考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练（四百一十四）

本文提供考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练，以下为具体内容

1、Public health emergencies are a fact of life in a world as interconnected as ours. The idea behind an emergency fund is not to displace efforts to combat infectious disease but to ramp them up to meet a crushing temporary need. During an outbreak the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) can call on many doctors and nurses to work without pay, but the costs of transportation, medical supplies and protective equipment still have to be covered. The surge in patients typically increases the need for laboratory testing or surveillance of insects, rodents or other carriers of illness—extra requirements that can be met by short-term contracts with commercial companies.Thomas Frieden, former director of the CDC, estimates that 90 percent of the Ebola deaths that occurred in West Africa in 2014 and 2015 could have been prevented if the agency had been able to unleash a massive effort right away. In July 2014 he estimates that an additional 300 beds to treat Ebola patients would have been enough to stop the illness from spreading. But July was also approaching the end of the fiscal year for the U.S. government, and there was not enough flexibility in the CDC’s budget to finance the necessary response. By November, after Congress made further money available, more than 3,000 beds were needed to treat everyone who had become sick.When Zika hit the southern U.S. and Puerto Rico in 2016, health officials had to go back to Congress to ask for funds for the new emergency. Months went by without action as some legislators wrangled over the role Planned Parenthood might play in the endeavor, among other things, local health officials reportedly put other critical programs on hold to deal with the new threat.Legislators from both the Democratic and Republican parties have recognized the problem and are trying to do something about it. Senator Bill Cassidy of Louisiana, a Republican, introduced the Public Health Emergency Response and Accountability Act last year and again in January 2017 to create a more robust national health emergency fund that would tie current funding to amounts spent on previous public health emergencies. In 2016 Representative Rosa DeLauro of Connecticut, a Democrat, called for a one-time appropriation of $5 billion for emergency health and is planning to do so again this year. But introducing legislation (or making a vague promise in the president’s budget) does not help if Congress fails to pass it. Lawmakers need to follow through by approving one or both of the proposed measures for the president to sign to ensure that the money will be there when the next public health emergency strikes.1.According to the first paragraph, what can a health emergency fund help?2.The word “surveillance” (Line 6, Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to____.3.Which of the following is true about Ebola in West Africa?4.We may infer from the third paragraph that____.5.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?

问题1

A、Distribute the endeavors to fight against epidemics.

B、Transport medical supplies and protective equipment.

C、Increase the efforts to satisfy the health emergency need.

D、Make experiments on the carriers of contagious diseases.

问题2

A、supporting

B、monitoring

C、surrounding

D、questioning

问题3

A、It spread more quickly than people had expected.

B、It caused less deaths than people had estimated.

C、It obtained more money than people had budgeted.

D、It needed more financial support than people had thought.

