovers
问题3
A、While
B、Unless
C、Once
D、If
问题4
A、uneven
B、limited
C、damaging
D、obscure
问题5
A、relationship
B、environment
C、wellbeing
D、outlook
问题6
A、turns
B、finds
C、points
D、figures
问题7
A、responses
B、roundabouts
C、workouts
D、associations
问题8
A、genre
B、criterion
C、circumstances
D、functions
问题9
A、channel
B、process
C、sequence
D、condition
问题10
A、excel
B、feature
C、persist
D、believe
问题11
A、However
B、Moreover
C、Otherwise
D、Therefore
问题12
A、instead of
B、regardless of
C、apart from
D、according to
问题13
A、back
B、further
C、aside
D、around
问题14
A、framework
B、stability
C、sharpness
D、flexibility
问题15
A、hurries
B、reminds
C、forces
D、allows
问题16
A、order
B、track
C、hold
D、pace
问题17
A、to
B、on
C、for
D、with
问题18
A、constantly
B、habitually
C、irregularly
D、unusually
问题19
A、carry
B、put
C、build
D、take
问题20
A、risky
B、familiar
C、idle
D、effective
2、Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is(1)a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has (2). The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted (3) 1,932 unique subjects which (4) pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both (5). While 1% may seem (6), it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even (7) their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who (8) our kin.” The team also developed a "friendship score" which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.The study (9) found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now, (10), as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more (11) it. There could be many mechanisms working together that (12) us in choosing genetically similar friends (13) “functional kinship” of being friends with (14)! One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolving (15) than other genes. Studying this could help (16) why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major (17) factor. The findings do not simply explain people's (18) to befriend those of similar (19) backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to (20) that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.
问题1
A、what
B、why
C、how
D、when
问题2
A、defended
B、concluded
C、withdrawn
D、advised
问题3
A、for
B、with
C、by
D、on
问题4
A、separated
B、sought
C、compared
D、connected
问题5
A、tests
B、objects
C、samples
D、examples
问题6
A、insignificant
B、unexpected
C、unreliable
D、incredible
问题7
A、visit
B、miss
C、know
D、seek
问题8
A、surpass
B、influence
C、favor
D、resemble
问题9
A、again
B、also
C、instead
D、thus
问题10
A、Meanwhile
B、Furthermore
C、Likewise
D、Perhaps
问题11
A、about
B、to
C、from
D、like
问题12
A、limit
B、observe
C、confuse
D、drive
问题13
A、according to
B、rather than
C、regardless of
D、along with
问题14
A、chances
B、responses
C、benefits
D、missions
问题15
A、faster
B、slower
C、later
D、earlier
问题16
A、forecast
B、remember
C、express
D、understand
问题17
A、unpredictable
B、contributory
C、controllable
D、disruptive
问题18
A、tendency
B、decision
C、arrangement
D、endeavor
问题19
A、political
B、religious
C、ethnic
D、economic
问题20
A、see
B、show
C、prove
D、tell
3、Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest. California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies. The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants. They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to say, going through a suspect's purse. The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier. Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution's prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn't ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom. But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now. 1.The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to( ).2.The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of ( ). 3.The author believes that exploring one's phone contents is comparable to ( ). 4.In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that ( ). 5.Orin Kerr's comparison is quoted to indicate that( ).
问题1
A、search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant
B、check suspects' phone contents without being authorized
C、prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents
D、prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones
问题2
A、tolerance
B、indifference
C、disapproval
D、cautiousness
问题3
A、getting into one's residence
B、handling one's historical records
C、scanning one's correspondences
D、going through one's wallet
问题4
A、principles are hard to be clearly expressed
B、the court is giving police less room for action
C、phones are used to store sensitive information
D、citizens, privacy is not effectively protected
问题5
A、the Constitution should be implemented flexibly
B、new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution
C、California's argument violates principles of the Constitution
D、principles of the Constitution should never be altered
4、France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting. Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That's a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth. The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques. The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison. The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement. In contrast to France's actions, Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charter's main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance. Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry. 1.According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?2.The phrase “impinging on” (Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to( ).3.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?4.A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for( ). 5.Which of the following may be the best title of the text?
