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1、Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But banks' shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.1.Bankers complained that they were forced to( ).2.According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in ( ). 3.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to ( ). 4.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they ( ). 5.The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of( ).
问题1
A、follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules
B、collect payments from third parties
C、cooperate with the price managers
D、reevaluate some of their assets
问题2
A、the diminishing role of management
B、the revival of the banking system
C、the banks' long-term asset losses
D、the weakening of its independence
问题3
A、keep away from political influences
B、evade the pressure from their peers
C、act on their own in rule-setting
D、take gradual measures in reform
问题4
A、misinterpreted market price indicators
B、exaggerated the real value of their assets
C、neglected the likely existence of bad debts
D、denied booking losses in their sale of assets
问题5
A、satisfaction
B、skepticism
C、objectiveness
D、sympathy
2、Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But(1)some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does (2)short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, (3) heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to (4), a good laugh is unlikely to have (5) benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does. (6), instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the (7), studies dating back to the 1930's indicate that laughter (8) muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. Such bodily reaction might conceivably help (9) the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of (10) feedback, that improve an individual's emotional state. (11) one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted (12) physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry (13) they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also (14) tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow (15) muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to (16) a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips, which would produce a(n)(17) expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles(18) more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown,(19) that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. (20), the physical act of laughter could improve mood.
问题1
A、among
B、except
C、despite
D、like
问题2
A、reflect
B、demand
C、indicate
D、produce
问题3
A、stabilizing
B、boosting
C、impairing
D、determining
问题4
A、transmit
B、sustain
C、evaluate
D、observe
问题5
A、measurable
B、manageable
C、affordable
D、renewable
问题6
A、In turn
B、In fact
C、In addition
D、In brief
问题7
A、opposite
B、impossible
C、average
D、expected
问题8
A、hardens
B、weakens
C、tightens
D、relaxes
问题9
A、aggravate
B、generate
C、moderate
D、enhance
问题10
A、physical
B、mental
C、subconscious
D、internal
问题11
A、Except for
B、According to
C、Due to
D、As for
问题12
A、with
B、on
C、in
D、at
问题13
A、unless
B、until
C、if
D、because
问题14
A、exhausts
B、follows
C、precedes
D、suppresses
问题15
A、into
B、from
C、towards
D、beyond
问题16
A、fetch
B、bite
C、pick
D、hold
问题17
A、disappointed
B、excited
C、joyful
D、indifferent
问题18
A、adapted
B、catered
C、turned
D、reacted
问题19
A、suggesting
B、requiring
C、mentioning
D、supposing
问题20
A、Eventually
B、Consequently
C、Similarly
D、Conversely
3、The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media—such as television commercials and print advertisements—still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users' responses. But in some cases, one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media—for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned. The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them. If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. 1.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are( ).2.According to Paragraph 2, sold media feature ( ). 3.The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media ( ). 4.Toyota Motor's experience is cited as an example of ( ). 5.Which of the following is the text mainly about ?
问题1
A、obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites
B、inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them
C、eager to help their friends promote quality products
D、enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products
问题2
A、a safe business environment
B、random competition
C、strong user traffic
D、flexibility in organization
问题3
A、invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers
B、can be used to produce negative effects in marketing
C、may be responsible for fiercer competition
D、deserve all the negative comments about them
问题4
A、responding effectively to hijacked media
B、persuading customers into boycotting products
C、cooperating with supportive consumers
D、taking advantage of hijacked media
问题5
A、Alternatives to conventional paid media.
B、Conflict between hijacked and earned media.
C、Dominance of hijacked media.
D、Popularity of owned media.
4、A deal is a deal-except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It's a stunning move. The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont's only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant's license be subject to Vermont legislature's approval. Then, too, the company went along. Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn't foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy's behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension. Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point. The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company's application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth. 1.The phrase “reneging on”(Line 2. para.1) is closest in meaning to( ).2.By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to ( ). 3.According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with it ( ). 4.In the author's view, the Vermont case will test ( ). 5.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that( ).
问题1
A、condemning
B、reaffirming
C、dishonoring
D、securing
问题2
A、obtain protection from Vermont regulators
B、seek favor from the federal legislature
C、acquire an extension of its business license
D、get permission to purchase a power plant
问题3
A、managerial practices
B、technical innovativeness
C、financial goals
D、business vision
问题4
A、Entergy's capacity to fulfill all its promises
B、the mature of states' patchwork regulations
C、the federal authority over nuclear issues
D、the limits of states' power over nuclear issues
问题5
A、Entergy's business elsewhere might be affected
B、the authority of the NRC will be defied
C、Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application
D、Vermont's reputation might be damaged
5、The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings. “Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal's internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts. Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.” Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.”“Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.” Vaux says that Science's idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place.”1.It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that( ).2.The phrase “flagged up” (Paragraph 2) is the closest in meaning to ( ). 3.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may ( ). 4.David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now ( ). 5.Which of the following is the best title of the text?
问题1
A、science intends to simplify its peer-review process
B、journals are strengthening their statistical checks
C、few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis
D、lack of data analysis is common in research projects
问题2
A、found
B、revised
C、marked
D、stored
问题3
A、pose a threat to all its peers
B、meet with strong opposition
C、increase Science's circulation
D、set an example for other journals
问题4
A、adds to researchers' workload
B、diminishes the role of reviewers
C、has room for further improvement
D、is to fail in the foreseeable future
问题5
A、Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.
B、Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect.
C、Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors' Desks.
D、Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science.
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