问题4

A、Zika attacked at least two places around the whole globe at first

B、officials in local area sought for money from World Health Organization

C、Planned Parenthood might play an important role in combating Zika

D、legislators postponed other significant programs to tackle Zika

问题5

A、The Necessity of a Public Health Emergency Fund

B、The Attacks from Epidemics to Health Emergency

C、The Public Health Emergency Response and Accountability Act

D、The Way to Deal with the Great Threats to the Public Health

2、For a century, urban commotion has been treated as a moral failing of individuals. Fixing it will require systemic changes to environmental noise.What are your ears hearing right now? Maybe the bustling sounds of a busy office, or your partner cooking dinner in the next room. Whatever the texture of the sonic landscape of your life may be, beneath it all is the same omnipresent din: the sound of cars.That might seem benign, or perhaps even endearing—the sound of the bustle of the big city. But the din of vehicles, along with transit and industrial activity, is making people sick. People forget that noise pollution is still pollution. And noise pollution is everywhere.Unlike many other injuries, hearing damage is irreparable. It also functions differently. People tend to assume that hearing loss is akin to turning down the volume in one’s head—that everything just sounds quieter. But it’s more complex than that. Sound at certain frequencies just vanishes—birdsong, intelligible human speech, the gentle rustling of leaves, the crispy highs of brushes on jazz cymbals. People can avoid using earbuds excessively or attending loud concerts. But people do not necessarily have the ability to avoid high levels of environmental noise—it’s in their neighborhoods, near their schools, at their workplaces. That makes noise pollution a matter of bodily autonomy.Solving the environmental-noise problem has been difficult, partly because for more than a century anti-noise advocates have fought for the right to silence rather than the right to hear.Concerns about hearing loss largely focus on excessive noise exposure. But environmental noise is just as unsafe. People living in cities are regularly exposed (against their will) to noise above 85 decibels from sources like traffic, subways, industrial activity, and airports. That’s enough to cause significant hearing loss over time. If you have an hour- long commute at such sound levels, your hearing has probably already been affected. Urban life also sustains average background noise levels of 60 decibels, which is loud enough to raise ones blood pressure and heart rate, and cause stress, loss of concentration, and loss of sleep. Sirens are a particularly extreme example of the kind of noise inflicted on people every day: They ring at a sound-pressure level of 120 decibels—a level that corresponds with the human pain threshold, according to the World Health Organization.But since the turn of the 20th century, protecting human hearing has taken a back seat to securing quiet for those with means, and punishing those without. Noise-abatement laws transformed an objective concern about environmental and health conditions into a subjective fight over aesthetic moralism.1.According to the first paragraph, urban commotion is not related to____.2.The word “din” (Line 3, Paragraph 2 and Line 2, Paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to____.3.Which of the following is true of the hearing damage?4.We may infer from the sixth paragraph that____.5.What does the first sentence in the last paragraph mean?

问题1

A、personal moral breakdown

B、individual emotional state

C、city’s or town’s noise pollution

D、one’s clamorous surroundings

问题2

A、a main meal of the day served in the evening or at midday

B、a room that is comfortable and secluded

C、a very loud and unpleasant noise that lasts for some time

D、a small buoy used as a marker at sea

问题3

A、It can be repaired or made better.

B、It performs the same function.

C、It makes everything sound quieter.

D、It is caused by over-exposure to noise.

问题4

A、noise exerts its hazardous influence on people in cities and towns

B、noise above 85 decibels causes significant hearing loss over time

C、noise levels of 60 decibels raise one’s blood pressure and heart rate

D、sirens at the level of 120 decibels meet with the human pain threshold

问题5

A、Protecting human hearing used to be of priority in the past.

B、Obtaining quiet environment was once the first consideration.

C、Both safeguarding hearing and securing quiet are significant.

D、Neither protecting hearing nor acquiring quiet is of importance.

3、bulk 

A、 adj. 性感的，妩媚的，英俊的，诱人的；吸引人的，令人愉快的；有吸引力的

B、 v. 使某物加大（或加厚、加重）；n. 预算，主体，大部分；体积，大（量）；巨大的体重

C、 n. 观众，听众；读者；会见，觐见，进见

D、 adj. 声音的；录音的

4、The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term“plant neurobiology” was  1  around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be  2  to intelligence in animals.  3  plants lack brains,the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that  4  consciousness, researchers previously reported. But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it  5  so greatly from that of animals that so-called  6  of plants' intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote. Beginning in 2006, some scientists have  7  that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters.  8  “a plant nervous system,  9  to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “ They  10  claimed that plants have‘brain-like command centers’at their root tips.” This  11  makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain,  12  it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals.  13  the signaling in a plant is only  14  similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than“a mass of cells that communicate by electricity.” Taiz said. “For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold  15  of complexity and capacity is required,” he  16  “Since plants don't have nervous systems, the  17  that they have consciousness are effectively zero.” And what's so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can't run away from  18  , so investing energy in a body system which  19  a threat and can feel pain would be a very  20  evolutionary strategy, according to the article.