问题1
A、Physical beauty would be redefined.
B、New runways would be constructed.
C、Websites about dieting would thrive.
D、The fashion industry would decline.
问题2
A、indicating the state of
B、heightening the value of
C、losing faith in
D、doing harm to
问题3
A、The French measures have already failed.
B、New standards are being set in Denmark.
C、Models are no longer under peer pressure.
D、Its inherent problems are getting worse.
问题4
A、pursuing perfect physical conditions
B、caring too much about models' character
C、showing little concern for health factors
D、setting a high age threshold for models
问题5
A、A Challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body Ideals.
B、A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France.
C、Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty.
D、The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry.
5、“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist,“ That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.’’ But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders' money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies—at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company's products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial lab our-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.1.The author views Milton Friedman's statement about CSR with( ).2.According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by ( ). 3.The expression “more lenient”(Paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to ( ). 4.When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record ( ). 5.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?
问题1
A、uncertainty
B、skepticism
C、approval
D、tolerance
问题2
A、guarding it against malpractices
B、protecting it from being defamed
C、winning trust from consumers
D、raising the quality of its products
问题3
A、less controversial
B、more lasting
C、more effective
D、less severe
问题4
A、comes across as reliable evidence
B、has an impact on their decision
C、increases the chance of being penalized
D、constitutes part of the investigation
问题5
A、The necessary amount of companies' spending on it is unknown.
B、Companies' financial capacity for it has been overestimated.
C、Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.
D、It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.
1、试题答案:第1题:D;第2题:B;第3题:A;第4题:C;第5题:C;第6题:A;第7题:C;第8题:D;第9题:B;第10题:A;第11题:A;第12题:D;第13题:B;第14题:C;第15题:D;第16题:B;第17题:B;第18题:A;第19题:C;第20题:D;
