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1、Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But banks' shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.1.Bankers complained that they were forced to( ).2.According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in ( ). 3.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to ( ). 4.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they ( ). 5.The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of( ).
问题1
A、follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules
B、collect payments from third parties
C、cooperate with the price managers
D、reevaluate some of their assets
问题2
A、the diminishing role of management
B、the revival of the banking system
C、the banks' long-term asset losses
D、the weakening of its independence
问题3
A、keep away from political influences
B、evade the pressure from their peers
C、act on their own in rule-setting
D、take gradual measures in reform
问题4
A、misinterpreted market price indicators
B、exaggerated the real value of their assets
C、neglected the likely existence of bad debts
D、denied booking losses in their sale of assets
问题5
A、satisfaction
B、skepticism
C、objectiveness
D、sympathy
2、Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But(1)some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does (2)short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, (3) heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to (4), a good laugh is unlikely to have (5) benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does. (6), instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the (7), studies dating back to the 1930's indicate that laughter (8) muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. Such bodily reaction might conceivably help (9) the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of (10) feedback, that improve an individual's emotional state. (11) one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted (12) physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry (13) they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also (14) tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow (15) muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to (16) a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips, which would produce a(n)(17) expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles(18) more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown,(19) that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. (20), the physical act of laughter could improve mood.
问题1
A、among
B、except
C、despite
D、like
问题2
A、reflect
B、demand
C、indicate
D、produce
问题3
A、stabilizing
B、boosting
C、impairing
D、determining
问题4
A、transmit
B、sustain
C、evaluate
D、observe
问题5
A、measurable
B、manageable
C、affordable
D、renewable
问题6
A、In turn
B、In fact
C、In addition
D、In brief
问题7
A、opposite
B、impossible
C、average
D、expected
问题8
A、hardens
B、weakens
C、tightens
D、relaxes
问题9
A、aggravate
B、generate
C、moderate
D、enhance
问题10
A、physical
B、mental
C、subconscious
D、internal
问题11
A、Except for
B、According to
C、Due to
D、As for
问题12
A、with
B、on
C、in
D、at
问题13
A、unless
B、until
C、if
D、because
问题14
A、exhausts
B、follows
C、precedes
D、suppresses
问题15
A、into
B、from
C、towards
D、beyond
问题16
A、fetch
B、bite
C、pick
D、hold
问题17
A、disappointed
B、excited
C、joyful
D、indifferent
问题18
A、adapted
B、catered
C、turned
D、reacted
问题19
A、suggesting
B、requiring
C、mentioning
D、supposing
问题20
A、Eventually
B、Consequently
C、Similarly
D、Conversely
3、When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29. McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn't alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don't get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders. The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: “I can't think of a single search I've done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.” Those who jumped without a job haven't always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it's safer to stay where you are, but that's been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who've been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.” 1.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being( ).2.According to Paragraph 2, senior executives' quitting may be spurred by( ). 3.The word “poached” (Line 2, Paragraph 4) most probably means ( ). 4.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ( ). 5.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
问题1
A、arrogant
B、frank
C、self-centered
D、impulsive
问题2
A、their expectation of better financial status
B、their need to reflect on their private life
C、their strained relations with the boards
D、their pursuit of new career goals
问题3
A、approved of
B、attended to
C、hunted for
D、guarded against
问题4
A、top performers used to cling to their posts
B、loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated
C、top performers care more about reputations
D、it's safer to stick to the traditional rules
问题5
A、CEOs: Where to Go?
B、CEOs: All the Way Up?
C、Top Managers Jump without a Net.
D、The Only Way Out for Top Performers.
4、In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn't affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant's sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn't be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline's three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don't advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world's answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan's The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste. Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can't be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can't afford not to.1.Priestly criticizes her assistant for her( ).2.According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to ( ). 3.The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to ( ). 4.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? 5.What is the subject of the text?
问题1
A、poor bargaining skill
B、insensitivity to fashion
C、obsession with high fashion
D、lack of imagination
问题2
A、combat unnecessary waste
B、shut out the feverish fashion world
C、resist the influence of advertisements
D、shop for their garments more frequently
问题3
A、accusation
B、enthusiasm
C、indifference
D、tolerance
问题4
A、Vanity has more often been found in idealists.
B、The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.
C、People are more interested in unaffordable garments.
D、Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
问题5
A、Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.
B、Challenge to a high-fashion myth.
C、Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.
D、Exposure of a mass-market secret.
5、An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT; Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with windows 8, would have DNT as a default.Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They'll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft's default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?1.It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to( ).2.“The industry” (Line 4, Para.3) refers to ( ). 3.Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default( ).4.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?5.The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of( ).
问题1
A、ease competition among themselves
B、lower their operational costs
C、avoid complaints from consumers
D、provide better online services
问题2
A、online advertisers
B、e-commerce conductors
C、digital information analysis
D、internet browser developers
问题3
A、may cut the number of junk ads
B、fails to affect the ad industry
C、will not benefit consumers
D、goes against human nature
问题4
A、DNT may not serve its intended purpose.
B、Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.
C、DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.
D、Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.
问题5
A、indulgence
B、understanding
C、appreciation
D、skepticism
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