问题1

A、coined

B、discovered

C、collected

D、issued

问题2

A、attributed

B、directed

C、compared

D、confined

问题3

A、unless

B、when

C、once

D、though

问题4

A、coped with

B、consisted of

C、hinted at

D、extended

问题5

A、suffers

B、benefits

C、develops

D、differs

问题6

A、acceptance

B、evidence

C、cultivation

D、creation

问题7

A、doubted

B、denied

C、argued

D、requested

问题8

A、adapting

B、forming

C、repairing

D、testing

问题9

A、analogous

B、essential

C、suitable

D、sensitive

问题10

A、just

B、ever

C、still

D、even

问题11

A、restriction

B、experiment

C、perspective

D、demand

问题12

A、attaching

B、reducing

C、returning

D、exposing

问题13

A、However

B、Moreover

C、Therefore

D、Otherwise

问题14

A、temporarily

B、literally

C、superficially

D、imaginarily

问题15

A、list

B、level

C、label

D、local

问题16

A、recalled

B、agreed

C、questioned

D、added

问题17

A、chances

B、risks

C、excuses

D、assumptions

问题18

A、danger

B、failure

C、warning

D、control

问题19

A、represents

B、includes

C、reveals

D、recognizes

问题20

A、humble

B、poor

C、practical

D、easy

5、Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.    So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.    But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.    “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”    All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.    The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.1、The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being _____2、The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be _____.3、“ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to _____.4、Ms. Markova most probably agree that _____.5、Ryan’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing _____.

问题1

A、casual

B、familiar

C、mechanical

D、changeable.

问题2

A、predicted

B、regulated

C、traced

D、guided

问题3

A、tracks

B、series

C、characteristics

D、connections

问题4

A、ideas are born of a relaxing mind

B、innovativeness could be taught

C、decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas

D、curiosity activates creative minds

问题5

A、prevents new habits form being formed

B、no longer emphasizes commonness

C、maintains the inherent American thinking model

D、complies with the American belief system

1、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:B;第3题:D;第4题:A;第5题:A;

试题解析：

1.C
【解析】题目就第一段中建立卫生应急基金的作用进行提问。该段有多处细节涉及建立应急基金的目的，如：不是为了取代抗击传染病的努力，而是为了满足紧迫的临时需要；在疫情暴发期间……运输、医疗用品和防护设备的费用仍需支付（可以用应急基金支付）； 可以用来支付实验室检测和监测的费用。所以，C项Increase the efforts to satisfy the health emergency need “加大满足卫生突发事件的需求的力度”符合原文描述。
2.B
【解析】题目问第一段第六行的surveillance是什么意思。词汇所在句子为The surge in patients typically increases the need for laboratory testing or surveillance of insects, rodents or other carriers of illness，大意是患者数量的激增通常会增加对昆虫、啮齿动物或其他疾病携带者进行实验室检测或……的需求。根据上下文内容和并列连词or，我们可以推断出testing“检测；测试”是surveillance的同义词或近义词，而最接近这个意思的是B项monitoring “监视；检测，检查”。
3.D
【解析】题目问关于西非的埃博拉病毒，哪个选项是正确的，这涉及原文的多处细节。只有D项“它需要的资金支持比人们想象的更多”与原文信息一致，对应的是第二段的最后两句，大意是美国疾病控制与预防中心的预算没有足够的灵活性来提供必要的应对措施。到11月，国会已经进一步提供了资金，但此时需要3000多个床位来治疗所有生病的人。即由于没有及时得到足够的资金，后来患者人数大幅度增加。因此D项表述能正确概括原文。
4.A
【解析】题目问我们能从第三段推断出什么。A项“寨卡病毒最初在全球至少两个地方传播”，这一结论可以从第三段的第一句话中推断出来。原文指出，2016年寨卡病毒袭击美国南部和波多黎各时，卫生官员不得不回到国会，要求为新的紧急情况提供资金。因此A项对原文的推理正确。
5.A
【解析】题目问的是下面哪个是文章的最佳标题。文章第一段指出，在我们这样一个相互联系的世界里，突发公共卫生事件在现实生活中是无法避免的。建立应急基金的目的不是为了取代抗击传染病的努力，而是为了满足紧迫的临时需要。第二段和第三段通过两个例子证明了建立公共卫生突发事件应急基金的必要性。最后一段重点介绍了建立应急基金不仅需要立法，还需要国会、议会及总统的支持。因此A项“公共卫生应急基金的必要性”能概括全文的主旨内容，为最佳标题。