试题解析:
1.应选[D]。考点:语法知识+常识
【试题解析】(1)空缺设计在“remember”的宾语从句中,在从句中作状语。(2)上文提到记忆力和清晰度不如过去(not what they used to be),而本句提到“突然无法记起片刻之前放钥匙的……”。(3)从常识角度看,“遗忘放钥匙的地点”“老熟人的名字”和“老乐队的名字”三个并列项是已经发生的“事件”(occurrences),即一般情况下,遗忘了摆放的“地方”。因此,选项[D]最佳。
2.应选[B]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)空缺的是分句的谓语动词,即“As the brain...”(随着大脑……)。(2)这一部分的意思与上文“记忆力和清晰度不如过去”(not what they used to be)照应,而又呼应着下文的“精力不集中”(loss of mental focus)。(3)应在[B]和[C]之间做判断,句子应该是“随着大脑的衰老”。此外,“fade” 侧重一个渐进的过程,原文介绍脑力的衰老和培养是一个渐进的“过程”(process)。综合这些线索,[B] 最佳。
3.应选[A]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)空缺部分是从句中的连词,引导一个让步状语从句。(2)从句内容为“表面上无害”(innocent),主句内容为“实际上造成破坏性影响”(damaging),前后两者存在转折对比关系。(3)从句法角度看,连词“while”可以接不完整(包含省略成分)的分句,例如“Your missive, while complete in other regards, skirted the subject of cost.”(你的信件虽然在其他方面很周全,但却回避了成本问题。)(4)“while”的这种用法表示从句中所说的属实,但并不影响句子其他部分的真实性,尽管两种说法有些矛盾。所以,无论从语义角度考虑还是从句法角度考虑,[A]最佳。
4.应选[C]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)空缺形容词作定语修饰“impact”,是作者对某种影响的评价。(2)本题与上一题如出一辙。作者评价说“精力不集中表面上无害”,但“很可能造成不良影响”。换言之,空缺内容需要 “innocent”的反义表达。(3)下文提出了解决对策,说明这个空缺表达的是某一需要处理的问题。鉴于此,选项[C]最佳。
5.应选[C]。考点:句义理解+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)空缺处为名词,被“professional, social, personal”三个形容词共同修饰。(2)文中多次提及“improve”(改善,改进)一词,其英语解释是“to make or become better”,该词包含“good,well”的义素,即“好,安泰,善”。综合这些分析,[C]最佳。
6.应选[A]。考点:句义理解+小品词
【试题解析】(1)空缺谓语动词,而且构成“...out”短语搭配。空缺前的“it”是形式主语,其具体内容由下文“that”从句阐述。(2)空缺的前一句是段落主题句,“事实上(actually),人们可以有所为”,那么本句就应该承接这种语气继续分析,即提供具体的事实性分析(turn out)。(3)上文提到神经学家,那么他们研究的结果如何呢?本句正好回答了这个问题。综合这些线索,选项[A]为最佳选择。
7.应选[C]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)空缺在分句中充当主语,即“思维的……改进认知功能”。(2)从语篇角度来看,作者反复提出了“锻炼、实践”的重要性。换言之,上下文的“exercise, practice, performance”等与其构成了照应关系。鉴于此,选项[C]最佳。本题的难点主要在于“workouts”是一个超纲词汇,但是这个题目也体现出考试对考生词汇能力的要求,即推测词义的能力。
8.应选[D]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)空缺为名词,在句中充当宾语,即“锻炼改进了基本的认知……”(2)从上文来看,篇章侧重的是我们的认知能力“memory, clarity, mental focus”,这些属于“(认知)功能方面”。(3)从下文内容看,作者阐释的是“思考”(thinking)的过程以及智力方面的信息,而非“类型、标准、环境”等侧面。鉴于此,选项[D]最佳。
9.应选[B]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)空缺为名词,作表语,而且被“进行连接”(of making connections)所修饰。(2)“process”一词侧重于“(产生变化或作用的)过程”。下文正是对这种“过程”的阐释和分析。(3)最后一个自然段亦提供了照应信息,即“改进思维能力,发展优势”(developing strengths)。因此,选项[B]最佳。
10.应选[A]。考点:句子含义+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)空缺为动词,构成不定式做后置定语修饰“ability”,即“……进行神经元联系的能力”。(2)从常识角度考虑,人类的智力比其他动物优越而且超常。(3)回顾上文信息,“大脑能力衰减”, 暗示着“过去曾经旺盛(超常)”,这也提供了明显的线索。(4) “excel”与空缺后面的介词“in”可构成搭配。综合这些考虑,[A]为最佳选择。
11.应选[A]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)空缺为表述逻辑关系的连接词,连接前后两个句子的对比关系。(2)上文提到“智力与遗传有关”,而下文陈述“能力可以增强或变化”,前后两者间显然是一种转折对比关系。因此,[A] 最佳。
12.应选[D]。考点:逻辑关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)空缺为介词短语,连接“智力提高和波动”与“努力锻炼”的关系。(2)在“however” 之前作者介绍了“智力的遗传性”(inherited),之后提出“智力可能通过努力和锻炼而提高”(effort and practice)的看法,再次肯定了锻炼作为导因的重要性。即:因为锻炼,所以会增强和波动。而且,空缺所在的句子侧重于因果关系的分析(because)。(3)在四个备选中,“according to”的含义为“按照,取决于”(depending upon),能够表达出这种因果关系(in response to)。鉴于此,[D]选项最佳。
13.应选[B]。考点:段间关系+小品词使用
【试题解析】(1)空缺为小品词(作副词)。(2)从短语搭配角度看,“take a step further”的含义为“采取进一步措施”。(3)上文第二段介绍了神经学家提出的加强锻炼的观点(exercise),本段段首的“Now”既表达了时间的递进关系,又预示下文将补充说明,即最后两个段落介绍的“训练程序”可视为第二段“a lot that can be done”的进一步发展。鉴于此,[B]最佳。
14.应选[C]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)空缺为名词,被形容词“mental”修饰,作“improve and regain”的宾语。(2)上文提到智力衰老(fades),思想不集中(loss of mental focus),需要提高认知功能(cognitive functions),那么这个程序的目的便是“增强智力的敏锐”(sharpness)。(3)下文提到改进“记忆力和注意力”(memory and attention skills),也在谈论智力的话题。很明显,若填入选项[C],它将增强篇章的一致性和连贯性。
15.应选[D]。考点:句义理解+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)空缺为谓语动词。填入的动词应符合“...you to ... improve ... skills”(动词不定式)这一结构,意思为“程序……你增进智力”。(2)上文提到“程序实际上可以改进或重获智力”(actually);下文提到“拓展优势”(to build on the strengths)。这些信息说明,“程序能够给使用者带来益处,帮助提高智力”。(3)选项[D]可理解为“to give the ability or opportunity for someone to do something”(使能够……)。鉴于此,[D]选项最佳。
16.应选[B]。考点:句子含义+短语搭配
【试题解析】(1)空缺为名词,构成“keeps…of”的搭配,而且说明“程序”与“进步”的关系。(2)整个句子的含义是,“跟踪记录进度,且给予详尽的信息反馈”,那么“给予信息反馈”的前提自然是“跟踪进度”。鉴于此,[B]最佳。
17.应选[B]。考点:句际关系+短语搭配
【试题解析】(1)空缺为介词(小品词),表达“反馈”与“表现和提高”之间的关系。(2)从搭配上看, 与“feedback”搭配的两个介词是“on”或“from”。(3)句义为“提供关于你的表现和改进方面的详尽反馈”,是通顺的。因此,[B]最佳。
18.应选[A]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)空缺为副词,修饰“modifies and enhances”,即“程序会……调整和改进”。(2)上文提到,智力锻炼是一个“过程”(a process),需要“反复实践”(practice),且改进是“系统性的” (systematically),这里作者强调介绍“调整和改进”的“连续性”。(3)从词义的色彩看,“constantly”是一个含有积极色彩的词汇,作者流露出对这一程序作用的肯定。综合这些信息,选项[A]最佳。
19.应选[C]。考点:句子含义+短语搭配
【试题解析】(1)空缺为介词(小品词),结构上与“build”搭配,意义为“……你正在获得的优势”,“to...on the strengths”不定式在分句中作目的状语。(2)作者在本段中强调了锻炼过程中的连续性 (constantly),过程的系统性(systematically),空缺后的介词“on”(继续)其实也在营造这种连续性。(3)从下文看,提到了不断提高(enhances)和增加(increase)耐力,因此,选项[C]最佳。
20.应选[D]。考点:作者态度+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)空缺为形容词,修饰“routine”,句义为“就像一个……的锻炼常规做法”。(2)纵观 全文,作者在字里行间流露出对这种训练程序的积极评价(the first, systematically, enhances等)。而空缺的形容词应该照应这种评价态度。(3)“effective”除了表达“有效、有力”之外,还暗示某种“事实性”存在。原文反复使用的“actually”也提供了有力的线索。鉴于此,[D]最佳。