2、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:A;第5题:A;

试题解析：

1.B
【解析】题目是关于第一段中城市喧嚣的表述。题目问根据第一段内容，城市喧嚣与_无关。原文指出：一个世纪以来，城市喧嚣一直被视为是个人道德缺失的表现。解决这个问题需要使环境噪声发生系统性的改变。由此可以判断城市喧嚣与人们的道德缺失、环境噪声等有关，这些因素都可以导致城市喧嚣。只有选项B individual emotional state“个人的情绪状态”在文中没有提到，是正确答案。
2.C
【解析】题目问第二段第三行和第三段第二行的din是什么意思。该词所在句子为beneath it all is the same omnipresent din: the sound of cars （在这一切的背后都是同样无处不在的_：汽车的声音）以及 But the din of vehicles, along with transit and industrial activity, is making people sick...noise pollution is everywhere （但是汽车的_，以及运输和工业活动，正在使人们生病……噪声污染无处不在）。我们可以推断出这个词与声音、噪声是同义词或近义词，而最接近这个意思的是选项C“一种持续一段时间的、非常响亮而令人不快的声音”。
3.D
【解析】题目问关于听力损伤哪个选项是正确的，本题涉及多处细节与原文的一致性。文章第六段第一句话提到Concerns about hearing loss largely focus on excessive noise exposure，大意是，对听力损失的关注主要集中在过度接触噪音上。选项D“它是由过度接触噪声引起的”与此信息一致，是正确选项。
4.A
【解析】题目是对第六段内容的推理判断。选项A“噪声对城镇居民的危害很大”，这一结论可以从第六段的整体内容中推断出来。原文指出，环境噪声也同样不安全。然后分别说明了不同分贝值的噪音对人的伤害。因此选项A是对原文内容的正确推断。
5.A
【解析】题目问最后一段的第一句话是什么意思。文章最后一段第一句话指出“但自二十世纪以来，保护人类听力已被置于次要地位，对那些有办法的人来说确保安静才是更重要的，而没有办法的人只能受噪音的折磨了”。只有选项A“在过去，保护人类的听力是最重要的”与原文内容相吻合，为正确选项。

3、试题答案：B

4、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:C;第5题:D;第6题:B;第7题:C;第8题:B;第9题:A;第10题:A;第11题:C;第12题:B;第13题:A;第14题:C;第15题:B;第16题:D;第17题:A;第18题:A;第19题:D;第20题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

动词词义题。空格所在句意为：“词汇 ‘plant neurobiology’ 是_____围绕这个认识：植物行为的一些方面可能_____动物的智力”。根据主谓宾搭配线索可以得知，‘plant neurobiology’是被创造出来的新词，所以，A项coined符合题意。B项discovered（发现），C项collected （收集），D项issued（发布）。

动词词组搭配题。空格所在句意为： “词汇 ‘plant neurobiology’ 围绕这个认识被创造出来的新词：植物行为的一些方面可能_____动物的智力”。根据句意，植物行为的一些方面可以与动物的智力作比较。C项compared（be compared to 与……作比较）符合题意。A项attributed（be attributed to 被……归因为……），B项directed（be directed to 被指向……），D项confined（be confined to 被限定在……）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为C。

逻辑关系。“plants lack brains（植物缺少智力）”，后面的主句部分提到…..nonetheless triggered responses that… （却能够引起反应），与前面从句中的 “plants lack brains（植物缺少智力）”构成逻辑上的转折，所以D项Though（尽管）符合题意。A项unless（除非），B项when（当），C项once（一旦），均在逻辑上不相符。故正确答案为D。

动词词组词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“尽管植物缺少智力，但是在它们的茎叶中的电子讯号的发射却会引起_______意识的反应”。由句内的让步逻辑可知：虽然缺少智力，但是反应却暗示存在智力（consciousness），所以，C项hinted at（暗示）符合题意。A项coped with（处理），B项consisted of （由……构成），D项extended（延伸）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为C。