2、试题答案:第1题:A;第2题:B;第3题:D;第4题:C;第5题:C;第6题:A;第7题:C;第8题:D;第9题:B;第10题:D;第11题:B;第12题:D;第13题:B;第14题:C;第15题:A;第16题:D;第17题:B;第18题:A;第19题:C;第20题:A;
试题解析:
1.应选[A]。考点:语法知识+常识
【试题解析】(1)本题较容易。空缺设计在“That is...”的表语从句中,需要一个关系代词,即“...a study...has concluded”。当然,本题的判断需要与下一题一起考虑。(2)在所提供的四个备选中,只有“what”从句法上看是可接受的,“what”既作为连词,连接“That is”与“a study...has concluded”,又做第二个从句中“concluded"的宾语。因此,选项[A]最佳。
2.应选[B]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题容易。空缺的是第二个分句的谓语动词,“a study...”(一项研究……)。(2)从全文看,文章开门见山,第一段提出了中心议题,即“朋友之间存在如同远房表亲一样的‘相互关联’”。该段第一句介绍观点,第二句说明这一观点的提出者。(3)从第二段看,研究者是通过一项具体的科学研究得出的这一结论。据此,[B]最佳。
3.应选[D]。考点:小品词+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。解题关键在于对“subjects”一词的理解。空缺的是一个介词,“analysis conducted... subjects”,即“在某人身上做实验”。(2)下文的“The same people” 具体阐释了“subjects”的含义,其含义是实验对象或受试者。选项[D]最佳。
4.应选[C]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。空缺一个谓语动词,“which...pairs”,定语从句关系词“which”指代“the study”,即“研究对这些受试者……”。换言之,定语从句说明研究分析的内容。(2)结合下文的内容看,文章只提到受试者在该研究中的情况,没有提到如何“寻找” “联系”这些受试者,所以只能在[A]和[C]之间选择。(3)那么,再从文章的宏线看,第一段就提到了“物以类聚”的观点——朋友之间的相似性和关联性的话题——文章侧重于某种相似性的比较。综合这些线索,选项[C]最佳。
5.应选[C]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题较难。空缺为名词,与上文的“friends and unrelated strangers”照应。(2)解题时注意空缺与上文的照应关系。另外还需要从文章的第六段寻找线索,根据文章,“所有受试者都是从欧洲血统的人群中抽取出来的,研究人员还是采取措施确保研究对象中的朋友和陌生人都来自于同一族群”(第六段:a population of European extraction),这一信息本身就足以说明了无论是朋友还是陌生人都是某种“采样;抽样”。据此,选项[C]最佳。
6.应选[A]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。空缺一个感情色彩形容词,做“seem”的表语,意思为“1%的相似性似乎……”。(2)“While”(尽管)引导的从句含否定意义,而主句是肯定句,才构成了对比关系。全句含义为:“尽管1%的相似基因看上去可能微不足道(insignificant),但遗传学家并不这么认为。”(3)在第五段,作者又对这项研究进行了评价,认为它“可圈可点”(第五段:remarkable)——与“insignificant”为反义照应。据此,选项[A]最佳。
7.应选[C]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)本题较容易。空缺一个谓语动词,“people do not...cousins”(多数人没有远亲)。(2)本空与上一题解题思路如出一辙,“1%的相似性无足轻重”(第三段:insignificant)与“人们(不了解)‘远房亲戚’”之间存在相互阐释的逻辑关系。(3)再从下文的转折关系看,“人们选择与自己亲人相像的人作为朋友”(第三段:manage),虽然他们对此毫不知情。据此,选项[C]最佳。
8.应选[D]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。空缺从句的谓语动词,“who...our kin”(与我们的亲属……)。(2)从前后句判断,“选择了有些人作为朋友”,那么是什么样的朋友呢?根据篇章的一致性,“这些朋友是我们 的‘远房亲戚’(第一段:fourth cousins)”,与我们具有相似性。(3)从篇章的写作手法看,文章中多次使用 了“比较”“相似性”“雷同”等表达方式。据此,选项[D]最佳。
9.应选[B]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】本题较容易。空缺一个副词,承接上段和本段内容。上文从交朋友的角度谈论,而本段从基因的角度对问题进行深入剖析——上下文表达了某种承接关系。选项[B]最佳。
10.应选[D]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)本题较难。空缺在句首,需要一个副词,而从所给的四个备选看,填入的可能是逻辑关系副词([A][B][C]),也可能是语气副词([D])。(2)从空缺的上文看,“Why...”,提出了一个问题,下文应该进行因果分析,但是四个备选都未涉及因果关系,那么可以从语气方面考虑。(3)从上下句语气看,作者流露出的是一种不确定的或尝试性的语气,例如:“difficult to explain” “suggests” “could”,这些词项都表露出了某种主观推测语气。在下一段,作者又使用了类似的表达,例如“seem”。因此,选项[D]最佳。
11.应选[B]。考点:句际关系+小品词使用
【试题解析】(1)本题偏难。空缺一个介词,“it draws us to similar environments but there is more...it”,这个介词解释“more”和“it”的关系。句中的代词“it”为同一指代,即上文的“this similarity”, 第二个“it”不指代“environments”。(2)句子的大意是:“这种相似性(基因)吸引着我们去相似的环境,而且(由于)这种(基因)相似性还有许多其他的情形”——下文便阐释了许多“机制”。这样理解,符合上文 “why”引导的因果分析,也符合下文承接的信息。(3)如果从“相关性或关联性”角度考虑,可以在[A]和[B]之间挑选。但如果考虑上下文因果关系的承接,那么选项[B]最佳。注意,在“draw... to”搭配中的 “to”与“more to it”中的“to”,两个“to”的词性一样,但含义不同。
12.应选[D]。考点:逻辑关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题较容易。空缺定语从句中的谓语动词,“There could be many mechanisms working together that us in choosing…” (可能还有很多共同作用的机制……我们选择与自己基因类似的人作为朋友)。(2)空缺语句的上下文在分析原因和影响,若填入因果关系的表达,便增强了语句之间的连贯性。此外,第11题也提供了线索。故此,选项[D]最佳。
13.应选[B]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。题目的难点在于理解空缺前后语句的意义。(2)空缺前面为“‘基因相似’的朋友”,后面是“功利亲属”,两者之间是相互排斥的对比关系,因此选项[B]最佳。
14.应选[C]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题较难。空缺一个名词,“with...”短语修饰上文的“friends”。(2)其实,“friends with...”部分是“functional kinship”的附加信息,这两者相互解释。“functional”的英文解释是“intended to be useful and practical”。那么,四个备选中,选项[C]的词义是对此最佳的解释。
15.应选[A]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。空缺一个比较级的副词,修饰“evolving”。(2)根据下文线索,“过去3万年里人类进化速度加快”(picked pace),前后句是某种承接关系,因此,[A]最佳。
16.应选[D]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题较容易。空缺一个动词,构成“help...why...”。(2)该段给予这项研究很高的评价(第五段:remarkable),而本句在阐释研究基因进化速度的意义,即“有助于人们理解人类进化速度加快的原因”。(3)其实,本题与第7题的“know”如出一辙。从常识角度思考,求索自然、认知自然是英文文化价值观的重要部分。据此,选项[D]最佳。
17.应选[B]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。空缺在独立主格“with environment being a major...factor”中,形容词修饰“factor”一词。(2)主句的含义是“人类的进化加快了速度”,而独立主格部分分析原因:“环境起了作用。”(3)这篇文章中作者多次使用了因果表达,这也是这类科技文章的主要写作手法。综合这些信息,选项[B]最佳。
18.应选[A]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题较容易。空缺一个名词,前面由“people's”修饰,后面由不定式“to befriend...” 修饰。(2)“人们……与自己种族背景相似的人交朋友”,这到底是什么情况?根据上文的信息,“人们选择朋友”(manage to select),“(某些因素)促使人们选择朋友”(第五段:drive us in choosing)。再从[A] 看,“tendency”侧重“often,likely”的含义,正好符合上下文主观推测的语气(could, seem等)。综合这些线索,选项[A]最佳。
19.应选[C]。考点:句际关系+词义辨析
【试题解析】(1)本题较容易。空缺形容词修饰“backgrounds”。(2)根据下文,“研究中的受试者都来自于同一族群”(第六段:the same population)。(3)从常识看,基因相似最大的可能是来自于同一族群。而且篇首便提到了“ biologically related”的信息。据此,选项[C]最佳。
20.应选[A]。考点:句际关系+词汇使用