动词词义辨析和推理判断。空格所在句意为：“植物生物学是复杂的且令人痴迷的，但是它太______与动物生物学…….”。 D项differs（differs from 与……不同）符合题意。A项suffers（suffers from 遭受……的折磨）, B项benefits（benefits from 从……中获益），C项develops（develops from 从……中发展），均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为D。

名词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“植物生物学与动物生物学差异巨大，以至于有关植物智力的所谓的________是不全面的”。B项evidence（证据）符合题意。A项acceptance（接受），C项cultivation（培育），D项creation（创造），这三项意义均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为B。

动词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“自2006年开始，一些科学家已经_______，植物拥有类似神经一样的细胞，能够与荷尔蒙和神经发射器产生互动……”C项argued（认为）符合题意。A项doubted（怀疑），B项denied（否认），D项requested（要求）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为C。

动词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“自2006年开始，一些科学家已经认为，植物拥有类似神经一样的细胞，能够与荷尔蒙和神经发射器产生互动，_______ 一个植物神经系统，……”。B项forming（形成）符合题意。A项adapting（改变、适应），C项repairing（修理），D项testing（测试）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为B。

形容词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“自2006年开始，一些科学家已经认为，植物拥有类似神经一样的细胞，能够与荷尔蒙和神经发射器产生互动，形成一个植物神经系统，与动物中的神经系统相似”。因此A项analogous（相似的）符合题意。B项essential（必要的），C项suitable（适合的），D项sensitive（敏感的），均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为A。

句间逻辑关系题。空格所在句意为：“他们_____认为，植物由大脑般的命令中心”。上一句的句意为：“自2006年开始，一些科学家已经认为，植物拥有类似神经一样的细胞，能够与荷尔蒙和神经发射器产生互动，形成一个植物神经系统，与动物中的神经系统相似”。可知，空格所在句的句意是对上一句的递进。因此D项even（甚至）符合题意。A项just（仅仅），B项ever（曾经），C项still（依旧）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为D。

短语辨析和搭配。空格所在句意为：“这种_____是有道理的如果…..”。这里的指代“this”告诉我们是指代前面所提出的观点，因此，C项perspective（观点）符合题意。A项restriction（限制），B项experiment（实验），D项demand（要求）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为C。

动词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“将其减少到一定量的电脉冲”。因此B项reducing（reducing…to… 将……减少到……）符合题意。A项attaching（attaching…to… 把……系在……上），C项returning（returning…to…将……返回到……），D项exposing（exposing…to…把……暴露于……）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为B。

句间逻辑关系题。空格所在句意为：“_______，植物中的信号发射仅仅是类似复杂的动物大脑信号发射”。该句与上一句在语义上构成逻辑上的转折，因此，A项However（然而）符合题意。B项Moreover（而且），C项Therefore（因此），D项Otherwise（否则）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为A。

副词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“然而，植物中的信号发射仅仅只是与复杂的动物大脑信号发射有一点点类似”。因此C项superficially（表明上、粗浅地）符合题意。A项temporarily（暂时地），B项literally（几乎），D项imaginarily（相像地）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为C。

名词词组搭配。空格所在句意为：“对于智力的发展，拥有_____复杂性和容量的大脑是需要的”。B项level（a threshold level of 基本水平的……）符合题意。A项list（列表），C项label（标签），D项local（本地）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为C。

动词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“对于智力的发展，拥有_____复杂性和容量的大脑是需要的，他又补充说”。因此，D项added（又补充说明）符合题意。A项recalled（回忆），B项agreed（同意），C项questioned（质疑）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为D。

名词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“由于，植物并没有神经系统，所以它们有意识的_______很可能是零”。A项chances （可能性）符合题意。B项risks（风险）, C项excuses（理由）, D项assumptions（主张）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为A。

名词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“植物不能逃离______”。因此，A项danger（危险）符合题意。B项failure（失败），C项warning（警告），D项control（控制）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为A。

常见搭配。空格所在句意为：“因此给身体系统注入能量，这样的系统能够______威胁，能够感受到疼痛，可能会是……”因此D项recognizes（发现）符合题意。A项represents（代表、体现）, B项includes（包括），C项reveals（揭示），均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为D。