【试题解析】(1)本题较难。空缺一个动词,在“to...that”结构中。(2)句子的意思是:尽管所有的受试者都是从欧洲血统的人群中抽取出来的,研究者还是采取措施确保研究对象中的朋友和陌生人来自于同一族群。(3)“see that”是一个固定搭配,相当于“see to it that”。因此,选项[A]最佳。
3、试题答案:第1题:B;第2题:C;第3题:A;第4题:D;第5题:B;
试题解析:
1.应选[B]。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。据题目顺序,出处定位在第一段。(2)根据文章,“最高法院将裁定:警察在逮捕疑犯时,在没有搜查令的情况下,是否可以检查手机的内容”(search the contents of a mobile phone)。(3)根据篇章一致性原则,下文就“手机的内容”展开讨论(contents of a smart phone),说明手机内容是一个关键概念。据此,选项[B]最佳。
2.应选[C]。考查考生把握作者态度和评价的能力。
【试题解析】(1)据题干“California's argument”提示,出处定位在第二段和第三段。(2)根据文章, “若最高法院采纳了加州的建议,那就谨慎过头了”(recklessly modest),言外之意便是加州的建议并不可取。(3)此外,第四段作者直白说明“加州的观点毫无说服力”(lame)。第七段作者认为“法官们不应该完全轻信加州的观点”。综合这些信息,选项[C]最佳。
3.应选[A]。考查考生把握句间和段间关系的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。根据四个备选提供的信息,出处可定位在第四段。(2)作者首先否定了加州所提的观点,即“检查智能手机中的内容就像搜查钱包”(similar to say, going through a suspect's purse),之后针对性提出“检查智能手机就像搜查私人住宅”(like entering his or her home),之后给出这种提法的理由,手机中有许多私密的内容。据此,选项[A]最佳。
4.应选[D]。考查考生把握言外之意的推理能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。题干明示,出处定位在第五、六段。(2)从第五段看,“敏感信息是正常生活的一个部分,公民有保护私人信息私密性的权利,通过宪法禁止不合理的搜查”(to protect their digital privacy),言外之意便是“保护私密信息很重要”。(3)那么实际情况是什么呢?根据第六段,“在实际情况下,划分‘合理性’的界限很难”(challenge),“虽然获取搜查令并不难,但最高法院给警察留出余地,警察享有自由的特殊情况”(entitled to more freedom),言外之意便是:这种做法会造成不合理的搜查,因此数字化隐私也就无法有效得到保护。鉴于此,选项[D]最佳。
5.应选[B]。考查考生把握句间、段间关系的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。根据题干人名提示,出处定位在第七段。(2)段首第一句对加州观点的评价是上文已经谈到的旧信息,起到承上启下的作用,不是作者在本段的论点。本段的论点是:“新技术需要对宪法条款的创新” (novel applications)。为了说明这个观点,作者通过引用法,即题干中 “comparison”(比较相似性)的所指——就像法律对汽车已经有明确的规定,法院也必须明确如何将《宪法第四修正案》适用于数字化信息。鉴于此,选项[B]最佳。
4、试题答案:第1题:A;第2题:D;第3题:B;第4题:C;第5题:A;
试题解析:第1题:
1.应选[A]。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。题干明示定位在第一段。(2)根据文章,“法国时尚界已经失去了界定女性形体美的绝对权力”(define),“雇用超瘦的模特走秀将是非法行为”(ultra-thin)。其言外之意便是“标准会被重新规定”。(3)第一段主要谈论的是“physical beauty”,选项[A]包含段落的文眼。(4)“define”这一概念是本文的重要关键词。基于这些线索,选项[A]最佳。
2.应选[D]。考查考生在语境中推测词义的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题有一定难度。题干明示定位在第二段。(2)从构词法看,“impinge”与“impact”(影响)同源,意思比较接近。(3)根据文章,段首重点句陈述“这些措施有若干令人振奋的目的” (motives),上下文侧重分析“影响”(influence),而“有些对个人健康……的外貌标准将被重新规定”也就通顺了,换言之,“外形标准影响了健康”。(4)下文又提到“有些模特已经饿死了”,说明“impinge”应该是一种负面的影响。综合这些判断,选项[D]最佳。
3.应选[B]。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】(1)由于原文多处出现了“fashion industry”,所以,只能依据题目的顺序,尝试着将本题定位在第四、五、六段,再对应备选进行甄别。(2)第四段介绍法国严厉的惩罚措施。第五段分析了时尚界的固有问题,提出了“制定自愿标准”(voluntary standards)的方案,暗示法国的解决方案未必可行。第六段便提出了针对固有问题的解决方案:“丹麦的做法与法国不同”(rules and sanctions),具体说,“修订了伦理纲领”(revised),有了新的实施办法。综合这些内容,选项[B]是最佳概括。
4.应选[C]。考查考生把握言外之意的推理能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题偏难。根据题干专有名词“CFW”定位在第六段。(2)根据文章,“丹麦的时尚产业界上个月同意了关于模特的年龄、身体状况和其他特征的规定和制裁行动”(health),“新修订的纲领规定:我们意识到时尚产业对人们形体类型目标的影响”(impact),根据纲领,“主要实施手段是拒绝设计师和经纪机构参加由丹麦时尚学院主办的哥本哈根时装周”。这些语句的言外之意是:设计师(designer)会受到惩罚(不能参加CFW),因为设计师忽视了时尚业对人们观念的影响,而这些观念又涉及健康。(3) “健康因素”是作者在本文反复提到的关键词概念。综合这些信息,选项[C]最佳。
5.应选[A]。考查考生把握全文中心主旨的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中,需要综合原文各段话题、全文写作思路以及作者的写作目的综合判断。(2)从文章谈论的关键词概念看,“时尚界”“外形”“典型(典范)”是本文讨论的重点概念。(3)文章开门见山提出中心议题:法国时尚产业界已经失去了界定(define)妇女形体美的绝对权力。继而通过许多国家的实情作为事实支撑。最后作者给出了自己的看法:提高审美观念。(4)对比四个备选的合理性,选项[A]是本文的最佳标题。
5、试题答案:第1题:B;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:B;第5题:A;
试题解析:
1.应选[B]。考查考生把握作者态度和评价的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题比较容易。据题目顺序以及题干专有名词的提示,定位在第一段。(2)在第一段,作者先以弗里德曼对公司社会责任的评价作为引子开头,弗里德曼认为:“公司只有一个且唯一的一个社会责任,即利用资源并从事旨在增加利润的活动”(one and only one, to increase its profits)。作者认为:“即便接受了弗里德曼的观点,并把公司的社会责任政策看成浪费股东的金钱, 情况可能也不是绝对清楚的”(waste, may not be absolutely clear-cut)。作者使用的是一种委婉的手法对弗里德曼的观点进行了否定。(3)此外,作者写作本文的目的就是说明“在公司社会责任方面的花销是值得的”,并不是一种浪费,反而可以增加公司的价值(下文的“光环效应”)。(4)选项[B]中的“skepticism”侧重对“断言、坚称”(claims)或“观点”(statements)正确性或真实性的否定。 因此,选项[B]最佳。
2.应选[C]。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】(1)题干明示定位在第二段。题干的“helps a company”是原文“add value to their businesses”的转化。(2)具体需要参考下文三个方面的内容:其一,“消费者可能把公司的社会责任的开支作为公司产品质量高的一个‘信号’"(signal, high quality),说明消费者信任产品质量;其二,“消费者可能愿意把购买一家公司的产品作为向该企业赞助的公益活动而进行的一种间接的捐赠”(good causes);其三,“公司善行得到消费者更大的尊重”(greater consideration)。概括这三个方面的内容,选项[C]最佳。
3.应选[D]。考查考生在语境中推测词义的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题比较容易。题干明示定位在第四段。(2)根据构词法,词根“len”的含义为 “loose”(宽松,松弛),当然“lenient”一词的含义与之相关。(3)为了理解包含“lenient” 一词的句子的含义,从而推测“lenient”的含义,可先理解下一个自然段的内容。根据文章,研究的结论是:起诉人的确受到公司社会责任记录的影响。在正常情况下,记录好的公司所受处罚要更低(第五段:lower than the typical punishment)。那么,再看第四段内容,大致的意思就是:社会责任计划全面的公司所受的处罚较轻。据此,选项[D]最佳。
4.应选[B]。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题难度适中。根据题干“CSR record”,定位在第五段。其实,本题的解题思路与上一题如出一辙。(2)根据文章,“研究的结论是:起诉人的确好像受到被调查公司在社会责任记录的影响”(seem to be influenced)。选项[B]转述了原文的含义。第五段中所引用的“one researcher”也支持了这个观点。(3)此外,文中反复强调的“光环效应”,也可以证明选项[B]的正确性。
5.应选[A]。考查考生把握言外之意的推理能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题偏难。题干明示定位在六段。(2)根据文章,“研究者不能回答公司应该在社会责任方面具体花费多少的问题”(does not answer)。(3)关于在社会责任上的花费问题是文章讨论的重要话题(第一段:create monetary value),那么在挑选备选时应该从这一角度入手。选项[A]表达了原文的言外之意。
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