形容词词义辨析。空格所在句意为：“因此给身体系统注入能量，这样的系统能够发现威胁，能够感受到疼痛，可能会是一种非常______的革命性的策略”。因此B项poor（不好的）符合题意。A项humble（卑微的），C项practical（实践的），D项easy（容易的）均与上下文语境不相符。故正确答案为B。

5、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:A;第4题:D;第5题:A;

试题解析：第1题:

根据题干关键词，将本题定位于第一段第③句Not choice，but habit rules the unreflecting herd，这句话表明华兹华斯认为“并非选择，而是习惯支配着那些不善于思考的人”，unreflecting（缺乏思考的）一词表明华兹华斯对习惯是持否定态度的。同时，该段第②句也指出习惯会造成人们思维的惰性。这两句话相辅相成，都表明习惯具有程序化、模式化的特点，C选项mechanical（机械的）与此意思相近，故为正确答案。A选项的casual（随意的）没有表达这层意思。B选项来自第一段第②句，原文中familiar修饰的是routine，而不是habit，所以是答非所问。D选项来自第一段最后一句，但这句话强调的是21世纪是一个变化的（ever-changing）世纪，没有说习惯是可变的，所以D选项错误。

第二段第②句指出：“大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径。”由此可知，新习惯的形成是一种有意识的活动。同时第三段第①句进一步指出“我们可以通过有意识地培养新习惯来引导自身的改变（we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits）"。四个选项中，只有guide与“有意识地培养含义最接近，故D选项为正确答案。其他三个选项predicted（预测），regulated（调整）和traced（追踪）在文中没有相关信息可以推导出来，故均排除。

根据第四段第①句 once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain，they're there to stay，我们知道“一旦旧的those ruts of procedure融入大脑，它们就会永远存在”。接着第②）句指出the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads（我们刻意培养的新习惯会避开旧路径，创建与之平行的路径）。由此可知，those ruts of procedure和those old roads是相对应的，即ruts和roads可以同义替换，A选项tracks（轨迹）和道路是近义词，所以为正确答案。其他选项和道路的概念不相符，不是上下文暗示的意思，故均排除。

根据第五段第1句，道娜·玛克娃的观点是：革新需要对新奇事物感到着迷，即满怀好奇心（fascination with wonder）才能创新（innovation），D选项中的curiosity，creative和第五段第1句中的wonder，innovation是同义替换，所以D为正确选项。A选项：根据第一段中setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine设置的干扰项，A选项只是选取其中几个关键词，拼凑出来的选项，并不是道娜·玛克娃的观点。B选项：根据第五段中we are taught instead to"decide"设置的干扰项，道娜·玛克娃的观点是我们被教导去作决定，但不去作决定才能鼓励革新，文章没有说创新是否可以被传授，因此B选项也是错误的。C选项：根据第五段第1句和第4句可知，文章强调革新源于新奇的想法，或革新源于探索各种其他可能性，而C选项偷换了主语，变成了“决定源于新奇的想法”故不正确。第五段主题：创新的首要条件是要有强烈的好奇心，要探索各种可能性。

根据最后一段可知，赖恩的观点是：标准化测试过于强调分析和程序化能力，而忽视了对创新思维和合作思维的考查。即赖思认为标准化测试不利于培养创新思维。接着文章最后指出“这就是培养新习惯的意义所在”。也就是说培养新习惯可以促进创新思维，由此不难推导出标准化测试阻碍了新习惯的形成。所以A为正确选项。B选项：从最后一段第1句看赖恩是反对标准化测试的，而B选项显然是在支持考试，这就违背了赖恩的态度，从这个角度来说，B选项是正反混淆。C选项：文章最后一段第1句指出标准化测试意味着很少有人运用创新和合作的思维方式，由此可知，该测试已经改变了人们固有的思维方式，选项C也属于正反混淆。D选项：最后一段第2句指出，标准化测试打破了美国信念体系里的主要规则，D选项中的complies with（与 一致）和原文中的breaks（违背）相矛盾，所以D选项也是正反混淆。